Prémios Nobel
Física
Klaus Hasselmann and Syukuro Manabe “for the development of the foundation for human knowledge of the Earth's climate and how humanity influences it”
Giorgio Parisi “for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”
2016
David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz “for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter”
2014
Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura “for the invention of efficient blue light- emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”
2010
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two- dimensional material graphene”
2009
Charles Kuen Kao “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”
Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor”
2008
Yoichiro Nambu “for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics”
Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature”
2007
Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg “for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance”
2003
Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”
2001
Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman “for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”
2000
“for basic work on information and communication technology”
Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer“for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics”
Jack S. Kilby “for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit”
1998
Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui “for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations”
1996
David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”
1994
“for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter”
Bertram N. Brockhouse “for the development of neutron spectroscopy”
Clifford G. Shull “for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”
1991
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes “for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers”
1987
J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller “for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials”
1986
Ernst Ruska“for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope”
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer“for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope”
1985
Klaus von Klitzing“for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect”
1982
Kenneth G. Wilson “for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions”
1978
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa “for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low- temperature physics”
1977
Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck Van Vleck “for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”
1973
Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever “for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively”
Brian David Josephson “for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects”
1972
John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer “for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”
1970
Louis Eugène Félix Néel “for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics”
1962
Lev Davidovich Landau “for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”
1956
William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”
1952
Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell “for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”
1946
Percy Williams Bridgman “for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”
1920
Charles Edouard Guillaume “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
1915
Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”
1914
Max von Laue “for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”
1913
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes “for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium”
1910
Johannes Diderik van der Waals “for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids”
Química
2019
John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino “for the development of lithium- ion batteries”
2014
Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”
2011
Dan Shechtman “for the discovery of quasicrystals”
2007
Gerhard Ertl ”for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces”
2000
Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa ”for the discovery and development of conductive polymers”
1998
Walter Kohn ”for his development of the density-functional theory”