Overview

Dr. Spencer Proctor trained as a physiologist and cardiovascular scientist in both Australia and Canada. He was appointed to the Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition at the University of Alberta in 2004 and founded the Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (MCVD) Laboratory. Dr. Proctor’s research program spans a unique continuum of expertise in the areas of nutrition, metabolism, physiology, behaviour, food health and chronic disease.

Areas of Focus Include:

1. Absorption/metabolism of dietary lipids in health, cardiovascular risk and the Metabolic Syndrome.

2. Interaction of lipids with arterial vessels during atherosclerosis and insulin resistance.

3. Novel bio-activity of dietary fatty acids and impact to the Metabolic Syndrome.
   
   

Research Highlights:

• We have been the first to provide visual evidence that intestinally derived cholesterol particles (chylomicrons) penetrate arterial tissue after hydrolysis to their smaller remnant form, and therefore contribute to the atherogenic process.

• We have pioneered new fluorescent imaging techniques together with the application of confocal microscopy to assess the interaction of lipoprotein particles in arterial vessels that lead to the discovery that properties of vascular biology during disease (hypercholesterolemia and diabetes) can alter the rate at which lipoproteins become trapped in arterial vessels.

• We continue to contribute to studies that correlate raised levels of chylomicron particles (measured as apolipoprotein-B48) and risk of heart disease in numerous clinical conditions.

• We have developed a model of over-production of intestinal derived cholesterol particles (lipoproteins) during insulin resistance that is thought to contribute to dyslipidemia and CVD risk.

• We have discovered lipid lowering properties of trans-11 vaccenic acid, a ruminant (natural) trans-fat that is commonly found in dairy products.
  
  

Research Summary:

Dr. Proctor and the MCVD Laboratory are contributing to the link between Nutrition and dietary-related chronic disease such as obesity and overweight to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Traditionally, (bad or LDL-type cholesterol (made by the liver) has been viewed as the primary fasting end point associated with predicting CVD risk. However, as many half those diagnosed with a cardiac event have (normal circulating concentrations of LDL cholesterol, suggesting other factors are at work. Indeed recent epidemiological evidence suggests that non-fasting lipids (following absorption from the intestine) more accurately predict CVD risk than traditional indices. Dr. Proctor and his team (together in collaboration with Dr. Donna Vine, Nutrition, UofA) has been one of the first to contribute to the fact that intestinal lipoproteins (chylomicrons; that function to absorb and transport dietary lipids) are involved in the accumulation of lipid in arterial vessels during CVD. They continue to explore broad nutritional aspects (including clinical studies in collaboration with Dr. Geoff Ball Pediatrics UofA) that might impact on the secretion and metabolism of dietary lipids and their consequence to overweight and CVD risk (and/or the Metabolic Syndrome)

Publications

Trainees and Staff Underlined
*authors equal senior authors

1.  Proctor SD and Mamo JCL Arterial fatty lesions have increased uptake of chylomicron remnants but not low density lipoprotein. Coronary Artery Disease. 1996; 7: 239-245. Accepted 2 Jan 1996. PMID: 8827411. 

2. Proctor SD and Mamo JCL. Separation and Quantitation of Apolipoprotein B48 and other apolipoproteins by Dynamic Sieving Capillary Electrophoresis. Journal Lipid Research. 1997; (38): 410-414. PMID: 9162759.  (IF=4.56).

3. Mamo JCL, Yu KCW, Elsegood CL, Smith D, Vine DF, Gennat HC, Voevodin M. and Proctor SD. Is atherosclerosis exclusively a post-prandial phenomenon? Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 1997; 24: 288-293. Accepted 9 Dec 1996. PMID:  9131300

4. Smith D, Proctor SD and Mamo JCL. A highly sensitive assay for quantitation of Apolipoprotein B48 using an antibody to human Apolipoprotein B and Enhanced Chemiluminescence. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1997; 34: 185-189. PMID:  9133254.

5. Proctor SD and Mamo JCL. Retention of fluorescent-labeled chylomicron-remnants within the intima of the arterial wall- Evidence that plaque cholesterol may be derived from postprandial lipoproteins. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998; 28(6): 497-503. Accepted 19 Feb 1998.  PMID:  9693943.  (IF=2.84).

6. Mamo JC, Smith D and Proctor SD. Retention of chylomicron remnants by arterial tissue; importance of an efficient clearance mechanism from plasma. Atherosclerosis. 1998;141 (Supplement 1): S63-S69. PMID: 9888645.  (IF=4.09).

7. Pal S, Elsegood C, Proctor SD and Mamo JCL.  Detection of LDL-receptor by ligand blotting with chylomicronremnants labeled with colloidal gold. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2000; 37: 471-478. PMID: 10902863.  (IF=1.79).

8. Proctor SD, Pabla CK and Mamo JCL  Arterial intimal retention of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins in insulin deficient rabbits and rats. Atherosclerosis 2000(1999); 149(2): 315-322. Accepted 20 August 1999. PMID: 10729381.  (IF=4.09).

9. Mamo JCL and Proctor SD. Coronary Artery Disease; which lipoprotein is the villain?  Today’s Life Science July/August 2002. Vol 14; Issue 4 Pg 30-33; Front Cover Feature.  (IF=3.53).

10. Proctor SD, Vine DF and Mamo JCL. Arterial retention of apolipoprotein B48 and B100-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2002 Vol. 13, Issue 5 Pg 461-470) Front Cover Feature.  PMID: 12352009.  (IF=7.0).

11. Proctor SD and Mamo JCL. Intimal retention of cholesterol derived from apolipoprotein B100- and apolipoprotein B48-containing lipoproteins in carotid arteries of Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2003, Accepted May 20 2003, Vol 23, Issue 9 Pg 1595-1600, Front Cover Feature. PMID: 12842838.  (IF=6.5).

12. Proctor SD, Vine DF and Mamo JCL. Arterial permeability and efflux of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins assessed by in-situ perfusion and three-dimensional quantitative confocal microscopy. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2004; Accepted July 26, 2004 24(11): 2162-2167.  PMID: 15345509. (IF=6.8).

13. Proctor SD, Kelly S and Russell JC. A novel of arginine-silicate improves Micro- and Macrovascular Function and inhibits glomerular sclerosis in Insulin-Resistant JCR:LA-cp Rats. Diabetologia 2005. Apr; 48(9):1925-32. Epub 2005 Jul 1.  PMID: 15991019.  (IF=5.7).

14. Russell JC, Proctor SD, Kelly SE, Löhn M, Busch AE and Schäfer S. Insulin-Sensitising and Cardiovascular Effects of the Sodium-Hydrogen Exchange Inhibitor, Cariporide, in the JCR:LA-cp Rat and db/db Mouse. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2005 Dec; 46(6):746-753.  PMID: 16306797.  (IF=1.6).

15. Proctor SD, Dreher KL, Kelly SE and Russell JC. Hypersensitivity of Prediabetic JCR:LA-cp Rats to fine airborne Combustion particle-Induced Direct and Noradrenergic-Mediated Vascular Contraction. Toxicological Sciences 2006 Jan; 90(2):385-391.  PMID: 16407093.  (IF=3.4).

16. Russell JC and Proctor SD Small animal models of cardiovascular disease: Tools for study of roles of the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis. Review for Cardiovascular Pathology 2006:15;318-330.  PMID: 17113010.  (IF=1.7).

17. Vine DF, Takechi R, Russell JC and Proctor SD. Impaired postprandial apolipoprotein-B48 metabolism in obese insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rat: Increased atherogenicity for the metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2007 190(2):282-90. EPub.2006 Apr.  PMID:  16624317.  (IF=3.8).

18. Proctor SD, Kelly SE, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, and Russell JC. Synergistic effects of conjugated linoleic acid and chromium picolinate improve vascular function and renal pathophysiology in the insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rat. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 9,(1): 87-95 2007.   PMID: 17199723.  (IF=2.5).

19. Russell JC and Proctor SD.  Increased insulin sensitivity and reduced micro and macro vascular disease induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose during metabolic syndrome in obese JCR:LA-cp rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 151(2):216-225 2007. Jan epub 20 March 2007.    PMID: 17375078.  (IF=3.4).

20. Mangat R, Su J, Scott PG, Russell JC, Vine DF and Proctor SD. Chylomicron and apoB48 metabolism in the JCR:LA corpulent rat, a model for the metabolic syndrome. Biochemical Society Transactions 2007 Jun; 35(Pt 3):477-81.   PMID: 17511632.  (IF=3.1).

21. Nzekwu MMU, Jetha MM, Ball GDC, Beaulieu C and Proctor SD. Apolipoprotein B48: a novel marker of metabolic risk in overweight children? Biochemical Society Transactions 2007 Jun; 35(Pt 3):484-6.  PMID: 17511634.   (IF=3.1).

22. Pierce D, Heth D, Owczarczyk J, Russell JC and Proctor SD. Overeating by Young Obesity-prone and Lean Rats caused by tastes Associated with Low Energy Foods. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Aug; 15(8):1969-79. PMID: 17712114.  (IF=3.74).

23. Proctor SD, Kelly S, Vine DF and Russell JC. Metabolic effects of a novel silicate inositol complex of the nitric oxide precursor arginine in the obese insulin- resistant JCR:LA-cp rat. Metabolism 2007 Oct; 56(10):1318-25. PMID: 17884439

24. Proctor SD Trans fats, dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome: are we missing the cream? Can Nurse. 2007 Nov; 103(9):10. PMID: 18095523

25. Duez H, Lamarche B, Valéro R, Pavlic M, Proctor SD, Xiao C, Szeto L, Patterson BW and Lewis GF. Both intestinal and hepatic lipoprotein production are stimulated by an acute elevation of plasma free fatty acids in humans. Circulation 2008 May 6; 117(18):2369-76. PMID: 18443237.  (IF=11.2).

