Introduction

On 29th of October 1875, my family emigrated from Livorno, Italy to New Zealand. My ancestor, Luigi Antonio Ferruccio Millanta, was part of an exceedingly large wave of migration from Italy to New Zealand. Luigi left Livorno because Italy at the time was in desperate poverty and faced a terrible future. My ancestor Luigi chose New Zealand because of the many opportunities that it offered. This inquiry looks at the push and pull factors that influenced my ancestor and many others to leave their homelands.

Who was my ancestor - Luigi Millanta?

Luigi Antonio Ferruccio Millanta was born on the 3rd of March, 1850, in Livorno, Tuscany, Italy. His parents were Maria and Jacopo Millanta. Luigi was christened at 1 week old on the 10th of March, 1850, at the Parish Church of San Giuseppe. Maria, Luigi’s mum, worked as a hat maker while his dad Jacopo was a labourer.

Growing up in Livorno was very tough for Luigi, with little money at all. As he got older he worked as a fisherman and boatman at the port of Livorno and on the 8th of August 1872 he married Assunta Giovanna Isola Cesira Quercioli.

On the 7th of July 1875 Luigi and his wife Assunta left Livorno on the ship Herschel, which came from Hamburg Germany to Livorno Italy. Most of the 230 town workers who responded to the free passage came from Livorno (Leghorn) in Tuscany, Italy.

Passengers were separated to different parts of the ship. Luigi and Assunta were put in the married part that was partly under the aft hatch (back of the boat) while others were in the main fore hatches (front of the boat). The ship was clean, well lighted and vented.

The journey was long and had some delays due to light easterly winds especially passing Tasmania. But coming through Cook Strait the weather was fine. After 115 days at sea on the ship Herschel, Luigi and Assunta arrived at the Port of Wellington at 8pm on the 29th of October 1875, with 225 adult immigrants from Italy, Germany and Sweden. The ship arrived in good condition and immigrants in excellent health. Only three deaths occurred during the journey.

Once in Wellington, Luigi and Assunta settled in Island Bay with most of the Italians from the boat Herschel. Not long after, they moved to Wellington and lived at 520 Adelaide Rd Berhampore, Wellington, which was a four bedroom home. Luigi worked as a labourer, then as an image maker and sculptor. Assunta was a homemaker, looking after their 6 children - one boy and five girls.

After living in Wellington for 3 years, Luigi and Assunta moved to Auckland, where he continued his job as an image maker and sculptor and Assunta looked after the house and their children. On the 19th of January 1903, Luigi died at the age of 53 after 26 years in NZ, leaving his wife Assunta who lived for another 19 years before dying herself at age 71 on the 20th of June 1922.

Push factors for Luigi to immigrate were:

Having little money, it was very difficult living in Italy, especially when babies were born. In 1875, 186 babies from every 1000 born died before turning one.

Families with more money had a better chance of living due to better homes, food and water, while other families with little to no money lived in overcrowded houses, making it easier for babies to get sick and die.

School in Italy was only free for the first four years, and because of this lots of people could not read or write.

Italy was overcrowded with 28.6 million people living there in 1875. Italy was 294,000km in area, making 95 people to live on each square kilometer. A lot of Italy is made up of mountains and people cannot live on them. This is why so many people were living in cities like Livorno.

There was not much land left to grow food on, so it was hard to get food for families. People with no jobs, land or even a home thought this was the best thing to do to help themselves and family.

Discussion of Luigi’s push factors to move to New Zealand:

Luigi’s life was very hard with little money at all.

Italy at the time was facing poverty and faced a terrible future. In the 1870s nearly a quarter of all children died in their first year, and two thirds of the people could not read or write.

Overcrowding with so many people was a huge problem. On top of this, there was the shortage of good land to grow food on, so it was hard because there was not enough food to go around.

There was also lots of crime and unemployment, and with little skills of his own, leaving Livorno was a matter of survival to make a better life for him, his wife and children to come. So if you get a chance, why wouldn't you take it and immigrate if it meant that you'd get a better life, a better job and more money?

Pull factors for Luigi to move to New Zealand:

The thought of a better life with more opportunities was hard for Luigi and his wife to pass up.

New Zealand looked so much better with population, land, food and much more. In 1875 New Zeaaland had a population of 77,500 and a land area of 263,000 square kilometres. This means only 0.2 people lived on a square kilometer, which was way less than Italy.

Land in New Zealand was better to grow food on as there was more available land to use.

When Luigi heard about the chance to leave Italy and move, he jumped at it.

Julius Vogel, the New Zealand premier, wanted lots of people from southern Europe to move to New Zealand to boost the growing nation. He wanted them to help with public works like building roads, railways and telegraph lines. Juius had a big Assisted Imigration Scheme to help people move to New Zealand to help with the labour for his projects.

A man named John Glynn, who worked for the New Zealand Assisted Immigration Scheme, travelled around Tuscany, including Livorno, telling everyone about how wonderful New Zealand was and the opportunities that people would have if they moved to New Zealand. He told them about the assisted immigration scheme. He had a booklet called Estratta della guida officiale della Nuova Zelanda, which was made from bits of the New Zealand Handbook. It made New Zealand sound like a lovely place with lots of wonderful things to do.

Discussion of pull factors:

Luigi wanted to come to New Zealand because New Zealand had a lot more to offer than Livorno, where life was really hard to live.

So with New Zealand having more jobs for Luigi to make money to live off, and with more land comes the opportunity to grow more food. Which means that they have more food supplies so his kids would not go hungry.

The New Zealand government had an assisted immigration scheme to attract people to move to New Zealand. In the 1870’s Premier Julius Vogel extended immigration assistance to southern Europeans. His plan was to boost the growing nation with settlement, public works and forest clearing.

Luigi and his wife Assunta took up this offer to leave their home country and come to New Zealand for a better life. The assisted immigration scheme they took part in paid for their travel to New Zealand.

Conclusion

My Ancestor Luigi Antonio Ferruccio Mallinta moved to New Zealand for the offer of a better life for himself and his wife.

Life was very tough in Italy and with the idea of a new home land, freedom from crime and overcrowding and having no money, my ancestor made this brave move.

