Bibliography: Electric Submetering
Abstract:
LoRA stands for Long Range communication. Lo-RAwan is the specification used for the battery operated and wireless systems. The main aim of the LoRA is to target the Internet Of Things requirement and also Bidirectional communication. In order to prove the proof of concept, here we are creating a smart prepaid electric meter which will consist of lora module along with it. All the data related to the meters i.e voltage, energy power etc will be send to a gateway. Gateway is the central unit or router which collects all the data from all the meters and it is connected with the local storage device or PC which will create the database for all the data, Now this data is again uploaded to the cloud by this pc to the public network, which can be accessed from any of the place. The most important part of this is that this concept of communication can be extended to other application in which the data transmitted bits is less. As a result of this we can overcome the disadvantage of the 3G/4G GSM modules and low power WAN i.e. LORA can be used for communication.
Abstract:
We design an embedded electric meter based on Bluetooth data acquisition system in view of the complicated cables and accident potential in the process of data acquisition of electric meter. Combined wireless Bluetooth communication technology with data acquisition system, we build wireless data acquisition system based on ARM processor LPC2142 and Bluetooth chip Rok101008 in the embedded electric meter which can reduces the cable connections. During the design process of embedded electric meter, we select the appropriate shunt, eliminate or reduce the effect of ESD before it connects with sensitive units so as to narrow the broadband circuit and isolate sensitive units, access the varistor in the power supply circuit to eliminate or reduce EFT. The major difference between Bluetooth data acquisition system and other data collector is that it realizes wireless data transmission after the A/D conversion. Furthermore, the system is simpler, integrated, anti-interference, stronger mobility and practicability.
Abstract:
We present a stick-on wireless electric current monitoring system that is designed to measure and report electricity usage from circuit breaker panels in residential and commercial settings. This monitoring system uses piezoelectromagnetic (PEM) AC current sensors to couple to the magnetic fields produced by the current-carrying conductors. The PEM sensors can be easily attached to the surfaces of common circuit breaker panels, facilitating the installation by non-technical individuals. This paper describes the sensing principles and provides an analytical model of the PEM AC sensors. It also presents the architecture for a wireless current monitoring system and describes its implementation for sub-metering a circuit breaker panel in a building at the University of California, Berkeley. The theory and experimental validation of a signal deconvolution and calibration method, essential for extracting signals from cross-coupled magnetic fields, are also included.
Abstract:
All kinds of faults would occur during the operation of the intelligent electric meter including burnt-out electric meter; black screen; voltage loss; communication fault; battery fault; display malfunction and relay malfunction. In this paper, two kinds of abnormal faults encountered by the author during work are listed for research and analysis so as to propose measures for dealing with these two kinds of faults as well as provide useful suggestions for future work.
Abstract:
Energy management comprises of planning and operation of energy production and energy consumption units. Home energy management system is sometimes called as smart grids. The energy management system optimizes the energy usage by informing the consumer on a live basis of their corresponding consumption units. Home appliances are generally scheduled to operate on various power ratings. But none have turned to solve the problems associated with the power demand. This paper proposes an effective solution by making a modification in the already existing electric meter by implementing Markov Chain Algorithm. This algorithm makes use of the information particularly the power generated and the power available at that time. Based on the obtained information there are three modes of operation namely custom mode, limited mode and the full power mode. The software implementation has been done by using Proteus software. The hardware details ant their implementation are presented in this paper. The fuzzy rules are used to determine how the power gets distributed. A Matlab software is used to demonstrate it. The prototype hardware is demonstrated by using PIC16f877a microcontroller.
Abstract:
This paper provides an historical review of communication techniques utilized with low voltage circuit breakers from the earliest simple mechanical indicator devices to today's enterprise-wide Internet based schemes. The initial information was limited to open/close status. Cause-of-trip was then available, followed next by basic electrical metering data, and most recently by full power quality data including harmonics and waveform data. These capabilities are becoming increasingly important since, with the deregulation of the electric utility industry, utility customers need additional information on energy consumption including time-of-use and sub-metering data to minimize their energy cost. Circuit breakers with communications are ideally suited to provide such information.