26. Russell JC, Proctor SD, Kelly SE and Brindley D. Pair feeding-mediated changes in metabolism: stress response and pathophysiology in insulin resistant, atherosclerosis-prone JCR:LA-cp rats. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 June; 294(6):E1078-87.  PMID: 18413677.  (IF=3.78).

27. Proctor SD, Vine DF, Botham K, Mamo JCL and Cabezas MC.  Intestinal post-prandial chylomicrons: State of the Union between liver, gut and dyslipidemia? Future Lipidology 2008. 3(5), 473-480.

28. Vine DF, Glimm DR, Proctor SD. Intestinal Lipid Transport and Chylomicron Production: Possible Links to Exacerbated Atherogenesis in a Rodent Model of the Metabolic Syndrome. Atherosclerosis Supplements, 2008 9:69-76. PMID: 18632312.  (IF=4.9). 

29. Wang Y, Lu J, Ruth MR, Goruk SD, Reaney M, Glimm D, Vine DF, Field CJ and Proctor SD (2008). Trans-11 vaccenic acid dietary supplementation induces hypolipidemic effects in an animal model of dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Nutrition. 2008 138(11):2117-22.   PMID: 18936207.  (IF=3.6).

30. Ruth MR, Proctor SD and Field CJ. Feeding long chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids to obese leptin receptor deficient JCR:LA-cp rats modifies immune function and lipid raft fatty acid composition. British Journal of Nutrition 2009 May:101(9):1341-1350.  PMID: 19079834.  (IF=2.34).

31. Ruth MR, Proctor SD and Field CJ. Effect of Feeding Fish Oil on mesenteric lymph node cytokine responses in obese leptin receptor-deficient JCR:LA-cp Rats. International Journal of Obesity 2009 33(1):96-103. PMID: 19048014.  (IF=3.56).

32. Su JW, Lambert JE, Clandinin MT and Proctor SD. Impaired Postprandial metabolism of Apolipoprotein B48-Containing Remnant Particles in Normolipidemic Subjects with Brittle Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009 Vol 32 (2), DOI 10.2337/dc08-1573 .  PMID: 19171731.  (IF=7.8).

33. Blewett HJ, Gergung CA, Ruth MR, Proctor SD and Field CJ. Vaccenic acid favorably alters immune function in obese JCR:LA-cp rats. British Journal Nutrition. 2009 Aug;102(4):526-536. PMID: 19216829.  (IF=3.51).

34. Su JW, Nzekwu MMU, Ball GDC, Proctor SD. Postprandial lipemia as an early predictor of cardiovascular complications in childhood obesity. Journal of Clinical Lipidology. Feb 8 2009, Vol.3, 78-84.  PMID: 21291796.   (IF=3.42).

35. Su JW, Nzekwu MMU, Castro-Cabezas M, Redgrave TG, Proctor SD.   Methods to assess impaired post-prandial metabolism and the impact for early detection of cardiovascular disease risk.  European Journal of Clinical Investigation.  2009 Sep;39(9):741-54.  PMID: 19563468.  (IF=2.7).

36. Field CJ, Hosea-Blewett H, Proctor SD and Vine DF. Human health benefits of vaccenic acid. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 2009. Vol. 34, Number 5, 979-991. PMID:  19935865.  (IF=3.45).

37. Shi D, Dyck MK, Uwiera RR, Russell JC, Proctor SD, Vine DF. A Unique Rodent Model of Cardiometabolic Risk Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocrinology. Vol. 150, No. 9, 4425-4436, Sept. 2009.  PMID:19470707.  (IF=5.2).

38. Wang Y, Lu J, Ruth MR, Goruk SD, Reaney M, Glimm D, Vine DF, Field CJ and Proctor SD. Trans-11 vaccenic acid reduces hepatic lipogenesis and chylomicron secretion in the JCR:LA-cp rat. Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 139, No. 11, 2049-2054, Nov. 2009.  PMID: 19759243.  (IF=4.0).

39. Russell JC, Kelly SE, Vine DF and Proctor SD. Irbesartan-mediated reduction of renal and cardiac damage in insulin resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. British Journal of Pharmacology.  2009.  Vol. 158, Issue 6, Pages 1588-1596. PMID:  19814728.  (IF=4.9).

40. Hassanali Z, Ametaj B, Field CJ, Proctor SD and Vine DF. Dietary Supplementation of n-3 PUFA reduces weight gain, and improves post-prandial lipemia and the associated inflammatory response in the obese JCR:LA-cp rat. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.  Feb 2010.  Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages 139 – 147.  PMID:19917068.  (IF=4.26).

41. Pierce WD, Diane A, Heth CD, Russell JC, Proctor SD. Evolution and obesity: resistance of obese-prone rats to a challenge of food restriction and wheel running.  International Journal Obesity. 2010. Mar; 34(3):589-92.  PMID: 20065962.  (IF=3.6) .

42. Ruth MR, Wang Y, Yu HM, Goruk S, Reaney MJ, Proctor SD,  Vine DF,  and Catherine J Field.  Vaccenic and Elaidic Acid Modify Plasma and Splenocyte Membrane Phospholipids and Mitogen-Stimulated Cytokine Production in Obese Insulin Resistant JCR: LA-cp Rats.  Nutrients.  2010. 2:181-197.  (IF=4.21).

43. Mangat R, Warnakula S, Wang Y, Russell JC, Uwiera R and Vine DF and Proctor SD. Model of Intestinal Chylomicron Over-production and Ezetimibe Treatment: Impact on the Retention of Cholesterol in Arterial Vessels.  Atherosclerosis Supplements.  2010 Jun;11(1):17-24.  PMID:  20471328.  (IF=4.9).

44. Wang Y, Jacome-Sosa M, Vine DF and Proctor SD.  Beneficial effects of vaccenic acid on postprandial lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia: Impact of natural trans-fats to improve CVD risk.  Lipid Technology. Vol. 22 No. 5, Pages 103-106, May 2010.

45. Jacobs RL, Zhao Y, P.Y. Koonen DPY, Sletten T, Su B, Lingrell S, Cao G, Peake DA, Kuo MS, Proctor SD,Kennedy BP, Dyck JRB, and Vance DE.  Impaired de novo choline synthesis explains why phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice are protected from diet-induced obesity.  Journal of Biological Chemistry.  2010 Jul 16;285(29):22403-13.  PMID:  20452975.  (IF=5.32).

46. Russell JC, Kelly SE, Diane A, Wang Y, Mangat R, Novak S, Vine DF*, Proctor SD*.  Rimonabant-mediated changes in intestinal lipid metabolism and improved vascular dysfunction in the JCR:LA-cp rat model of prediabetic metabolic syndrome.  AJP Gastro and Liver Physiol. 2010 Aug;299(2):G507-16.  PMID:  20508159.  (IF=3.76).

47. Jacome-Sosa M,  Lu J,  Wang Y,  Ruth MR, Wright DC, Reaney MJ, Shene J, Field CJ, Vine DF and Proctor SD.Increased hypolipidemic benefits of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in combination with trans-11 vaccenic acid in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome, the JCR:LA-cp rat.  Nutrition & Metabolism.  Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010 Jul 16;7:60.  PMID:  20633302.  (IF=3.48).

48. Ussher JR, Koves TR, Cadete VJJ, Zhang L, Jaswal JS, Swyrd SP, Lopaschuk DG,  Proctor SD, Keung W,  Muoio DM, and Lopaschuk GD.  Inhibition of de novo ceramide synthesis reverses diet-induced insulin resistance and restores whole body oxygen consumption.  Diabetes.  2010 Oct;59(10):2453-64.  PMID: 20522596.  (IF=8.5).

49. Gavin C, Sigal RJ, Cousins M, Menard ML, Atkinson M, Khandwala F, Kenny GP, Proctor SD and  Ooi TC.   Resistance exercise but not aerobic exercise lowers remnant-like lipoprotein particle cholesterol in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.  Atherosclerosis 213 (2010) 552-557.  PMID:20870234.  (IF=4.08).

50. Mangat R, Vine DF, Forbes JM, Cooper ME, Mamo JCL and Proctor SD.  Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: Increased arterial exposure to remnant lipoproteins leads to enhanced deposition of cholesterol and binding to glycated extracellular matrix proteoglycans.  Diabetic Medicine.  2011 Jan;28(1):61-72.  PMID: 21166847  (IF=2.8)

51. Christian F. Rueda-Clausen, Vernon W. Dolinsky, Jude S. Morton, Spencer D. Proctor, Jason R.B. Dyck & Sandra T. Davidge. Hypoxia-induced intrauterine growth restriction increases the susceptibility of rats to high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):507-16. (IF=8.5) PMID: 21270262.  (IF=8.5).

52. Warnakula S, Hsieh J, Adeli K, Hussain MM, Tso P, Proctor SD.  New insights into how the intestine can regulate lipid homeostasis and impact vascular disease: frontiers for new pharmaceutical therapies to continue to lower cardiovascular risk.  The Canadian Journal of Cardiology.  27 (2011) 183-191. (IF=2.224) PMID: 21459267.  (IF=2.22).

53. Jing Lu, Faye Borthwick, Zahra Hassanali, Ye Wang, Rabban Mangat, Megan Ruth, Danni Shi, Anja Jaeschke, James C Russell, Catherine J Field, Spencer D Proctor* and Donna F Vine*.  Chronic dietary n-3 PUFA intervention improves dyslipidemia and subsequent cardiovascular complications in the JCR:LA-cp rat model of the metabolic syndrome.  British Journal of Nutrition (2011), volume 105, issue 11, pp. 1572-1582.  PMID:21276281.  (IF=3.4).