I have learnt a lot about his struggles and the long journey to get to New Zealand. I have researched how life was in 1875 and now understand why my ancestor Luigi made the big move. Not only did he make things easier for his wife, but for his kids too, living in such a nice country.

If Luigi had not left his home land Italy, life would have been a lot different for him and Assuanta and all the way down my family to me, Lucas Gavin, Luigi’s great great great grandson.

Luigi has impacted on who I am by all the life lessons that he taught his kids that have been passed down through our family. They have now come to my mum and she has been teaching them all to me.

Some are:

• Work hard to get a good job and always do your best.

• Nothing in life is easy you just try.

• Family comes first and family sticks together.

• Make sure you can COOK! Because food is not free

The Asian Paddle Crab is native to Southeast Asia and is normally found in the waters of Japan, Korea, and Malaysia. It was first detected in New Zealand in 2000 and is now found in the Tauranga, Waitemata, and Whangarei harbours, as well as the Waikare inlet in Northland. The Asian Paddle Crab lives in intertidal to sub-tidal, estuaries, the land between tides, and mudflats.

The Paddle Crab is known for its two back legs that look like paddles, which they use to swim much faster than other crabs, to catch prey much easier, and also to burrow in the sand to hide.k

In January 2018, this aggressive crab was found for the first time off the bridge in Matapihi, causing concerns for the Tauranga Harbour and the native crab population. If we do not stop the spread of this crab or keep numbers under control, our native species would be under threat.

What separates the Asian Paddle Crab from other types of Crabs?

The Asian Paddle Crab is different from other crabs as it has 6 spikes on each side of its body with 5 extra spines on each claw. Their last pair of walking legs are like paddle blades that make it easier to launch themselves through the water, letting them swim faster. These legs also serve as spades when the crab digs backward into the sand to hide and supports them when they are digging up and opening shellfish.

Having a set of paddles for back legs is great for the Asian Paddle crab as it allows it to swim further and faster than other crabs. Most crabs make the intertidal zone (the land between tides) their home because they cannot swim out to deeper water. This is no challenge for the Paddle Crab - their paddles give them the ability to safely swim in waters up to 10 meters deep.

Being fast in the water means they can escape most predators and catch more prey, feeding their large appetite with wider areas to hunt for food.

Where are Asian Paddle Crabs found and what do they feed on?

You can find Asian Paddle Crabs off sandy beaches, harbors, mudflats, and estuaries, where there is firm sand or muddy, fine sand. You’ll find them from low tide to where water is 10m deep.

Asian Paddle Crabs have a huge appetite, feeding mostly on shellfish like pipi, tuatua, and cockles. During the winter when there is not much food, large Paddle Crabs will eat smaller paddle crabs and will also attack and eat larger crabs that have shed their shells.

How do they Breed?

The breeding of the Asian Paddle Crab is surprising because the reproduction rate of the female Asian Paddle Crab is around 85,000 larvae several times a year. Male Asian Paddle Crabs can produce hundreds of thousands of offspring annually. To produce offspring, the Asian Paddle Crab has to be in a water temperature of over 20 degrees. Female Asian Paddle Crabs can store sperm and carry multiple broods annually. Asian Paddle Crabs can mate while the female is still in the hard shell phase and doesn’t need to wait for molting to occur.

How do they Spread?

Humans have contributed to the spread of larvae with the fact that the hulls of some boats become dirty and/or there is some ballast water allowing the Asian Paddle Crabs to breed and produce larvae. The larvae can survive in bad temperatures, also surviving in cold water, warm water, salty water, and can survive in those types of water for three-four weeks. They can also survive big distances from being moved by the tides and currents. The Asian Paddle Crab made itself a home back in July 2016 at the Ngunguru Estuary, which is near Whangarei and it could be why they are increasing in numbers.

Why are Asian Paddle Crabs considered a Pest?

This “nasty nipper”, the Asian Paddle Crab, is a very aggressive crab that competes with other native crabs, fighting them for space and food. Breeding and fast reproduction are a big problem to other native crabs, as with more Asian Paddle Crabs around comes less food and space.

Predators like the dogfish and snapper that eat the Paddle Crab do not have a chance to keep the numbers down because they are being overfished. The Paddle Crab preys on native species like shellfish, fish, and other crustaceans, limiting their population.

Don’t disturb these crabs’ habitat because if you do they can deliver a vicious bite, causing a lot of pain to humans and much worse if you are a fish, shrimp, prawn, or crab. A nip from its large pincers can send a lethal virus called WSSD - White Spot Syndrome Disease - into the blood cells of its prey, causing them to stop breathing.

What impact does the Asain Paddle Crab have on its Food Web?

With the Asian Paddle Crab having a super fast growth rate, they can establish themselves in an area and overtake it. Doing this the Paddle Crab puts a large stain on food supplies like shellfish, fish, and pipis.

Normally in the Food Web predators like dogfish, snappers and stingrays eat these crabs, helping to keep their numbers in control. However, many of these predators are being overfished themselves in New Zealand, allowing the number of Paddle Crab to increase.

If the paddle crabs were allowed to overpopulate an area, they would eat everything, which would drop the number of native crabs and other species in that area, either by eating them or driving them out of the area.

Have Asian Paddle Crabs been found in the Tauranga Harbour?

It is said that in January 2018 they were first spotted in our harbour and Biosecurity Officers believe that they came on the dirty hull of a boat and attached themselves to that while breeding. Also in February 2018, a male and female pair of Asian Paddle Crabs were found near Matapihi Bridge. It is said that they are not 100% sure where they came from and how they arrived in New Zealand. One opinion was that they might have hitched a ride on another boat or floated here. Numbers show so far from 2017/18 to now that 87 Crabs have been found and during this time 1,892 traps have been set.

What are we doing to stop the Asian Paddle Crab today?

You can help prevent the spread of the Asian Paddle Crab by regularly cleaning the hull of your boat, trying to keep the fouling growth to no more than a light gooey slime layer. Applying a thorough coating of antifouling paint and keeping it in good condition helps. Ensure the hull is clean and free of fouling before you travel to a new area. Clean and dry any marine equipment (e.g. ropes, lines, and pots) before using them in a new area. Inspect areas on your boat that retain water for signs of marine life. Check for aquatic weeds tangled around anchors, trailers, and other sorts of equipment. If you see an Asian Paddle lurking around, make sure you kill it on site. If you don’t have a weapon to kill, it make sure to immediately report to the BOPRC.

