Cheng, E. Y., Cui, Q., Goodman, S. B., Ando, W., Baek, S. H., Bakker, C., Drescher, W., Hernigou, P., Jones, L. C., Kim, H., Kim, S. Y., Kim, T. Y., Ha, Y. C., Koo, K. H., Lee, M. S., Mont, M. A., Reichert, I., Sakai, T., Salem, H. S., Sierra, R. J., … Zhao, D. (2021). Diagnosis and Treatment of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis: A Protocol for Development of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Surgical technology international, 38, 371–378. https://doi.org/10.52198/21.STI.38.OS1437

Cheng, Edward Y. MD1,a; Mirzaei, Alireza PhD1; Goodman, Stuart B. MD, PhD2; Cui, Quanjun MD3; Mont, Michael A. MD4; Jones, Lynne C. PhD5;  the ARCO Clinical Practice Guideline workgroup†. Nontraumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: An International Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline*. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery ():10.2106/JBJS.25.01616, April 10, 2026. | DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.25.01616 

Complete Clinical Practice Guideline document

Cheng EY, Mirzaei A, Goodman SB, Cui Q, Mont MA, Jones LC; ARCO Clinical Practice Guideline workgroup. Nontraumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: An International Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline. J Arthroplasty. 2027 Mar 1:S0883-5403(26)00258-5. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2026.03.056. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41967526.