54. Gebauer SK, Chardigny JM, Jakobsen MU, Benoit L, Lock A, Proctor SD and Baer DJ. Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Advances in Nutrition. 2011,Jul;(2):332-354. (open access). PMID: 22332075

55. Drake C, Boutin H, Jones MS, Denes A, McColl BW, Selvarajah JR, Hulme S, Georgiou RF, Hinz R, Gerhard A, Vail A, Prenant C, Julyan P, Maroy R, Brown G, Smigova A, Herholz K, Kassiou M, Crossman D, Francis S, Proctor SD, Russell JC, Hopkins SJ, Tyrrell PJ, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM. Brain inflammation is induced by co-morbidities and risk factors for stroke. Brain Behavioural and Immunity. 2011; 25(6-4):1113-1122.  PMID: 21356305.  (IF=5.0).

56. Wang Y, Jacome-Sosa M and Proctor SD. The role of ruminant trans fat as a potential nutraceutical in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Food Research International. 2012;46(2):460–468.  (IF=2.41)

57. Klop B, Proctor SD, Mamo JCL, Botham K, and Cabezas MC. Understanding Postprandial Inflammation and Its Relationship to Lifestyle Behaviour and Metabolic Diseases. International Journal of Vascular Medicine. 2012;2011(947417):1-11. (open access). PMID:  21961070

58. Cabezas MC, Botham K, Mamo JCL, Proctor SD. Novel Aspects of Nonfasting Lipemia in relation to Vascular Biology. International Journal of Vascular Medicine. Int J Vasc Med. 2012;2012:419015. (open access). PMID:22548177

59. Diane A, Pierce WD, Heth CD, Russell JC, Richard D, SD Proctor. Feeding History and Obese-Prone Genotype Increase Survival of Rats Exposed to a Challenge of Food Restriction and Wheel Running. Obesity. (Silver Spring). 2012 Sep20(9):1787-95. PMID: 22016097  (IF=3.53).

60. Axelsen LN, Keung W, Pedersen HD, Meier E, Riber D, Kjølbye AL, Petersen JS, Proctor SD, Holstein-Rathlou NH, and Lopaschuk GD. Glucagon and a glucagon-GLP-1 dual-agonist increases cardiac performance with different metabolic effects in insulin-resistant hearts. British Journal Pharmacology. 2012 Apr;165(8):2736-48. PMID:  22014161.  (IF=4.92).

61. Borthwick F, Warnakula S, Mangat R, Uwiera RR, Russell JC, Kelly SE, Lee CY, Hryshko L, Mamo JCL, Rye KA, Lopaschuk GD and Proctor SD. Apo-A1 infusion reduces arterial cholesterol and myocardial lesions in a rat model of cardiac dysfunction and insulin resistance. Atherosclerosis. 2012:Jun:222(2):402-8. PMID: 22483015.  (IF-3.79).

62. Pradiollo, J, Denes, A, Greenhalgh A, Herve B, Drake C, McColl B, Barton E, Proctor SD, Russell J, Rothwell N, Allan S. Delayed Administration of Interleukin-1Receptor Antagonist Reduces Ischemic Brain Damage and Inflammation in Co-Morbid Rats. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 2012 Sep;32(9):1810-9. PMID: 22781338.  (IF=5.0).

63. Wang Y, Jacome-Sosa M, Ruth MR, Yu HM, Goruk SD, Shen J, Reaney MJ, Scott SL, Dugan MER, Anderson HD, Field CJ, Proctor SD and Vine DF. The intestinal bioavailability of vaccenic acid and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and -γ rodent model of dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2012;Aug;56(8):1234-46.   PMID: 22714958.  (IF=4.3). 

64. Quiroga A, Li L, T Köfeler H, Trötzmüller M, Nelson R, Proctor SD, Köfeler H, Lehner R. Deficiency of Carboxylesterase 1/Esterase-x in Mice Results in Obesity, Hepatic Steatosis and Hyperlipidemia. Hepatology. 2012 Dec;56(6):2188-98.   PMID: 22806626. (IF=12).

65. Mangat R, Warnakula S, Borthwick F, Hassanali Z, Uwiera RRE, Russell JC, Cheeseman CI, Vine DF and Proctor SD.Arterial retention of remnant lipoproteins ex-vivo is increased during insulin resistance due to increased arterial biglycan and production of cholesterol-rich atherogenic particles, that can be improved by ezetimibe in the JCR:LA-cp rat. Journal of the American Heart Association (open access).  2012 Oct;1(5):e003434. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.003434. Epub 2012 Oct 25.  PMID: 23316299.   (IF=4.54).

66. Aukema H, Lu J, Borthwick F, and Proctor SD. Dietary fish oil reduces glomerular injury and improves elevated renal hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid levels in the JCR:LA-cp rat, a model of the metabolic syndrome. British Journal of Nutrition. 2013 Jul 14;110(1):11-9.  PMID: 23151363.  (IF=3.45).

67. Wang Y, Pendlebury C, Nzekwu MMU, Maximova K, Vine DF, Jetha MM, Ball GDC, Proctor SD. Elevated remnant lipoproteins may increase subclinical CVD risk in obese pre-pubertal children: A Canadian case control study. Pediatr Obes. 2013 Oct;8(5):376-84.  PMID: 23239597.  (IF=3.54).

68. Diané A, Pierce DW, Borthwick F, Jacob R, Nelson R, Heth DC, Russell JC, Vine D, Proctor SD.  Differential Expression of Hypothalamic Metabolic Genes in Response to Short-Term Calorie Restriction in Young Obese- and Lean-prone JCR Rats.  Can J Diabetes. 2013 Apr;37 Suppl 2:S226. PMID: 24071111.  (IF=2.95).

69. Diane A, Vine DF, Heth CD, Russell JC, Proctor SD, Pierce WD.   Prior caloric restriction increases survival of pre-pubertal obese- and PCOS-prone rats exposed to a challenge of time-limited feeding and physical activity.  Journal of Applied Physiology.  2013 May;114(9):1158-64. PMID: 23449943.  (IF=3.48).

70. Mapiye C, Aalhus JL, Turner TD, Rolland DC, Basarab JA, Baron VS, McAllister TA, Block HC, Uttaro B, Lopez-Campos O, Proctor SD, Dugan ME.  Effects of feeding flaxseed or sunflower-seed in high-forage diets on beef production, quality and fatty acid composition.  Meat Sci. 2013 Sep;95(1):98-109.  PMID:23669875.  (IF=3.66).

71. Diane A, Pierce WD, Russell JC, Heth CD, Vine DF, Richard D, Proctor SD. Down regulation of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) expression after weaning is associated with hyperphagia- induced obesity in JCR rats over-expressing neuropeptide Y. Br. J. Nutrition. 2013 Oct 7:1-9. PMID: 24094067 (IF=3.4).

72. Borthwick F, Mangat R, Warnakula S, Jacome-Sosa M, Vine DF and Proctor SD. Simvastatin treatment upregulates intestinal lipid secretion pathways in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis. 2014 232; pp. 141-148, PMID: 24401228 (IF=3.97).

73. Rajabi AA, Castro GS, da Silva RP, Nelson RC, Vannucchi H, Vine DF, Proctor SD, Field CJ, Curtis JM, Jacobs RL. Choline Supplementation Protects Against Liver Damage by Normalizing Cholesterol Metabolism in Pemt/Ldlr Knockout Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Journal of Nutrition (Biochemistry). Journal of Nutrition. 2014 Mar;144(3):252-7. PMID: 24368431 (IF=4.59).

74. C. Mapiye, J. L. Aalhus, T. D. Turner, D. C. Rolland, J. A. Basarab, V. S. Baron, T. A. McAllister, H. C. Block, B. Uttaro, S. D. Proctor and M. E. R. Dugan. Types of Oilseed and Adipose Tissue Influence the Deposition and Metabolic Relationships of Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation Intermediates in Steers Fed a Grass Hay Diet. Lipids. 2014 Mar;49(3):275-86. PMID: 24399450 (IF=2.3).

75. Dromparis P, Sutendra G, Paulin R; Proctor S, Michelakis ED, M. McMurtry MS. Pioglitazone inhibits HIF-1α dependent angiogenesis in rats by paracrine and direct effects on endothelial cells. J Mol Med (2014) 92:497–507.   PMID: 24408111  (IF=4.8).

76. MM Jacome-Sosa, Y Wang, Borthwick F, Jacobs RL, Uwiera R, Nelson R, Reaney MJ, Shen J, Quiroga AD, Lehner R, Proctor SD.  Diets enriched in trans-11 vaccenic acid alleviate ectopic lipid accumulation by remodeling adipose tissue in a rat model of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Nutrition (Biochemistry). 2014 Volume 25, Issue 7, Pages 692-701.  PMID: 24775093 (IF=4.55).

77. Mangat R and Proctor SD. Emerging pathways in the regulation of whole body cholesterol flux: therapeutic opportunities to target atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res. 2014 May;55(5):796-797.  PMID: 24670991 (Invited Commentary).  (IF=4.73)

78. Diane A, Vine DF, Russell JC,  Heth CD, Pierce WD, and Proctor SD. Interrelationship of CB1R and OBR pathways in regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to food restriction and voluntary wheel running. J. Applied Physiology. 2014 Jun 15;117(2):97-104. PMID: 24903921. (IF=3.4)

79. Hutcheson R, Chaplin J, Hutcheson B, Gebb S, Jadhav R, Smith E, Russell JC, Proctor SD, Rocic P. Excessive, miR-21-mediated vascular smooth muscle proliferation in impaired coronary collateral growth in metabolic syndrome. FASEB Journal 2014 28(9) pg 4088-4099.  doi.org/10.1096/fj.14-251223.   (IF=5.8).

80. Vine DF, Wang Y, Shi D, Proctor SD.  Insulin and testosterone are associated with elevated intestinal secretion of lipids and lipoproteins in a rodent model of the metabolic and polycystic ovary syndrome.  Journal Diabetes and Metabolism.  2014 5(391): 2155-6156, Open Access   (IF=4.28).