Cleaning your tools and scuba gear will also help stop the Asian Paddle Crab from spreading. Regional councils around New Zealand have been developing management plans to reduce the risk of transporting marine pests on domestic boats. The best way to catch Paddle Crabs is to use ring pots. These pots have floats attached, and three to six pots are usually set. Pots are baited with fish remains and oily fish types make the best bait. Kahawai and Mackerel frames are their favorites. There are a lot of options that we are doing and if we keep on doing it we might be able to get rid of the Asian Paddle Crab.

Currently, the BOPRC is laying a large number of traps in the Tauranga harbor to stop the Asian Paddle Crab from spreading.

What are all possible solutions to stop the Asain Paddle Crab?

You can help prevent the spread of the Asian paddle crab by regularly cleaning your boat’s hull and trying to keep the fouling growth to no more than a light gooey slime layer. Apply a thorough coating of antifouling paint to keep it in good condition. Keep any antifoul receipts on your boat as evidence for antifoul that you have put on your boat. Ensure the hull is clean and free of fouling before you travel to a new area. Clean and dry any marine equipment (e.g. ropes, lines, and pots) before using them in a new area. Inspect areas on your boat that retain water for signs of marine life and keep all equipment, fishnets, and traps clean to prevent larvae from growing.

Check for aquatic weeds tangled around anchors, trailers, and other sorts of equipment. If you see an Asian Paddle Crab lurking around, make sure you kill it on site. If you see an Asian Paddle Crab and don’t have a weapon to kill, it make sure to immediately report it to the BOPRC. The council is laying traps to keep the crabs out of the water in the harbor and is looking to in the future make a poison to stop the Asian Paddle Crab from spreading.

In the future, technology will have advanced, making it easier to catch them so they don’t potentially become the number one pest in New Zealand. The main source of capturing/killing the Asian Paddle Crab is by placing a bunch of traps all across the harbor then killing them once caught.

Eight schools across Tauranga have a program set up to teach children about control methods for different pests like the Asian Paddle Crab. They aim to teach children how to find and identify the Asian Paddle Crab and learn trapping methods. In Japan, they came up with a way to catch the Asian Paddle Crab by having two pots (a cube-shaped and a cylinder-type pot) and this is still being used today.

Expert in the field of the Asian Paddle Crabs

Our expert in the field of the Asian Paddle Crab was Andy Wills from New Zealand Biosecurity. Through emails with him and reading through information and watching the YouTube videos that he sent to us, he suggests the best way to keep the number of Asian Paddle Crabs down is to continue trapping them and keeping your boat hull clean, and annually applying antifouling paint.

He talks about the council using traps around the Tauranga harbor and even sent a map showing where the council has set traps and which traps have caught an Asian Paddle Crab.

Andy also gave us a table showing how many traps the council has set and the number of Asian Paddle Crabs caught during each year starting from 2017/18 to now.

What he has shared with us has been a great help for us to learn about the Asian Paddle Crab and how having this pest around is a problem. Also, what our council is doing to combat this nasty pest.

Our main questions to Andy were -

Does the Council have an action plan set up to get rid of the Asian

Paddle Crab in the Tauranga Harbour?

Andy's answer to this was no they don’t have one right now but the best way to stop the asain paddle crab is to keep taping them

What control methods are being used?

• Regularly cleaning your boat’s hull – ideally keep fouling growth to no more than a light slime layer.

• Applying a thorough coating of antifouling paint and keeping it in good condition.

• Ensure your hull is clean and free of fouling before you travel to a new area.

• Clean and dry any marine equipment (e.g. ropes, lines and pots) before using in a new area.

• Inspect areas on your boat that retain water for signs of marine life.

• Check for aquatic weeds tangled around anchors, trailers and other equipment.

How many Asian Paddle Crabs have been found in Tauranga?

Andy gave me a map of all the traps they have laid and what one have a carb in it that we can put in our report.

Conclusion

After all our research and communicating with our expert Andy, we believe the best way to mitigate the deleterious effects of the Asian Paddle Crab is to try and eliminate this pest by using traps to keep their numbers under control.

The first plan of attack is to use preventative methods set up by The Regional Council and New Zealand Biosecurity to keep all boat hulls clean and annually reapplying antifouling paint to reduce the overgrowth of weeds, barnacles, and other creatures from attaching themselves to the bottom of the boat.

Checking all intakes and outlets of water and thoroughly cleaning all equipment used in the water to eliminate the spread of unwanted pests is also part of the plan.

Most importantly, if you catch an Asian Paddle Crab you must kill it on sight if you can, or contact the Regional Council who will set more traps in that area, as per their management plan of catching and trapping these aggressive pests in our Harbour.

Finally, keeping control of their numbers in our harbour will give our native crabs and shellfish a better fighting chance.

Bibliography

Google

Oxford Academic

BOPRC

Google Books

NRC

TMBC

GISD

Marine Pests

MPI

Wikipedia

Department of Agriculture

DPI

All About Feed

Researchgate

TMBC

GISD

Marine Pests

MPI

NZ Herald

Wikipedia

Bop website

Wikipedia

2scoop

NRC

NZ Herald

Wikipedia

The Bay Of Plenty

Introduction

Homework - what is it, where did it come from, and why oh why is this work even given to students?

There are many ideas out there about why homework is given to students, from punishment to becoming an essential part of education today. But is it helpful, and is this idea from the past still a good idea in my learning today? At different times in history, homework was seen as bad for children’s health. It was banned in the 1930s, and was even considered a form of child labour!

In my report, I will look at the good, the bad, and the ugly sides of homework, to finally get to the bottom of the issue that has been bugging students like me for years. Is homework helpful, and how can we stop the deleterious effects of homework on students’ social life?

Why was homework invented, and who came up with the idea?

It is unclear exactly who invented homework. Some think that homework was first invented by Roberto Nevelis of Venice, Italy, some time between the 18th and 20th centuries. He is said to have used homework as a punishment for his students, and also as a way for him to see if his students understood the work he was giving them in class.