Abstract:
Within the UK water industry, electrical energy demand, efficiency and sustainability are primary factors when considering the construction and installation of new electrical process plant. This stems from the environmental gains made in reducing electrical power consumption, and the cost saving benefits realised across an electrical assets lifecycle. The average life of electrical assets also varies greatly, and with the speed at which new technology is being developed, they also quickly become superseded. Additionally, the electrical data you can extract from newer assets has become more granular, for example a motor control centre will now provide fieldbus power monitors per pump, rather than a single CT/VT monitor on the incomer. This provides the ability to pinpoint areas where further efficiencies can be achieved and/or were certain devices are failing. Difficulties however, manifest when trying to understand how the older electrical assets of a process site are performing from an energy perspective. Further still. If these devices are not on the roadmap for replacement, then the potential for granular power data may not be realised for some time. On these sites, the site power is seen is a single unit of measure, in the MWh range, whereas it is now a requirement for device level readings as low as single figure kWh. Therefore, in order to achieve accurate results from the older assets, power monitoring equipment requires retrofitting. This paper will investigate the challenges involved in installing a sub-metering system across an existing, aging electrical asset base, where monitoring was not engineered within the original design. Further to this, it will discuss the obstacles faced when transferring data from site through to corporate historians and provide recommendations for future work.
Abstract:
The aim of virtual sub-metering is to disaggregate and report the operation of individual electrical loads beyond the single measurement point. Traditional non-intrusive load monitoring methods (steady state load classification, transient pattern analysis) usually fail if many similar loads are connected beyond the measurement point. This situation can be often encountered in commercial and public buildings. This paper provides a way how to substantially improve the performance of virtual sub-metering in this target environment via using combined classifier approach. The proposed algorithm utilize only inputs which are typically already available within the standard Building Management System (BMS) and combine this diverse information in an appropriate manner to get the results as well as their confidence.
Abstract:
For the problem that the on-site operation and maintenance of power information collection has no unified standard and lack of technical means, the overall design scheme of the smart checking device for multi-function meter data collection fault is proposed. The carrier module card circuit and system software architecture are designed, and the design principle of the device is analyzed. The fault detection and discrimination methods of carrier module based on online and offline modes are proposed. The fault detection and discrimination methods of field meter and concentrator communication port are proposed. A portable and fully functional field acquisition fault diagnosis and analysis device is developed, which can effectively improve the work efficiency and technical level of on-site operation and maintenance personnel, and plays an important role in promoting the standardization and intelligence of on-site collection and maintenance work.
Abstract:
In this paper we propose a stochastic model, based on queueing theory, for electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging demand. Compared to previous studies, our model can provide 1) more accurate forecasts of the load using real-time sub-metering data, along with the level of uncertainty that accompanies these forecasts; 2) a mathematical description of load, along with the level of demand flexibility that accompanies this load, at the wholesale level. This can be useful when designing demand response and dynamic pricing schemes. Our numerical experiments tune the proposed statistics on real PHEV charging data and demonstrate that the forecasting method we propose is more accurate than standard load prediction techniques.
Abstract:
Home appliance detection helps identify individual electrical and electronic appliances, which in turn can be used to foster more efficient energy usage habits and promote energy conservation, and enable load forecasting and demand response support. Prior approaches, however, require sub-metering high resolution power signals of individual appliances during training or testing, which is not practical as in practice such high resolution power signals would not be made available economically. We propose an alternative, low cost approach for home appliance detection that can be used to detect home appliances from the aggregated energy consumption data on a single circuit. In the first step, our proposed approach utilizes pattern matching algorithms to recover power from the minute level time series of aggregated energy use metered on a single circuit. In the second step, a domain knowledge based approach is proposed to label individual appliances based on matching with the known signatures for the appliances. Our proposed approach is validated using a dataset from Clarkson University's Smart Housing Project, where we apply the proposed approach to the dataset and measure precision and recall. The evaluation shows that our approach is promising in detecting those appliances that contribute the predominate energy consumption, such as mini-fridges, desktops, lamps, and laptops. We also analyze in detail the reasons why some appliances are harder to detect correctly.
Abstract:
In a domestic context, NILM applications (Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring) are of big interest. Indeed, it allows users to know their electric consumption without having to install lots of sensors in theirs houses. The freezer and fridge consumption represents approximately 10 to 15 % of global domestic electric consumption in Belgium. The aim of this paper is to present a new method for the identification of fridges based on transient power patterns. Results of the study rely on supervised data obtained by sub-metering at the level of an appliance for two real domestic houses.