81. Cletos Mapiye, Jennifer L Aalhus, Payam Vahmani, Rolland C David, McAllister A Timothy, Block C Hushton, Uttaro Bethany, Spencer D Proctor and Michael E R Dugan. Improving beef hamburger quality and fatty acid profiles through dietary manipulation and exploitation of fat depot heterogeneity. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2014, 5:54. (open access). PMID: 25810905.  (IF=3.47).

82. Natasha Fillmore, Wendy Keung, Sandra E Kelly, Spencer D Proctor, Gary D Lopaschuk, and John R Ussher. Accumulation of ceramide in slow-twitch muscle contributes to the development of insulin resistance in the obese JCR:LA-cp rat. Experimental Physiology. 2015 Jun 1;100(6):730-41.  PMID: 25786668    (IF=2.62).

83. Rebecca Hutcheson, Russell Terry, Brenda Hutcheson, Rashmi Jadhav, Jennifer Chaplin, Erika Smith, Robert Barrington, Spencer Proctor, and Petra Rocic. miR-21-mediated decreased neutrophil apoptosis is a determinant of impaired coronary collateral growth in metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Physiology- Heart and Circulatory Physiology.  2015 Jun 1;308(11):H1323-35.  PMID: 25840830.  (IF=4.00).

84. da Silva RP, Karen B Kelly KB; Lewis E, Leonard KA, Goruk S, Curtis JM, Vine DF; Proctor SD, Field CJ and Jacobs R. Choline deficiency impairs intestinal lipid metabolism in the lactating rat. Journal of Nutrition (Biochemistry). 2015 May 29.  pii: S0955-2863(15)00133-3.  PMID: 26092371.  (IF=4.57).

85. Diane A, Kupreeva M, Borthwick F, Proctor SD, Pierce DW and Vine DF. Cardiometabolic and reproductive benefits of early dietary energy restriction and voluntary exercise in an obese PCOS-prone rodent model. Endocrinology 2015 Sep;226(3):193-206. PMID: 26187902.  (IF=3.718).

86. Diane A, Pierce DW, Mangat R, Borthwick F, Nelson R, Russell J, Heth C, Jacobs R, Vine DF, and Proctor SD.  Differential Expression of Hypothalamic Metabolic and Inflammatory Genes in Response to Short-Term Calorie Restriction in Juvenile Obese- and Lean-prone JCR Rats.  Nutrition & Diabetes.  2015 Aug 24;5:e178. Open Access. PMID: 26302065.  (IF=2.654).

87. Suresh C Bairwa, Venkatesh Rajapurohitam, Xiaohong Tracey Gan, Rabban Mangat, Spencer D Proctor, Morris Karmazyn. Cardiomyocyte Antihypertrophic Effect of Adipocyte Tissue Conditioned Medium from Rats and its Abrogation by Obesity is Mediated by the Leptin to Adiponectin Ratio. PLoS One. 2016 Jan 5;11(1):e0145992.  PMID: 26731409.  (IF=3.2).

88. Uwiera RRE, Mangat R, Kelly SE, Uwiera TC and Proctor SD. Long-Term Catheterization of the Intestinal Lymph Trunk and Collection of Lymph in Neonatal Pigs. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2016 Mar 5;(109). PMID:27023826. (IF=1.05).

89. Jacome-Sosa MM, Vacca C, Mangat R, Diane A, Nelson RC, Reaney MJ, Shen J, Curtis JM, Vine DF, Field C, Igarashi M, Piomelli D, Banni S and Proctor SD. Vaccenic acid suppresses intestinal inflammation by increasing the endocannabinoid anandamide and non-cannabinoid signaling molecules in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Lipid Research. 2016 Apr;57(4):638-49. PMID: 26891736.  (IF=4.4).

90. Wang X, Gupta J, Kerslake M, Rayat G, Proctor SD and Chan CB. Trans-11 Vaccenic Acid Improves Insulin Secretion in Models of Type 2 Diabetes In Vivo and In Vitro.  Molecular Nutrition & Food Research.  2016 Apr;60(4):846-57. PMID: 27061233.  (IF=4.6).

91. Diane A, Borthwick F, Mapiye C, Vahamani P, David RC, Vine DF, Dugan M, Proctor S. Feeding beef fat enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant JCR:LA-cp rats.  Lipids.  2016 Jul;51(7):821-31. PMID: 27072368. (IF=1.9).

92. Vahmani, P., D.C. Rolland, T.A. McAllister, H.C. Block, S.D. Proctor, L. L. Guan, N. Prieto, J.L. Aalhus, and M.E.R. Dugan. Feeding steers hay with extruded flaxseed together or sequentially has a 1 profound effect on erythrocyte trans 11-18:1 (vaccenic acid). Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2016 Aug;96:299-301.  doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2016-0017   (IF=1.7).

93. Wilke MS, Maximova K, Henderson M, Levy E, Paradis G, O’Loughlin J, Tremblay A, Proctor SD. Adiposity in Children and CVD risk: ApoB48 has a stronger association with central fat than classic lipid markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jul;101(7):2915-2922.  PMID: 27163356.  (IF=6.2)

94. Singh, V, Willing B, Proctor SD. Koch’s postulates, microbial dysbiosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2016 Jul;22(7):594-9. PMID:27179648.  (IF=5.2).

95. Diane A, Borthwick F, Wu S, Lee J, Shipley PR, Brown PN, Dickinson TA, Croft KD, Vine DF and Proctor SD. Hypolipidemic and cardioprotective benefits of a novel Fireberry Hawthorn fruit extract in the JCR:LA-cp rodent model of dyslipidemia and cardiac dysfunction.  Food and Function. 2016 Sep 14;7(9):3943-52.  PMID:27538786.  (IF=2.7).

96. Diane A, Pierce D, Kelly S, Sokolik S, Borthwick F, Jacome-Sosa M, Mangat R, Pradillo MJ, McRae AS, Ruth MR, Field CJ, Hutcheon R, Rocic P, Russell JC, Vine DF, Proctor SD.  Mechanisms of Co-Morbidities Associate with The Metabolic Syndrome:  Insights From The JCR:LA-cp Corpulent Rat Strain.  Frontiers.  2016 Oct. 10;3:44.  PMID:  27777929. (IF=3.37).

97. Gregory Joseph, Amanda Soler, Rebecca Hutcheson, Ian Hunter, Chastity Bradford, Brenda Hutcheson, Katherine Gotlinger, Houli Jiang, John Falck, Spencer Proctor, Michal Laniado Schwartzman, and Petra Rocic. Elevated 20-HETE Impairs Coronary Collateral Growth in Metabolic Syndrome Via Endothelial Dysfunction. AJP-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2017 Mar 1;312(3):H528-H540.  PMID: 28011587  (IF=4.00).

98. Ian Hunter, Amanda Soler, Gregory Joseph, Brenda Hutcheson, Chastity Bradford, Frank Zhang, Barry Potter, Spencer Proctor, and Petra Rocic. Cardiovascular function in male and female JCR:LA-cp rats. AJP-Heart and Circulation.  1 April 2017.Vol. 312 no. 4, H742-H751. PMID: 28087518.

99. Vine DF, Wang F, Jetha M, Ball G, Proctor SD.  Impaired ApoB-Lipoprotein and Triglyceride Metabolism in Obese Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Mar 1;102(3):970-982. PMID: 27997268. (IF=6.2).

100. Krysa JA, Proctor SD and Vine DF. Metabolic and Dietary Modulation of PCSK9; Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors.J Nutr. 2017 Apr;147(4):473-481. PMID: 28179493.  (IF-4.145).

101. P. Vahmani, D. C. Rolland, T. A. McAllister, H. C. Block, S. D. Proctor, L. L. Guan, N. Prieto, J. L. Aalhus and M. E. R. Dugan*.   Effects of feeding steers extruded flaxseed mixed with hay or before hay on animal performance, carcass and meat quality, and meat and hamburger fatty acid composition. Meat Sci. 2017 Apr 19;131:9-17. PMID: 28448838.  (IF=3.126).

102. P, Aalhus JL, Rolland DC, McAllister TA, Prieto N, Block HC, Proctor SD, Guan LL, Dugan MER. Sequential Feeding of Lipid Supplement Enriches Beef Adipose Tissues with 18:3n-3 Biohydrogenation Intermediates. Lipids.  2017 Jul;52(7):641-649.  PMID: 28547181.  (IF=1.934).

103. Ooi TC, Krysa J, Chaker S, Abujrad H, Mayne J, Henry K, Cousins M, Raymond A, Favreau C, Taljaard M, Chrétien M, Mbikay M, Proctor SD, Vine DF. The Effect of PCSK9 Loss-of-Function Variants on the Postprandial Lipid and ApoB-Lipoprotein Response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Sep 1;102(9):3452-3460. PMID: 28673045. (IF=5.455).

104. Mangat R, Borthwick F, Ullrich T, Jacome M, Nelson R, Kontush A, Vine DF and Proctor SD. Intestinal lymphatic HDL miR223 and Apo-AI are reduced during insulin resistance and restored with Niacin. FASEB Journal 2018 Mar;32(3):1602-1612. PMID: 29183962.  (IF=5.5).

105. Amanda Soler; Ian Hunter; Gregory Joseph; Rebecca Hutchenson; Brenda Hutchenson; Jenny Yang; Frank Zhang; Sachindra Joshi; Chastity Bradford; Katharine H Gotlinger; Rachana Maniyar; John R Falck; Spencer Proctor; Michal L Schwartzman; Sachin Gupte and Petra Rocic. Elevated 20-HETE in Metabolic Syndrome Regulates Arterial Stiffness and Systolic Hypertension via MMP12 Activation.  Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2018 Apr;117:88-99. PMID: 29428638. (IF=5.68).