Others say that Horace Mann, an American in the 19th century who was a politician and an educational reformer (someone who worked to improve education) came up with the idea of homework, and from his thoughts on the importance of homework, it then became an essential part of the education system in European countries. Homework was a ‘must’ for most schools to benefit students by giving teachers a way to check all students' understanding of each lesson and to make sure students could remember how to complete the same work at a later date.

Does doing homework help you achieve higher grades in school?

Researchers still argue today whether doing homework helps students achieve better marks in school compared to students who don’t.

There have been studies between the years 1987-2003 to see if homework is beneficial in helping students get better marks. This is best answered by looking at students who get homework against students that don’t.

Results show doing homework can help students to get better marks or grades on class tests that are given out after each topic study in class. In some studies, doing homework showed very little to no increase of higher marks after doing homework. But why? The research says that younger students find it hard not to get distracted at home, and some find school work hard, making it take a lot longer to finish, as it’s too hard and difficult in the first place. Older students did better in the studies due to having more years working through homework and better time management skills, as well as better skills in working by themselves.

What are the bad effects on students doing too much homework?

There are a lot of bad effects caused by doing too much homework. Many students feel doing homework takes up all their free time, leaving little to no time for their social lives. Homework is a dreaded word that means ‘more work, less play’ to many students.

Research shows doing too much homework can cause serious health problems in students, affecting their energy levels, sleep, and causing unwanted stress. Life becomes unbalanced, with homework taking over and not being able to have free time. Students felt like they had to pick between homework and friends.

When it comes to stress, more than 70% of students said they were “often or always stressed over schoolwork”. 56% of students listed homework as one of the main things that caused stress in life. Studies show more than 80% of students reported having at least one stress-related symptom in the past month, and 44% said they had experienced three or more symptoms like headaches, exhaustion, no sleep, weight loss, and stomach pains.

Depression is another big factor, as students spend so much time on homework that they don’t end up being able to see friends, family and other do activities, leaving students feeling depressed.

What do Teachers think about Homework?

There are a lot of opinions from teachers all around the world towards homework and how much homework should be given out to students per night. Some feel students are given too much homework, others feel just the right amount is given, and some believe in not giving out homework to students at all.

To find out how teachers in New Zealand feel about homework, I created a Google Form asking for opinions from Primary, Intermediate, and High School teachers. The results from 56 teachers showed that 83.9% felt that 0-30 minutes per night was enough, while 10.7% of the teachers felt that students should have 30-45 minutes per night, and 5.4% thought that 45-60 minutes was enough for students.

Do all countries give the same amount of homework?

Not all countries give the same amount of homework. For example, Finland schools give about 2.8 hours of homework per week, but schools in South Korea give an average of 2.9 hours of homework a week. Schools in Brazil give more, with 3.3 hours, as do schools in Argentina, with 3.7 hours. New Zealand schools give between 30 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the year level of the students.

So with these numbers, we can see that not all countries get the same amount.

When I asked in my survey about how homework amounts in New Zealand compared to homework amounts from other countries, 40.7% of teachers I surveyed felt that students get just the right amount of homework per night. 11.1% felt students don’t get enough, 13% felt students get too little homework.

And 35.2% felt students get too much homework.

What are some different ways to reduce the negative effects of Homework?

To reduce the negative effects of being given homework that is a pain in the lives of students after spending six hours at school each day, students need to plan, plan and plan.

Writing out a plan for homework or assignments to show when they are to be finished is a great way to help students use their time wisely, giving them a better idea of what needs to be done. Using a plan also gives them the chance to set up times for working and break times, so stressing doesn’t happen to make everything worse.

Another way to reduce the stress and worry behind homework is to start work at school when you have some free time at lunch or a study period. Doing this gives you a head start on work, making it less stressful and shortening the time you have to spend on it. Starting any work as soon as you get home will also reduce the time spent, giving you more time to enjoy life and have fun.

Going to bed earlier can also help, as you will get more sleep and be better rested in the morning to help reduce stress and feel more relaxed.

Are there any rules for how much homework can be given?

In New Zealand, there are no rules or guidelines for how much homework can be given out to students. Schools can make their own minds up about how much homework is assigned to students. There are rules about deadlines for when the homework is due and how it has to be done.

Some schools set homework for older students but not for younger students, and some schools give any students homework.

One study, “The Duke Study” by Harrison Cooper, showed that homework is a positive thing for students’ achievement, but needs to be the right amount for each student’s level at school. Cooper found the “10-minute rule” was best for students, meaning 10 minutes of homework for each level, increasing with each year at school. As a general rule, students in year 9 can expect up to 1 hour of work. Year 10 up to 1.5 hours while year 11, 12, and 13 up to 2 hours of work.

Most schools use the idea that “small amounts of homework set on a regular basis” is more valuable to learning than giving out heaps of work, making life stressful and little to no help.

What are the Pro’s and Con’s for Homework?

Pros- What are the good bits of homework?

Homework helps students to learn important study skills, making it easier to remember work for tests. Doing homework can help you understand classwork better, and it gives you the chance to practice on work at home.

Homework helps you to develop important study skills, from time management to organization skills for assignments and tests. Students can also achieve high marks in classwork or on tests. By doing the homework, you learn more, and this can help you later in life to get a better job and learn more skills in life.

Completing homework helps teachers make sure you understand classwork, so they can further help you by finding gaps in your learning. Teachers can then use this information to help students.

Cons - What are the bad and ugly bits of homework?

Homework takes up too much time, causing unwanted stress, making students worry and lose sleep.

You lose free time from other after-school activities, like spending time with friends, going out, or gaming. Students become tired from too much work, making it hard to concentrate on schoolwork or even in class. Depression and an unbalanced life can cause mental and physical problems.

Links have been made between too much homework and obesity, as by the time students have finished all their work, it’s too late to go outside, missing out on important physical activities to keep the stress down and an active body.

Conclusion

To stop the deleterious effect of homework on students' social lives, permanently enforce restrictions for the time spent on homework given out by any teacher during the 13 years of education at school. By reducing the amount of homework, we reduce some of the bad effects students have to deal with today. Taking the stress, worry and no sleep away helps students to focus more on the work they are doing, making it easier to learn without the added pressure.

Lives become more balanced, giving students more time to relax, take up after-school activities, spend time with friends and family, and just be kids. Reading through my responses from teachers, most agree up to 30 mins a night is better for students' learning and their wellbeing.

