In the ninth book of the epic, the narrative unfolds from Odysseus's perspective. It is evident that Odysseus attempts to present his story to the Phaeacians in a favorable light, aiming to leave a positive impression. It is discernible that he is strategically advocating for himself. Throughout the narrative, his overarching objective is to propagate the notion that he embodies virtuous qualities, positioning himself as the protagonist while characterizing Polyphemus as the antagonist. This thematic construct becomes apparent in his characterization of Polyphemus as a "monster" and a "savage deaf to justice, blind to law." However, it prompts one to question the accuracy of this portrayal—does Polyphemus truly merit the designation of the antagonist? As elucidated in the lecture, a comprehensive analysis necessitates an examination through the lens of the principle of xenia.

What is xenia? 

Xenia - "Guest friendship" 

1) invite guests in 

2) offer them a meal 

3) ask for their name 

4) exchange gifts w/ them

5) offer them a safe escort home 

In the course of his narrative, Odysseus emphasizes Polyphemus's violation of the Xenia code. However, upon closer examination, it becomes apparent that Polyphemus was responding to Odysseus's own disregard for Xenia. Notably, Odysseus intruded upon Polyphemus while he tended to his flock and, without invitation, helped himself to the cheese. Although Polyphemus adhered to Xenia by asking about Odysseus's identity, Odysseus responded deceptively. Following the offering of wine, Polyphemus technically upheld Xenia by offering the "gift" of being consumed last. Ultimately, deceived by Odysseus, Polyphemus, left with no alternative, wished them an ill-fated journey home due to the inhospitable treatment he endured as a host. In essence, Polyphemus's actions were fundamentally a reaction to Odysseus's provocations.

Moreover, despite Odysseus's portrayal of Polyphemus as an uncivilized creature, indications of morality and ethics surface. Notably, Polyphemus exhibits care for his sheep during a heartfelt exchange with his last ram, and he demonstrates religious beliefs when cursing Odysseus. It is plausible that cannibalism is normative in his cultural context.

Delving deeper into the previous statement, Odysseus displays a lack of regard for cultural norms, as exemplified in his preceding adventures. He and his men, functioning as conquerors and raiders, exhibit greed-driven motives, seeking to exploit resources upon landing in a new territory. Odysseus takes pride in this disposition, evident in his concluding manipulation of Polyphemus and his ignorance of his men's peril.