106. Maria Kupreeva, Abdoulaye Diane, Russell Watts, Mahua Ghosh, Spencer Proctor, and Donna Vine. Effect of metformin and flutamide on insulin, lipogenic and androgen-estrogen signaling, and cardiometabolic risk in a PCOS-prone metabolic syndrome rodent model. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2019 Jan 1;316(1):E16-E33. PMID: 30153063.  (IF=4.0).

107. Melanie A. Fontaine, Abdoulaye Diane, Vijay P. Singh, Rabban Mangat, Jacqueline Krysa, Randal Nelson, Benjamin P. Willing, Spencer D. Proctor. Low birth weight causes insulin resistance and aberrant intestinal lipid metabolism independent of microbiota abundance in Landrace-Large pigs. FASEB Journal.  2019 Aug;33(8):9250-9262. PMID: 31144992.  (IF=5.6).

108. Forough Jahandideh, Stepheny C de C Zani, Myoungjin Son, Spencer D Proctor, Sandra T Davidge, Catherine B Chan, Jianping Wu. Egg white hydrolysate enhances insulin sensitivity in high fat diet induced insulin resistant rats via AKT activation. British Journal of Nutrition. 2019 Jul 14;122(1):14-24. PMID: 30982477. (IF=3.51).

109. Jacqueline A Krysa, Donna F Vine, Lawrence J Beilin, Sally Burrows, Rae-Chi Huang, Trevor A Mori, Spencer D Proctor. ApoB48-Remnant Lipoproteins Are Associated with Increased Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents.  2020 Jun;302:20-26.  PMID: 32413793. (IF=4.09)

110. Ponnampalam EN, ​Kraft J, ​Mapiye C, ​Bermingham EN, Watkins PJ, ​Proctor SD, Dugan MER. Bioactivity and health effects of ruminant meat lipids.  Meat Science. 2020 Jul;165:108114. PMID: 32272342. (IF=3.66)

111. Vine DF, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Huang RC, Hart R, Proctor SD, Mori TA. ApoB48-Lipoprotein Remnants are associated with Increased Plasma Triglycerides and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2020 May 26;4(8):bvaa061.  PMID:  32803089. (IF=5.4).

112. Jacqueline A. Krysa, Geoff D. Ball, Donna F. Vine, Spencer D. Proctor.  ApoB-Remnant Dyslipidemia and High-Fat Meal Intolerance is associated with markers of cardiometabolic risk in youth with obesity. Pediatr Obes.  2021 May;16(5):e12745.  PMID: 33150705.  (IF=3.42).

113. Jesus Pradillo, Macarena Hernández-Jiménez, Maria Fernandez-Valle, Violeta Medina, Juan Enrique Ortuño, Stuart Allan, Spencer Proctor, Juan Manuel García-Segura, María Jesús Ledesma-Carbayo, Andres Santos, María Moro, and Ignacio Lizasoain. Influence of metabolic syndrome on post-stroke outcome, angiogenesis and vascular function in old rats determined by MRI. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2021 Jul;41(7):1692-1706.  PMID: 34152893.  (IF=5.68).

114. Craig Resch, Mihir Parikh, J. Alejandro Austria, Spencer Proctor, Thomas Netticadan, Heather Blewett, Grant N. Pierce. The Influence of Diet, Obesity and Sex on the Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms. 2021 May 12;9(5):1037.   PMID: 34066029.  (IF=3.86).

115. Vine DF, Proctor EO, Weaver O, Ghosh M, Maximova K, Proctor SD. A Pilot Trial: Fish Oil and Metformin Effects on ApoB-Remnants and Triglycerides in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2021 Jun 19;5(9):bvab114. PMID:  34286169

116. Mihir Parikh, Branislav Kura, Bhavana Garg, Alejandro Austria, Liping Yu, Thane Maddaford, Spencer D. Proctor, Thomas Netticadan, and Grant N. Pierce. Dietary Flaxseed Reduces Myocardial Ischemic Lesions, Improves Cardiac Function and Lowers Cholesterol Levels Despite the Presence of Severe Obesity in JCR:LA-cp Rats. J. Nutritional Biochemistry.  2021 Dec;98:108829.  PMID: 34358644.  (IF=6.0).

117. Vijay P. Singh, Melanie A. Fontaine, Rabban Mangat , Janelle M. Fouhse, Abdoulaye Diane, Benjamin P. Willing and Spencer D. Proctor.  High vaccenic acid content in beef fat attenuates high fat high carbohydrate western diet induced changes in lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in pigs.  Microorganisms.  2021 Dec 6;9(12):2517.  PMID: 34946118.  (IF=3.86).

118. Yongbo She, Rabban Mangat, Sue Tsai, Spencer Proctor, Caroline Richard. The interplay of obesity, dyslipidemia and immune dysfunction: a brief overview on pathophysiology, animal models, and nutritional modulation.  Frontiers in Nutrition: Nutritional Immunology. Review. 2022 Feb 17;9:840209.  PMID: 35252310.  

119. Edward C. Deehan; Zhengxiao Zhang; Alessandra Riva; Anissa M. Armet; Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz; Nguyen K. Nguyen; Jacqueline A. Krysa; Benjamin Seethaler; Yuan-Yuan Zhao; Janis Cole; Fuyong Li; Bela Hausmann; Andreas Spittler; Julie-Anne Nazare; Nathalie M. Delzenne; Jonathan M. Curtis; Wendy V. Wismer; Spencer D. Proctor; Jeffrey A. Bakal; Stephan C. Bischoff; Dan Knights; Catherine J. Field; David Berry; Carla M. Prado; Jens Walter. Elucidating the role of the gut microbiota in the physiological effects of dietary fiber. Microbiome Journal.  2022 May 13;10(1):77.  PMID: 35562794.  (2 year/IF=14.5).

120. She, Y., Wang, K., Makarowski, A., Mangat, R., Tsai, S., Willing, B. P., Proctor, S. D., & Richard, C. (2022). Effect of High-Fat and Low-Fat Dairy Products on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Immune Function in a Low Birthweight Swine Model of Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022 Jun 17;9:923120.   PMID: 35782930.  (IF=6.59).

121. She, Y., Wang, K., Makarowski, A., Mangat, R., Tsai, S., Willing, B. P., Proctor, S. D., & Richard, C. (2022). Low-fat dairy consumption improves intestinal immune function more than high-fat dairy in a diet induced swine model of insulin resistance. European Journal of Nutrition.  2023 Mar;62(2):699-711.  PMID: 36197467  (IF =4.865).

122. Kun Wang, Yongbo She, Rabban Mangat, Alexander Makarowski, Bimol C. Roy, Heather L. Bruce, Michael K. Dyck, Caroline Richard, Spencer D. Proctor.  Preferential deposition of dairy derived fatty acids in muscle tissue is partially due to the upregulation of CD36 in a low-birth-weight swine model. J Anim Sci. 2023 Jan 3:1 01:skad113.  PMID: 37086180, (IF=2.7)

123. Weaver O, Ming Ye, Jacqueline A. Krysa, Donna F. Vine, Dean Eurich, Spencer D. Proctor. Non-fasting lipids and CVD in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus in the Alberta Tomorrow Project. Diabet Med. 2023 Sep;40(9):e15133. PMID: 37171453, (IF=3.5)

124. Weaver O, Jacqueline A. Krysa, Ming Ye, Donna F. Vine, Dean Eurich, Spencer D. Proctor. Non-Fasting Remnant Cholesterol in Alberta’s Tomorrow Project: Implications for CVD Risk Prediction. CMAJ Open. 2023 Jul 25;11(4):E645-E653. PMID:  37491049.  (IF=17.4)

125. Eliano P. Navarese, Donna Vine, Spencer Proctor, PhD, Klaudyna Grzelakowska, Sergio Berti, MD, Jacek Kubica, Paolo Raggi. Independent Causal Effect of Remnant Cholesterol on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Mendelian randomization study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2023 Sep;43(9):e373-e380. PMID: 37439258, (IF=8.3)

126. Bimol C. Roy, Patience Coleman, Kun Wang, Yongbo She, Meghan Markowski, Caroline Richard, Spencer D. Proctor,Heather L. Bruce.  Muscle fiber, connective tissue and meat quality characteristics of pork from low birth weight pigs as affected by diet-induced increased fat absorption and preferential muscle marbling. Journal of Food Science of Animal Resources. 2024; 44(1):51-73.  PMID: 38332894, (IF=3.2)

127. Taheri R and Proctor SD. Frontiers in Endocrinology Special Issue: Effect of Overweight/Obesity on Early Puberty and Related Chronic Disease Risk Factors. Endocrinol. Sec. Pediatric Endocrinology. 2024 Jan 25:15:1357819. PMID: 38332894, (IF=3.9)

128. Mihir Parikh, Broderick Hirst, Kinberley O’Hara, Thane Maddafor, Alejandro Austria, Liping Yu, Branislav Kura, Bhavana Garg,Thomas Netticadan, Spencer D Proctor, Grant N. Pierce. Beneficial Effects of Dietary Flaxseed on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. 2024 Feb 6;16(4):466. PMID: 38398791, (IF=5.7)

129. Proctor S.D, Wang M, Vine D.F. and Raggi P. Predictive Utility of Remnant Cholesterol in ASVD. Current Opinion in Cardiolology. 2024 Jul 1;39(4):300-307. PMID: 38456429, (IF=2.1)

130. Yosdel Soto, Arletty Hernández, Roger Sarduy, Victor Brito, Sylvie Marleau, Donna F. Vine, Ana M. Vázquez and Spencer D. Proctor. Monoclonal antibody chP3R99 reduces subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in Insulin-Resistant rats: Acute treatment versus long-term protection as an idiotypic vaccine for atherosclerosis. American Heart Assoc. 2024 Jul 2;13(13):e032419. PMID: 38934863, (IF=6.1)

131. Araujo G, Marian Valencia L, Martin-Ozimek A, Soto Y, Proctor SD.  Atherosclerosis: from lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory therapies to targeting arterial retention of ApoB-containing lipoproteins. Front. Immunol., Review Article.  08 June 2025, Volume 16. doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1485801