The homework nightmare needs to stop for students, but the button line is clear: homework is another opportunity for learning that we all need to use with a limit of 30 mins per night.

Appendix

The email that I sent to the teachers

Results from my Google Form

Bibliography

Works Cited

Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enNZ951NZ951&q=what+are+some+of+the+key+effects+of+too+much+homework&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx-Nrwr9LwAhW78HMBHY3UDjwQBSgAegQIARAv&biw=1200&bih=653&safe=active&ssui=on.

-, Lolla Od. “Countries That Give Less Homework and Why They're Successful.” Geeky Camel, 14 Apr. 2020, www.geekycamel.com/countries-give-less-homework-theyre-successful/.

Admin. “Why Was Homework Invented and Who Invented It?” Start TWS, starttws.com/2017/who-invented-homework-and-why.asp#:~:text=Why was it invented?, system in the European countries.

Admin. “Why Was Homework Invented and Who Invented It?” Start TWS, starttws.com/2017/who-invented-homework-and-why.asp#:~:text=Why was it invented?, system in the European countries.

“Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement?” Duke Today, today.duke.edu/2006/09/homework_oped.html.

“Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement?: If So, How Much Is Best?” Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement?: If So, How Much Is Best? - SEDL Letter, Afterschool, Family, and Community, Volume XX, Number 2, August 2008, sedl.org/pubs/sedl-letter/v20n02/homework.html#:~:text=The results of such studies, the end of a topic.&text=Across five studies, the average, the students not doing homework.

“Does Homework Serve a Purpose?” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/teen-angst/201811/does-homework-serve-purpose.

“Home.” Edutopia, www.edutopia.org/.

“Infographic: How Does Homework Actually Affect Students?” Oxford Learning, 16 June 2017, www.oxfordlearning.com/how-does-homework-affect-students/.

“Infographic: How Does Homework Actually Affect Students?” Oxford Learning, 16 June 2017, www.oxfordlearning.com/how-does-homework-affect-students/.

“Infographic: How Does Homework Actually Affect Students?” Oxford Learning, 16 June 2017, www.oxfordlearning.com/how-does-homework-affect-students/#:~:text=Homework can affect both students, headaches, exhaustion and weight loss.

Schmalbruch, Sarah. “Here's How Homework Differs around the World.” Insider, Insider, 18 Nov. 2016, www.insider.com/education-homework-differs-around-the-world-2016-11.

“Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers.” Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers, study.com/.

Glossary

Homework definition

Homework refers to any tasks assigned to students by school teachers that are intended to be carried out during non-school hours. As such, it is the only learning strategy that crosses the boundary between the school and the home.

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1sICGx-ihcbo7vAV9XNvwjuikdhy2oyvhuRHUM5UyuTI/edit?usp=sharing

Introduction

Is this chocolate delight really that bad or is it fiction? From research I am going to get to the bottom of this and find out the truth once and for all, proving that chocolate is not really that bad and what the benefits are for eating chocolate. In this inquiry I will be looking at the myth told by parents to kids like me and around the world, that chocolate is not good for you.

We have all said “Mum, can I have some chocolate? Come on, I haven't had any in a very long time because you're always telling me it's unhealthy.”

So eat your way through this chocolate education with me.

What is Chocolate made from and how is it made?

Chocolate is made from cacao pods from the cacao tree. These trees are found in tropical countries like Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Today cacao is grown in more than 50 countries around the world, with 90% grown on small family farms.

Cacao pods grow on the trunk of the tree and in each pod there are about 30-40 beans surrounded by white pulp. When the cacao beans have been collected, they are taken out and sent away to ferment. Once you have let the beans ferment, they will go a light brown colour and will need to be left in the sun to dry. After the drying process, you need to take the shell off the bean then add some cocoa butter followed by mixing and grinding the beans.

This is how Milk and Dark chocolate are made, with the addition of lots of milk and sugar for the Milk chocolate. White chocolate has no cocoa beans, it is made using a combination of cocoa butter, sugar and milk powders.

What are the side effects of too much chocolate (will it kill me?)

There are a lot of side effects from eating too much chocolate. Some of these are effects like stomach problems, heart palpitations, trouble sleeping and anxiety. This is due to chocolate having lots of caffeine in it. Caffeine provides a boost of energy, but too much of it can cause increased anxiety. Too much caffeine can also lead to irregular heartbeats in anyone suffering from a heart condition.

Other side effects are dizziness, sweating, acne, diabetes, heartburn, headaches and even tooth decay. Not only will eating too much chocolate lead to weight gain, but it can also raise a person's blood sugar levels, which can be very dangerous for people with diabetes.

After all this, it is clear that chocolate will not kill me - THANK GOODNESS! But too much can be really, really, really bad for me.

Are there any benefits to eating chocolate?

Eating chocolate is not all bad, despite its bad reputation for causing weight gain and other health issues.

It is said that eating dark chocolate is good for your health because it can help prevent health issues like heart attacks, strokes, and stress. Studies show that eating small amounts of dark chocolate regularly can benefit your health, as it contains lots of antioxidants that can help to reduce things like blood pressure and the risk of heart disease (heart attacks).

Eating dark chocolate after a meal triggers the brain to think that it is full, so this helps with your weight. Another good benefit of eating dark chocolate is it can help your skin recover from sun damage - the antioxidants in chocolate improve the blood flow to the skin. Some studies have suggested chocolate could lower cholesterol levels and prevent memory decline.

Is there any nutrition in chocolate?

By looking at the nutritional facts of chocolate, we know that most chocolate has between 10g and 30g of fat and 7g to 29 g of sugar. Dark chocolate is much better for you because it has only 7g of sugar and fat 9.8g. Chocolate with 70 percent cocoa or more is much better for you, as it contains more antioxidants that help your body by keeping the level of free radicals under control. Free radicals are unstable molecules. They are produced when your body digests food. Your body can also make more free radicals in your body when it is under stress. Your body needs some free radicals, but too many are bad for you, as they can hurt cells in your body. Lots of food we eat have antioxidants in them that keep the level of free radicals in our body at a good level.

Milk chocolate is not as good for you because it has about half the amount of cocoa and has large amounts of sugar and milk added to the chocolate, making it less healthy for your body. To be able to eat this delicious creation regularly, it is best to eat dark chocolate in a small amount followed by a healthy diet.

