Agusan del Sur was part of the old Agusan Province until it was divided into Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur on June 17, 1967 through Republic Act 4979. The province is home to indigenous communities such as the Manobo, Higaonon, and Banwaon, whose cultures remain vibrant. Through the Spanish and American periods, the area grew as a frontier for trade, agriculture, and logging. Today it is known as the “Home of the Marshland,” highlighted by the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary, and is an important producer of rice, corn, and forest products.