132. Wu E, Wilke M, Raggi P, Becher H, Windram J, Proctor S, Ghosh M, Cree M, Vine D. (2025). ApoB-Remnant-Cholesterol Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiac Dysfunction is Exacerbated in Young High-Risk Women with Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:a pilot study. Frontiers in Endocrinology: A Lifecourse Perspective on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Bridging Gaps in Research and Practice (in press)

Projects

1. 2024-2028 Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada- Grant in Aid.  Efficacy of novel serum-free media clones of chP3R99 mAb against atherogenesis. Proctor SD (PI) 

2. 2024-2026 Dairy Farmers of Canada-Nutrition. Investigating the beneficial health effects of dairy products versus plant-based alternatives on cardio-metabolic and immunological risk factors in a swine model of insulin resistance. Proctor SD (PI), Richard C, Vine DF (co-PI) 

3. 2023-2026 Women & Children’s Health Research Institute– Innovation Grant.  Pilot clinical trial to assess whether fish oil can improve fat intolerance and risk of heart disease in youth with obesity.  Proctor SD (PI) & Vine DF, Ball GD (co-app)

4. 2021-2026 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada –Discovery.  Novel Roles Of The Intestine To Regulate Whole Body Lipid Homeostasis Using Pathways Of Nutritional Physiology And Molecular Regulation.  Proctor SD (PI) 

5. 2025-2028  CIHR. Validation and scale up of novel serum-free media variants of chP3R99 mAb against atherogenesis.  Proctor SD (PI)

Overview

Research Interests:  

Dr. René Jacobs was trained in biochemistry and molecular biology at both the Memorial University of Newfoundland and the University of Alberta. In 2009, He was appointed to the Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science at the University of Alberta. Dr. Jacobs’  research program incorporates “state of the science” in vivo techniques, biochemical analysis and nutrigenomics as part of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach seeking to understand the complex interactions involved in the etiology of obesity, T2DM and other chronic diseases. The specific areas of focus for his research program are:

A. Study the role of the vagus nerve in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and whole-body energy metabolism.

B. Investigate the role of micronutrients (folate, cobolamin and choline) in the development of obesity and insulin resistance.

C. Determine the importance of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in chylomicron secretion.

Research Contributions and Publications:

1. Studies conducted during my PhD were the first to explain why plasma homocysteine metabolism is altered in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

2. Studies conducted during my postdoctoral training were the first to show that physiological regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) alters homocysteine metabolism in mice. This work resulted in the novel idea that PEMT is an important consuming of methyl groups in humans.

3. As part of my postdoctoral training, we provided novel evidence showing that plasma HDL and LDL is directly proporational to hepatic CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-α  activity.

4. As a Research Associate, I provided a mechanism to explain why PEMT knockout mice are protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Data from these studies are the first to link de novo choline synthesis to altered whole-body energy metabolism.

Publicatons

1. Emad Yuzbashian, Dineli N Fernando, René L Jacobs, Till-Robin Lesker, Till Strowig, Siegfried Ussar, Catherine B Chan. A Comparison of the Effects of Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese on Insulin Sensitivity, Hepatic Steatosis, and Gut Microbiota in Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5026; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115026

2. R Jacobs, AE Brueggemann, ME Gordon. Effect of gastric ulceration on vitamin E status in horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science.  Volume 148, May 2025, 105549. doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105549.

3. M.E. Gordon, A.E. Brueggemann, R. Jacobs.  Physiology of vitamin E in maintenance and exercising horses as measured via blood and adipose tissue concentrations. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science.  Volume 148, May 2025, 105426.  doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105426

4. R. Jacobs, A.E. Brueggemann, M.E. Gordon. Supplementation of horses with B. coagulans GBI-30,6086 protects against gastrointestinal inflammation. Equine Bioscience: General Section Oral.  Volume 148, May 2025, 105532.  doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2025.105532.

5. Courtney M. Holdaway, Kelly-Ann Leonard, Randal Nelson, Jelske van der Veen, Chinmayee Das, Russell Watts, Robin D. Clugston, Richard Lehner, Rene L. Jacobs. Alterations in phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism impacts hepatocellular lipid storage, energy homeostasis, and proliferation.  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids Volume 1870, Issue 4, May 2025, 159608.  doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2025.159608

6. Azarcoya-Barrera J, Field C, Goruk S, Makarowsk A, Curtis J, Pouliot Y, Jacobs RL, Richard C. (2021). Buttermilk: an important source of lipid soluble forms of choline that influences the immune system development in Sprague-Dawley rat offspring. European Journal of Nutrition.

7. Aldana-Hernandez P, Azarcoya-Barrera J, van der Veen J, Leonard K-A, Zhao Y-Y, Nelson R, Goruk S, Field CJ, Curtis J, Richard C, Jacobs RL. (2021). Dietary phosphatidylcholine supplementation reduces atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- male mice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.

8. Kennelly JP*, Ju T, van der Veen JN*, Carlin S*, Nelson RC*, Buteau J, Thiesen A, Richard C, Willing BP and Jacobs RL. (2021). Intestinal Phospholipid Disequilibrium Induces Goblet Cell Necroptosis and Spontaneous Colitis. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 11: 999-1021.

9. Ju T, Kennelly JP*, Jacobs RL (co-corresponding author), Willing B. (2020). Insufficient dietary choline aggravates disease severity in a mouse model of Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. British Journal of Nutrition. 125: 50-61.

10. Wilson R, Chen Y, Sutherland B, Sawyez C, Zhang R, Woolnough T, Hetherington A, Peters K, Patel K, Kennelly J*, Leonard K-A*, Schuuman M, Jacobs RL, Wang R, Borradaile N. (2020). The marine compound and elongation factor 1A1 inhibitor, didemnin B, provides benefit in western diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacological Research. 161: 1-14.

11. Azarcoya-Barrera J*, Goruk S, Lewis ED*, Pouliot Y, Curtis JM, Wadge E, Field CJ, Jacobs RL, Richard C.(2020). Feeding buttermilk-derived choline forms during gestation and lactation improves T cell response in rat dams. Journal of Nutrition. 150: 1958–1965.

12. Aldana-Hernández P*, Leonard KA*, Zhao Y-Y, Curtis JM, Field CJ, Jacobs RL. (2020). Dietary choline or trimethylamine N-oxide supplementation does not influence atherosclerosis development in Ldlr-/-and Apoe-/-male mice. Journal of Nutrition. 150: 249–255.

13. Wilson R; Zhang R; Chen YJ; Peters K; Sawyez C; Sutherland B; Patel K; Wallace M; Oakie A; Kennelly JP*; Leonard K-A*; Jacobs R; Wang R, Borradaile N. (2020). Two-week time-restricted feeding decreases liver inflammation and improves glucose homeostasis with no effect on weight loss or liver steatosis in obese mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21(9156): 1-14.

14. Presa N*, Clugston R, Lingrell S, Kelly S, Merill jr AH, Gomez-Munoz A, Vance DE, Jacobs RL, van der Veen JN*. (2019). Vitamin E alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1865(1): 14-25.

15. Van der Veen JN*, Lingrell S, McCloskey N, LeBlond ND, Galleguillos D, Zhao YY, Curtis JM, Sipione S, Fullerton MD, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. (2019). A role for phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in hepatic insulin signalling. FASEB Journal. 33(4): 5045-5057.

16. Joseph GA, Hung M, Goel AJ, Hong M, Rieder MK, Beckmann ND, Serasinghe MN, Chipuk JE, Devarokonda PM, Goldhamer DJ, Aldana-Hernandez P*, Curtis J, Jacobs RL, Krauss RS. (2019). Late-onset megaconial myopathy in mice lacking group 1 Paks. Skeletal Muscle. 4: 1-17.

17. Wan S, van der Veen JN, Bakala N’Goma JC, Nelson RC, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. (2019). Hepatic PEMT activity mediates liver health, weight gain, and insulin resistance. FASEB Journal. 33: 1-10.

18. Wan S*, Kuipers F, Havinga R, Vance DE, Jacobs RL, van der Veen JN*. (2019). Impaired hepatic phosphatidylcholine synthesis leads to cholestasis in mice. Hepatology Communications. 3(2): 262-276.

19. Zia Y*, Al Rajabi A*, Mi S, Ju T, Leonard K-A*, Nelson R*, Thiesen A, Willing BP, Field CJ, Curtis JM, van der Veen JN*, Jacobs RL. (2018). Hepatic expression of Pemt, but not dietary choline supplementation, reverses the protection againstatherosclerosis in Pemt-/-/Ldlr-/-mice. Journal of Nutrition. 148: 1513-1520.

20. Mboma J, Leblanc N, Wan S*, Jacobs RL, Tchernof A, Pascal Dube, Angers P, Jacques H. (2018). Cyclic fatty acidmonomers from heated vegetable oils induce liver triacylglycerol accumulationby potentially decreasing liver phosphatidylcholine. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. 6: 2092-2103.

21. Hanning ARZ, Wang X, Hashemi Z, Wan S*, England A, Jacobs RL, Chan CB. (2018). Both low- and regular-fat cheeses mediate improved insulin sensitivity and change serum and hepatic lipid profiles in insulin resistant rats.Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 6(64): 144-151.

22. Liu G, Huang W, Babii O, Gong X, Tian Z, Yang J, Wang Y, Jacobs RL, Donna V, Lavasanifar A, Chen L. (2018). Novel protein-lipid composite nanoparticles with an inner aqueous compartment as delivery systems of hydrophilic nutraceutical compounds. Nanoscale. 10(22): 10629-10640.

23. Dellschaft NS, Richard C, Lewis ED*, Goruk S, Jacobs RL, Curtis JM, Field CJ. (2018). The dietary form of choline during lactation affects maternal immune function in rats.Eur J Nutr. 57: 2189-2199.