Are the contents of fat or sugar different in Whittakers compared to Cadbury?

I compared the amounts of sugar and fat in Cadbury and Whittackers dark, white and milk chocolate. I found that they are very different. The amounts listed here came from the nutritional information on the backs of chocolate bars.

A 50g bar of Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate has 15.2g of fat and 28.0g of sugar, while a 50g bar of Whittakers milk chocolate has 17.8g fat and 22.3g of sugar.

While a 50g block of Whittakers dark chocolate has 17.15g fat and 16.65g sugar

A Cadbury dark chocolate 50g bar has 7.6g of fat and 12.9g of sugar.

When it comes to white chocolate, a Whittakers 50g bar has 15.7g of fat and 28g of sugar, and a 50g bar of Cadbury white chocolate has 15.8g of fat and 30.9g sugar.

Out of the three types of chocolate, dark chocolate has a lot less sugar than white or milk chocolate. White chocolate has the most sugar out of the three types. Cadbury chocolate has more sugar than Whittackers chocolate.

Whittackers and Cadbury chocolate have roughly the same amount of fat, and there is not much difference between the fat content in milk, white or dark chocolate.

So which one is better for you? Since there is not much difference in the fat content of the three types of chocolate, dark chocolate has to be the healthiest option, as it has less sugar in it. And as it has more cacao in it than the other two, it has more health benefits.

When it comes to taste, the higher sugar content in Cadbury chocolate makes it sweeter than Whittackers chocolate.

Will a Dietician agree that chocolate is bad for my everyday health?

After talking with Kate Walker, the Director of Lifespark Nutrition, she has helped me get to the bottom of whether chocolate really is that bad for my everyday health. Kate is a dietician and she has told me that if I want to eat chocolate weekly, I should be choosing dark chocolate over the rest.

Her reason for picking dark chocolate is that to have any health benefits, the chocolate needs to be 75% cacao or over, as less contains limited magnesium, iron, chromium or flavonoids, a type of antioxidant found in cacao powder or dark chocolate.

Dark chocolate in small amounts (around 25g) is fine to eat on a daily basis, along with a healthy balanced diet. Dark chocolate (around 80% cacao and higher) is better than most muesli bars in terms of sugar and could be allowed to be eaten on a daily basis.

Kate advised that other types of chocolate are not good to eat on a daily basis, as they contain little nutritional value and the bulk is just sugar.

So there it is - I can eat chocolate every day, but it needs to be dark chocolate with 75% cacao, and in very small amounts.

Conclusion

After researching chocolate and talking with a dietitian, I have finally found the truth behind the myth told to kids around the world that chocolate is not good for us.

Chocolate is not all that bad afterall. Research shows dark chocolate is healthier for you and can help to stop heart disease, stress, memory decline, high blood pressure and skin damage, due to the antioxidants in chocolate. Antioxidants help the body by keeping the level of free radicals under control.

From talking to my expert Kate Walker from Lifespark, dark chocolate is the better choice for us to eat but in small amounts followed by a healthy balanced diet and not just a chocolate diet.

Looking into the real facts about chocolate, I am convinced that we all need to rethink the way we look at chocolate and pick dark chocolate, not only to be better for us, but also so we can eat this delight without being told it's not healthy.

So there it is - the truth behind the myth. Next time you are like me and want some delicious chocolate and the parentals say, “NO it's not healthy for you”, tell them you can eat dark chocolate and it's good for you just in small amounts.

If that doesn't work, get them to read this inquiry !!!!!!

Appendices

Link to the google sheet I made this graph.

This shows how chocolate is made in the factory.

Link to this image

Glossary

Free radicals

A by-product made by your body when it breaks down foods.

Antioxidants

A substance that protects cells from the damage caused by free radicals

Bibliography

“Ask the Expert: Chocolate's Health Benefits - Today's Dietitian Magazine.” Today's Dietitian, www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0216p10.shtml.

Bodine, Alicia. “Side Effects of Eating Too Much Chocolate.” Chron.com, 21 June 2018, livehealthy.chron.com/side-effects-eating-much-chocolate-9545.html.

Brennan, Dan. “Dark Chocolate: Health Benefits, Nutrients per Serving, and More.” WebMD, WebMD, 20 Nov. 2020, www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-dark-chocolate#1.

Cacao Magazine. “Ingredients in Chocolate: What's in My Bar?” Cacao Magazine, 23 Mar. 2021, readcacao.com/chocolate-and-health/ingredients-in-chocolate-what-is-in-my-bar/.

Cacao Magazine. “Ingredients in Chocolate: What's in My Bar?” Cacao Magazine, 23 Mar. 2021, readcacao.com/chocolate-and-health/ingredients-in-chocolate-what-is-in-my-bar/.

Cadbury, www.cadbury.co.nz/.

Cadbury Dream White Chocolate Block 180g, www.cadbury.co.nz/cadbury-dream-white-chocolate-block-180g.

Cadbury Old Gold Dark Chocolate 70% Cocoa 180g, www.cadbury.co.nz/cadbury-old-gold-dark-chocolate-70-cocoa-180g.

“Chocolate.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 July 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate.

“Chocolate.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 July 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate.

“Chocolate: Health Benefits, Facts, and Research.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/270272.

Eat This Much, Inc. “Eat This Much, Your Personal Diet Assistant.” Eat This Much, www.eatthismuch.com/food/nutrition/white-chocolate,4468/.

“Home - Whittaker's Chocolate Worldwide.” Whittaker's Chocolate Worldwide - Whittaker's, www.whittakers.co.nz/.

Hussein, Jennifer. “Chocolate Facts You've Never Heard Before: Eat This, Not That!” Eat This Not That, Eat This Not That, 3 June 2021, www.eatthis.com/chocolate-facts/.

“Making Chocolate: Cacao Tree To Chocolate Bar.” YouTube, YouTube, 4 Mar. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-4FsJ6-bzc.

“Medical and Health Information.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, www.medicalnewstoday.com/.

Seenam Iftikhar

Jinnah University for Women. “Chocolate.” SlideShare, www.slideshare.net/Seenamkhan/chocolate-51453747.

Seenam Iftikhar

Jinnah University for Women. “Chocolate.” SlideShare, www.slideshare.net/Seenamkhan/chocolate-51453747.

Seenam Iftikhar

at

Jinnah University for Women. “Chocolate.” SlideShare, www.slideshare.net/Seenamkhan/chocolate-51453747.

“Simple Healthy Living.” LIVESTRONG.COM, Leaf Group, www.livestrong.com/.

“Top San Diego Doctors, Hospitals and Clinics.” Scripps Health, 13 Aug. 2021, www.scripps.org/.

asweetpeachef. “10 Proven Health Benefits of Dark Chocolate | Why Is Dark Chocolate Healthy?” YouTube, YouTube, 9 Nov. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnNnuPZRj28.

psychetruth. “Healthy vs. Unhealthy Chocolate? What Is the Best Chocolate? Nutrition Information.” YouTube, YouTube, 14 Nov. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_MAw30n8Ns.

“Welcome to Santosham Chest Hospital.” Chest Specialist & Pulmonologist in Chennai,India | Santosham Hospital, www.sanchest.com/.

The Digital Wizard - Web Developer

By Lucas Gavin

Introduction

Through this inquiry, I will look at everything you need to know about Web Development, from how to get started, what qualifications you will need as well as how much you will get paid yearly.

I will cover the different levels of Web Development, what an employer looks for and how to set myself apart from others in the field.

What is the role of a Web Developer?

Web Developers design and build websites and or web applications based on the needs of their clients. This helps the people using the website or applications (known as ‘users’) to have the best experience, making sure all information is there and works correctly.

Many developers also work on improving the performance of websites, including the speed of the site and how much traffic each site can handle. Being able to fix any bugs or issues is a very important part of keeping things running smoothly.

When designing a website or web application, the steps developers use are:

• Discuss the client’s computer program requirements.

• Work out design specifications.

• Write programs to match those specifications.

• Run tests to make sure the systems work correctly.

Once this is all completed, the Developer gives the new website or web application to the client.

What qualifications do I need and where can I gain these?

To get into the field of Web development, my expert, David de Villiers, Senior Software Engineer at KAMAR Limited, recommended a degree in computer science. This will give me the best start into my career of Web Development. My expert states, “developers don’t specialise when they study, they specialise when they start working in the industry”. Based on his advice, I have investigated three different universities to find out the cost and what skills they cover.

The University of Waikato has a computer science degree that goes over the basics of HTML, CSS, PHP and JavaScript. This course takes 3 years and it costs $7,404 per year.

The University of Auckland has a Bachelor of Science, majoring in Computer Science. This course goes over things like how computers are told what to do, how systems work and how computers are connected. Cost NZ$6,417.60 – $8,559.60.

Massey University has a Bachelor of Information Sciences. It goes over C and C++, programming languages that are highly sought after by employers, as well as Java, Python, SQL and other languages. It costs $7,094 yearly.

What kinds of Web Developers are there, and how much do they get paid?

Web Developer:

Builds and designs websites and or web applications based on what their client wants, mainly using HTML, CSS and JavaScript coding languages. They get paid $75,773 yearly.

A Back End Web Developer:

Uses programming languages like Python, C, PHP, Java and Ruby to build the parts of the programme that the user does not see. They get paid $128,554.

A Front End Web Developer:

Mainly uses HTML, CSS and JavaScript coding languages to build websites that are responsive, user-friendly, and interactive. They get paid $107,276.

A Full Stack Web Developer:

Works on the front and back ends of a website or web application using a range of coding and scripting languages, making them able to work across all stages of the development process. They get paid $113,437.

What is the best part of being a Web Developer?

The best part of being a Web Developer, according to my expert David de Villiers, is that you get to be really creative, have fun doing work that you love doing and work on difficult coding to achieve goals.

Being able to complete a website or web application to what a client wants and needs is very satisfying. Each day is different and can be hard but working as a team is a lot of fun.

What do Employers look for?

Employers want to see that you're fully comfortable with the coding languages needed to do the job as a Web Developer. It is best to be honest about what you know, as you may be asked to demonstrate you are able to do the work.

Dressing well is also important to employers as well as demonstrating problem solving skills and being a creative thinker. Communication is very important for all developers as there will be times you need to talk with clients and other developers.

Being able to be a team player is essential as developers never work on their own, they always work with others, like testers, web analysts and other developers. Employers want someone who is a team player and that works well with others.

What advice can my expert give me to help my career?

After talking with my expert, David de Villiers, who is the Senior Software Engineer from Kamar Limited, about becoming a Web Developer, I have learned that the best qualification I can gain is a degree in computer science. This will give me a wider range of employment opportunities in the future.

A developer needs to have a strong understanding of HTML, CSS, PHP and JavaScript as well as scripting languages to code databases and the ability to use all operating systems.

Mt expert also said that while a degree in computer science is great, many employers are more interested in your experience and proving to them what you can do rather than showing them a piece of paper (degree).

Finally, creative thinking and problem solving skills make the difference between a good developer and a great developer.

Conclusion

After researching Web Development and discussing this with my expert, David de Villers, it is clear to me that this is what I would like to do as a career. While talking with my expert, I was asked why I wanted to become a developer and I was able to explain that I enjoy making websites and blogs as well as carrying out digital work/coding at school.

I have learnt that it is best to learn all sides of development, not just web, but also front-end and back-end and some software development, giving me a wider range of work skills to follow on from coding and designing websites that I am already doing. By learning more than one area of development, this will set me apart from others.

The best qualification for me to enter this world of development is a Degree in Computer Science, which will cover development, coding languages, websites and much more, giving me the best start to my career and being able to prove to my employer that, not only do I have the qualifications, but I can show them what I can do. Finally I must……….

“FIRST SOLVE THE PROBLEM THEN WRITE THE CODE”

Glossary

Majoring Specialise in a particular subject at school or university.