24. Kennelly JP*, van der Veen JN*, Nelson RC*, Leonard K-A*, Havinga R, Buteau J, Kuipers, Jacobs RL. (2018). De Novo Intestinal Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis is required for Dietary Lipid Absorption andMetabolic Homeostasis. Journal of Lipid Research. 59: 1695-1708.

25. Richard C, Field CJ, Jacobs RL, Ricupero M. (2018). Response to the Letter to the Editor From Dr. Spence, “Egg Consumption and CardiovascularRisk”. Can J Diabetes. 42(3): 223.

26. Jacobs RL, Jiang H, Kennelly JP*, Orlicky DJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Maclean KN. (2017). Homocystinuria induced liver injury represses PEMT and alters phospholipid metabolism. MolecularGenetics and Metabolism. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 120(4): 325-336.

27. da Silva RP*, Leonard K-A*, Jacobs RL. (2017). Dietary creatine supplementation lowers hepatic triacylglycerol by increasing lipoprotein secretion in rats fed high-fat diet. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. N/A(50): 46-53.

28. Mi S, Zhao Y-Y, Jacobs RL, Curtis J. (2017). Simultaneous determination of trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide in mouse plasma samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of separation Science. 40(3): 688-696.

29. Lewis ED*, Richard C, Goruk S, Wadge E, Curtis JM, Jacobs RL, Field CJ. (2017). Feeding a Mixture of Choline Forms during Lactation Improves Offspring Growth and Maternal Lymphocyte Response to Ex Vivo Immune Challenges. Nutrients. 9(7): 1-14.

30. Richard C, Lewis ED*, Goruk S, Wadge E, Curtis JM, Jacobs RL, Field CJ. (2017). Feeding a Mixture ofCholine Forms to Lactating Dams Improves the Development of the Immune Systemin Sprague-Dawley Rat Offspring. Nutrients. 9(6): 1-15.

31. Asomaning J, Zhao Y-Y, Lewis ED*, Wu J, Jacobs RL, Field CJ, Curtis JM. (2017). The development of a choline rich cereal based functional food: Effect of processing and storage. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 75: 447-452.

32. van der Veen J*, Kennelly JP*, Wan S*, Vance J, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. (2017). The Critical Role of Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine Metabolism in Health and Disease. Biochim Biophys Acta –Biomembranes. 1859: 1558-1572.

33. Richard C, Cristall L, Fleming E, Lewis ED*, Ricupero M, Jacobs RL, Field CJ. (2017). Impact of egg consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes and at risk of developing diabetes:a systematic review of randomized nutritional intervention studies. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 41(4): 453-463.

34. van der Veen J*, Susanne Lingrell S*, Gao X*, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. (2017). Fenofibrate, but notezetimibe, prevents fatty liver disease in mice lacking phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Journal of Lipid Research. 58(4): 656-667.

35. MacMillan, Lamarre SG, da Silva RP*, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. (2017). Riboflavin deficiency in rats decreases de novo formate production but does not affect plasma formate concentrations. Journal of Nutrition. 147(3): 346-352.

36. van der Veen J*, Lingrell S*, Gao X*, Quiroga AD, Lehner R, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. (2016). Pioglitazone attenuates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-(PEMT) deficient mice. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 310(7): G525-38.

37. AD Stamatikos, RP da Silva*, JT Lewis, DN Douglas, NM Kneteman, RL Jacobs, CM Paton. (2016). Tissue-specific effects of dietary carbohydrates and obesity on ChREBP? and ChREBP? expression.Lipids. 51(1): 95-104.

38. Richard C, Lewis ED*, Zhao Y-Y, Asomaning J, Jacobs RL, Field CJ, Curtis JM. (2016). Measurement of thetotal choline content in 48 commercial dairy products or dairy alternatives. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 45: 1-8.

39. Lewis ED, Goruk S, Richard C, Dellschaft NS, Curtis JM, Jacobs RL, Field CJ. Feeding a diet devoid of choline to lactating rodents restricts growth and lymphocyte development in offspring. Br J Nutr. 2016 Sep;116(6):1001-12.

40. Kelly KB, Kennelly JP, Ordonez M, Nelson R, Leonard K, Stabler S, Gomez-Muñoz A, Field CJ, Jacobs RL Excess Folic Acid Increases Lipid Storage, Weight Gain, and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in High Fat Diet-Fed Rats.Nutrients. 2016 Sep 23;8(10).

41. Hetherington AM, Sawyez CG, Sutherland BG, Robson DL, Arya R, Kelly K, Jacobs RL, Borradaile NM. Treatment with didemnin B, an elongation factor 1A inhibitor, improves hepatic lipotoxicity in obese mice. Physiol Rep. 2016 Sep;4(17).

42. van der Veen J, Lingrell S, Gao X, Quiroga AD, Lehner R, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Pioglitazone attenuates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) deficient mice.  American Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016 Apr 1;310(7):G526-38.

43. Lewis ED, Goruk S, Dellschaft NS, Jacobs RL, Curtis JM, Field CJ.  The form of choline in the maternal diet affects immune development in the suckled rat offspring. Journal of Nutrition 2016 Apr;146(4):823-30.

44. Tasseva G, van der Veen J, Lingrell S, Jacobs RL, Vance DE, Vance JE.Lack of Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase in Mice Does Not Promote Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta-MCBL. 2016 Feb;1861(2):119-29.

45. Stamatikos AD, da Silva RP, Lewis JT, Douglas DN, Kneteman NM, Jacobs RL, Paton CM. Tissue-specific effects of dietary carbohydrates and obesity on ChREBPα and ChREBPβ expression. Lipids. 2016 Jan;51(1):95-104.

46. Richard C, Lewis ED, Zhao Y-Y, Asomaning J, Jacobs RL, Field CJ, Curtis JM. Measurement of the total choline content in 48 commercial dairy products or dairy alternatives.  Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2016 45, pp.1-8.

47. Tasseva G, van der Veen J*, Lingrell S*, Jacobs RL, Vance DE, Vance JE. (2015) Lack of Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase in Mice Does Not Promote Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle. BBA-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1861(2):119-29.

48. Lewis E*, Field CJ, Jacobs RL. Should the forms of dietary choline also be considered when estimating dietary intake and the implication for health?  Lipid Technology. 27 (10):227-230.

49. Gao X*, van der Veen JN*, Vance JE, Thiesen A, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Lack of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase alters hepatic phospholipid composition and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biochim Biophys Acta- Molecular Basis of Disease. 2015 Dec;1852(12):2689-99

50. Gao X*, van der Veen JN*, Fernandez-Patron C, Vance JE, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. (2015) Insufficient glucose supply is linked to hypothermia upon cold exposure in mice lacking phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. J Lipid Res. 56 (9);1701-10.

51. Diane A, Pierce W, Mangat R, Borthwick R, Nelson R*, Russell R, Heth C, Jacobs R, Vine D, and Proctor S. (2015) Differential Expression of Hypothalamic Metabolic and Inflammatory Genes in Response to Short-Term Calorie Restriction in Juvenile Obese- and Lean-prone JCR Rats. Nutrition and Diabetes.  2015 Aug 24;5:e178.

52. Lewis E*, Zhao Y-Y, Richard C, Bruce H, Jacobs R, Field C, Curtis J (2015) Measurement of the abundance of choline and the distribution of choline-containing moieties in meat. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 66(7):743-8.

53. da Silva RP*, Kelly KB*, Leonard KA*, Goruk S, Curtis J, Vine D, Proctor SP, Field CJ, Jacobs RL. (2015). Choline deficiency impairs intestinal lipid metabolism in the lactating rat. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 26(10):1077-83.

54. Bickert A, Ginkel C, Kol M, vom Dorp K, Jastrow H, Degen J, Jacobs RL, Vance DE, Winterhager E, Jiang X-C, Dörmann P, Somerharju P, Holthuis JCM and Willecke K. (2015). Ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase SMSr is not a critical mediator of ceramide homeostasis in mice. Journal of Lipid Research. Apr;56(4):821-35.

55. Dellschaft N, Ruth MR, Goruk S, Lewis E*, Richard C, Jacobs RL, Curtis JM, Field CJ. (2015). Choline is required in the diet of lactating dams to maintain maternal immune function. British Journal of Nutrition. British Journal of Nutrition. Jun 14;113(11):1723-31.

56. Gao X*, van der Deen J, Lingrell S, Koonen DPY, Dyck JRB, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. (2015) Vagus nerve signals contribute to the resistance of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice to high fat diet-induced obesity. Journal of Hepatology 62(4):913-920.

57. Gao X*, van der Veen J*, Hermansson M*, Ordonez M, Gomez-Muñoz A, Vance D and Jacobs RL. (2015). Decreased lipogenesis in white adipose tissue contributes to the resistance to high fat diet-induced obesity in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice. BBA – Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1851(2):152-162.

58. Deminice R1, da Silva RP, Lamarre SG, Kelly KB, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Betaine supplementation prevents fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet: effects on one-carbon metabolism. Amino Acids. 2015 Apr;47(4):839-46.

59. Jacome-Sosa MM, Borthwick F, Mangat R, Uwiera R, Reaney MJ, Shen J, Quiroga AD, Jacobs RL, Lehner R, Proctor SD. (2014) Diets enriched in trans-11 vaccenic acid alleviate ectopic lipid accumulation in a rat model of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem. Jul;25(7):692-701.

60. da Silva RP*, Kelly KB*, Leonard K*, Jacobs RL. (2014). Creatine reduces hepatic TG accumulation in hepatocytes by stimulating fatty acid oxidation. BBA – Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1841(11): 1639-194.

61. Fayyza F, Wang F, Jacobs RL, O’Connor DL, Bell R, Field C. (2014). Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 status in pregnant Albertan women. 2014 Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 39: 1402–1408

62. Lewis E*, Subhan F, Bell R, McCargar L, Curtis J, Jacobs RL, Field C. (2014). Estimation of choline intake from 24 h dietary intake recalls and contribution of egg and milk consumption to intake among pregnant and lactating women in Alberta. British Journal OF Nutrition. 112(1): 112-121

63. da Silva RP*, Kelly KB*, Al Rajabi A*, Jacobs RL. (2014). Novel Insights on Interactions between folate and lipid metabolism. Biofactors. 40(3): 277-283.

64. Lewis E*, Kosik S, Zhao Y, Jacobs RL, Curtis J, Field C. (2014). Total choline and choline-containing moieties of commercially available pulses. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 69(2): 115-121.

65. Sheedfar, F, Sung, M.M.Y., Aparicio-Vergara, M., Kloosterhuis, N.J., Miquilena-Colina, M.E., Vargas-Castrillón, J., Febbraio, M., Jacobs, R.L., de Bruin, A., Vinciguerra, M., García-Monzón, C., Hofker, M.H., Dyck, J.R.B., Koonen, D.P.Y. (2014). Increased hepatic CD36 expression with age is associated with enhanced susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aging. 6(4): 281-295.

66. Rajabi A*, Castro GSF*, da Silva R*, Nelson R*, Kelly SE, Curtis J, Vine DF, Proctor SD and Jacobs RL. (2014). Choline Supplementation Protects Against Liver Damage by Normalizing Cholesterol Metabolism in Pemt/Ldlr Knockout Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Journal of Nutrition. 144(3): 252-257.

67. van der Veen JN, da Silva R, Lingrell S, Jacobs RL, Vance DE. The concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine in mitochondria can modulate ATP production and glucose metabolism in mice. 2014 Diabetes. 63: 2620-2630.

68. Jacobs RL (Corresponding), van der Veen JN, Vance DE. Finding the Balance: The role of SAMe and phosphatidylcholine metabolism in development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2013 Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 58(4): 1207-1209.

69. Erickson B, Paramadayalan, Ko KWS, Kelly K, King-Jones K, Jacobs RL, and Lehner R. Intracellular Hepatic Lipase Activity Attenuates Steatosis And VLDL Secretion Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jun;1831(6):1113-23.

70. Ziong Y, Zhao YY, Goruk S, Oilund K, Field CJ, Jacobs RL, Curtis JM.  Validation of a LC-­‐MS/MS method for the quantification of choline-­‐related compounds and phospholipids in foods and tissues. Journal of Chromatography. 2012 Dec 12;911:170-9.

71. Wu G, Zhang L, Li T, Lopaschuk G, Jacobs RL, Vance DE. Choline Induces Glucose and Insulin Intolerance in Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase-Deficient Mice via Glucagon and its Receptor. J Biol Chem. 2013 Jan 11;288(2):837-47.

72. Ling NJ, Zhu LF, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Impaired phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis does not attenuate liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy in hepatic CTP:phosphocholinecytidylyltransferase α-deficient mice. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2012 Oct;90(10):1403-12.

73. Wu G, Zhang L, Li T, Lopaschuk G, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Choline Deficiency attenuates body weight gain and improves glucose tolerance in ob/ob mice. Journal of Obesity. 2012 Article ID 319172, 7 pages.

74. Yu Z, Thomson ELS, Liu J, Dennis JJ, Jacobs RL, Kaufman WR. Antimicrobial activity in the egg wax of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae) is associated with free fatty acids C16:1 and C18:2. Exp Appl Acarol. 2012 DOI 10.1007/s10493-012-9586-1, 18 pages.

75. Ling NJ, Chaba T, Zhu LF, Jacobs RL, Vance DE. Hepatic ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine predicts survivability after 70% partial hepatectomy in mice. Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1094-102.

76. Walker AK, Jacobs RL, Watts JL, Rottiers V, Jiang K, Finnegan DM, Shioda T, Hansen M, Yang F, Niebergall L, Vance DE, Hart AC, Naar AM.  Control of one-carbon genes by SERBP-1 links SAMe production, phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, and hepatic lipogenesis. CELL. 2011 November 11, 147:1-13.

77. Wiebe N, Padwal R, Field C, Marks S, Jacobs RL, Tonelli M. A systematic review on the effect of sweeteners on glycemic response and clinically relevant outcomes. BMC Medicine 2011, 123:1-18.

78. Kelly KB and Jacobs RL. Phospholipid Biosynthesis. AOCS Lipid Library. 2011 July 28,  9 pages.

79. Deminice R, da Silva RP, Lamarre SG, Brown C,   Furey G, McCarter S, Jordao AA, Kelly KB, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Creatine supplementation prevents the accumulation of fat in the livers of rats fed a high-fat diet. Journal of Nutrition. 2011 141: 1799-1804.

80. Niebergall LJ, Jacobs RL, Chaba T, Vance DE. Phosphatidylcholine protects against steatosis in mice but not non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 1811:1177-85.

81. Sung MM, Koonen DPY, Soltys CLM, Jacobs RL, Febbraio M and Dyck JRB Increased CD36 Expression in Middle-Aged Mice Contributes to Obesity-related Cardiac Hypertrophy in the Absence of Cardiac Dysfunction J Mol Med. 2011 May;89(5):459-69.

82. Frier BC, Jacobs RL, and Wright DC. Fasting-Dependent Induction of Genes Involved in Fatty Acid Oxidation are Blunted with High Fat Feeding: The Role of p38 MAPK and PRC. American Journal of Physiology (American Journal of Physiology) Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Feb;300(2):R212-21.

83. Cole LK, Jacobs RL, Vance DE. Tamoxifen induces triacylglycerol accumulation in mouse liver by activation of fatty acid synthesis. Hepatology. 2010 Oct;52(4):1258-65.

84. Jacobs RL, Zhao Y, Koonen DP, Sletten T, Su B, Lingrell S, Cao G, Peake DA, Kuo MS, Proctor SD, Kennedy BP, Dyck JR, Vance DE. Impaired de novo choline synthesis explains why phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice are protected from diet-induced obesity. J Biol Chem. 2010 July; 285(29):22403-22413.Epub 2010 May 7 .

85. Koonen DP, Sung MM, Kao CK, Dolinsky VW, Koves TR, Ilkayeva O, Jacobs RL, Vance DE, Light PE, Muoio DM, Febbraio M, Dyck JR. Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Handling Predisposes Middle-aged Mice to Diet-induced Insulin Resistance. Diabetes. 2010 Jun;59(6):1366-75. Epub 2010 Mar 18.

86. Zhao Y, Su B, Jacobs RL, Kennedy BP, Francis GA, Waddington E, Brosnan JT, Vance JE, and  Vance DE. Lack of Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase alters plasma VLDL and Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Mice Lacking LDL Receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Sept (9)1349-55.

87. Jacobs RL, Lingrell S, Zhao Y, Francis GA, Vance DE. Hepatic CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-α is a critical predictor of plasma HDL and VLDL. J Biol Chem. Jan 2008;283:2147–2155. Epub 2007 Nov 27.

88. Vance DE, Li Z, Jacobs RL. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase – Unexpected Roles in Animal Biochemistry and Physiology. J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov 16;282:33237-33241. Epub 2007 Sept 19.

89. Koonen, DPY, Jacobs RL, Febbraio M, Young ME, Ong H, Vance DE, Dyck JRB. Increased Hepatic CD36 Expression Contributes to Dyslipidemia Associated with Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes. 2007; 56: 2863 -2871. Epub 2007 Aug 29.

90. Jacobs RL, Lingrell S, Dyck JR, Vance DE. Inhibition of hepatic phosphatidylcholine synthesis by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside is independent of AMP-activated protein kinase activation. J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 16;282(7):4516-23. Epub 2006 Dec 19.

91. Mudd SH, Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME, Jacobs RL, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Vance DE, Wagner C. Methyl balance and transmethylation fluxes in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(1):19-25.

92. Hartz CS, Nieman KM, Jacobs RL, Vance DE, Schalinske KL. Hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase expression is increased in diabetic rats. J Nutr. 2006;136(12):3005-9.

93. Stead LM, Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME, Vance DE, Jacobs RL.  Is it time to re-evaluate methyl balance in humans? Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(1):5-10.

94. Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Devlin C, Tabas I, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT, Vance DE. Physiological regulation of phospholipid methylation alters plasma homocysteine in mice. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(31):28299-305. Epub 2005 Jun 15.

95. Jacobs RL, Devlin C, Tabas I, Vance DE. Targeted deletion of hepatic CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha in mice decreases plasma high density and very low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(45):47402-10. Epub 2004 Aug 25.

96. Stead LM, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Methylation demand and homocysteine metabolism. Adv Enzyme Regul. 2004;44:321-33.

97. Brosnan JT, Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Brosnan ME. Methylation demand: a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism. Acta Biochim Pol. 2004;51(2):405-13.

98. Ratnam S, Maclean KN, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Kraus JP and Brosnan JT. Hormonal Regulation of Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Expression. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(45):42912-8. Epub 2002 Aug 26.

99. Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Brosnan ME, and Brosnan JT. Hyperhomocysteinemia in rats results in lowered plasma homocysteine and increased hepatic transsulfuration flux. J Biol Chem. 2001 (276):43740-43747.

100. Stead LM, Au PT, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, and Brosnan JT. Methylation Demand and Homocysteine Metabolism: Effects of dietary provision and creatine and guanidinoacetate. Am. J. Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001(281):E1095-1100.

101. Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Brosnan ME, and Brosnan JT. Plasma homocysteine is decreased in the hypothyroid rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2000 (78):1-6.

102. House JD, Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Brosnan ME, and Brosnan JT. Regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Advances in Enzyme Regulation. 1999 (39):69-91.

103. Jacobs RL, House JD, Brosnan ME, and Brosnan JT. Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and of insulin treatment on homocysteine metabolism. Diabetes.1998 (47):1967-70.