C A computer programming language

Ruby A coding language

PHP A coding language

HTML A coding language

CSS A coding language

C++ A computer programming language

Bibliography

https://resume.io/resume-examples/web-developer?msclkid=7ba1076dab8516a5d7a2654b2ee275a4&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=resume.io%20-%20AUNZ%20-%20EN%20-%20search&utm_term=web%20developer%20resume&utm_content=AUS-NZL%20-%20resume%20-%20jobtitle%20-%20web%20developer

https://www.betterteam.com/web-developer-job-description

https://www.careers.govt.nz/jobs-database/it-and-telecommunications/information-technology/software-developer/

What qualifications do you need to be a Web Developer? – Qlutter.io

Web Developer Skills: Definitions and Examples | Indeed.com

Computer Science: University of Waikato

Computer Science: University of Waikato

https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/study/study-options/find-a-study-option/bachelor-of-science-bsc.html

https://www.massey.ac.nz/study/all-qualifications-and-degrees/bachelor-of-information-sciences-UBINS/computer-science-UBINS1JCMSC1/

https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/web-development/how-to-get-your-first-web-developer-job-the-ultimate-guide-for-junior-developers/#:~:text=Employers%20want%20to%20see%20that,not%20expected%20to%20know%20everything.

What to Look for When Hiring a Web Developer and Web Designer - Business 2 Community

https://www.tutch.co.uk/blog/how-to-become-a-web-developer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtNeUxqfBTI

https://junocollege.com/blog/popular-web-developer-job-titles-and-what-they-mean/

https://www.glassdoor.co.nz/Salaries/front-end-developer-salary-SRCH_KO0,19.htm

https://elementor.com/blog/web-designer-salary/

https://www.hays.net.nz/it/full-stack-developer-jobs#:~:text=Your%20 salary%20will%20 depend%20on,%24120%2C000%2D%24125%2C000%20or%20more.

https://www.comparably.com/companies/shopify/salaries/developer

https://www.zippia.com/web-analyst-jobs/#:~:text=The%20web%20 analyst%20earns%20an,knowledge%20of%20web%20analytics%20tools.

https://www.careers.govt.nz/jobs-database/it-and-telecommunications/information-technology/user-experience-designer/#:~:text=Pay%20for%20user%20 experience%20 designers,usually%20earn%20%24105%2C000%20to%20%24150%2C000.

https://www.indeed.com/career/technical-consultant/salaries#:~:text=The%20 average%20 salary%20for%20a,%243%2C600%20cash%20bonus%20per%20year.

Introduction

Have you ever wondered what a volcano is and how it works?

Does it only cause havoc on society or is there some good to these large mountains that erupt, sending out lava and throwing ash and gases up into the air?

Through this inquiry I will be going over why and how a volcano does what it does, the positive and negative outcomes and how we can mitigate the negative effects of volcanoes on society. The best way to mitigate the impact of volcanoes on society is to use Geonet’s volcanic alert levels as a way of checking the amount of risk to an area from a volcanic eruption.

Why and how do volcanoes erupt?

A volcanic eruption occurs when tectonic plates move apart. These plates are floating on the magma and constantly moving all the time. When two plates pull away or crash into each other, a volcano forms in the gap.

As the plates move back together it builds up pressure, and when there is too much the magma rises in a big bubble beneath the volcano, known as the volcano's magma chamber. It forces its way to the surface causing a volcanic eruption. 80 to 90% of all the earth's volcanic eruptions happen when the tectonic plates are spread apart. The other way that volcanic eruptions occur is due to a “hotspot” - a region far under the ground that isn’t part of the tectonic plates’ edges, that is extra hot, causing magma to rise to the surface, creating a volcanic eruption.

How do volcanic eruptions affect society?

Volcanoes affect society in a range of ways. They have an impact on animals, land, water, food supplies and even the weather by causing rain, fire and lightning.

When a volcano erupts it spreads hot, dangerous gases, ash and lava throughout and can be spread over hundreds of miles. Volcanic ash can contaminate water supplies and pastures, reducing feed for stock and can make animals sick.

Ash can reduce crop quality making them inedible, and causing tree branches to become weak and unable to survive, causing trees to die.

Volcanic eruptions put animals, people, property and the environment at serious risk. Lava causes localised damage, while ash can spread for thousands of kilometers.

Volcanoes often cause population displacement (people have to be moved away) and food shortages. Serious conditions are respiratory illnesses that affect humans and animals with irritation to the nose, throat, airways, and eyes.

Even a small eruption can damage New Zealand's primary industries.

What are the negative effects of volcanic

eruptions?

The long term impact of volcanic eruptions can cause regions to be totally wiped out, especially if the ash fall is acidic. Ashfall can bury plants, animals and food crops and causes a lot of death.

During an eruption, volcanic ash and harmful gases are released into the air, which can kill animals and plants in the region and it causes serious respiratory problems for humans and animals. Ash can cause water contamination and affect pastures, reducing feed for stock and making land unusable. Trees can become weak under the weight of the ash, especially if the ash is wet. Ash clouds can temporarily make any air travel impossible and cause major damage to planes as well as machinery and cars.

One of the most serious effects of volcanoes that affects everything close to the volcano is a pyroclastic flow. A pyroclastic flow is made from a mixture of rock pieces, gases and ash. This flow can heat up to around 800˚C and is caused when the volcano throws the gases up into the air. The gases become too heavy and stop moving up. They then fall to the ground in a very fast, destructive heatwave. The flow can travel up to 720km per hour.

Does a volcanic eruption have any positive effects?

There are some positive effects that occur when a volcano erupts. Firstly, volcanic ash can contain certain soil nutrients and minerals that spread across the land. Over time, this can make the soil better for growing crops.

Volcanoes also attract huge numbers of tourists from around the world, as they love to climb these volcanoes and experience the views while local businesses can make a lot more money from tourists.

Geothermal energy is another positive to an active volcano. Geothermal power stations can use the steam from the ground water (up to 1000˚C) to provide electricity to homes and businesses in the area.

How can we reduce the negative effects of a volcanic eruption and what methods are there?

It is impossible to prevent a volcanic eruption, but we can spot the warning signs. Geonet monitors volcanic activity in New Zealand to look for these warning signs. When they think that a volcanic eruption is likely, the only effective way of keeping people safe is to move them away from the area that is likely to be affected by the eruption. When an eruption happens, Civil Defence will send out warnings to every cell phone in the area so people know what to do. They set up emergency shelters for anyone still in the eruption’s area of effect. People can be prepared for any natural disaster by stocking up on general emergency supplies, like bottles of drinking water, food, batteries, candles, and gas/fuel for at least three days.

As stated above, ashfall is a serious and dangerous part of a volcanic eruption. It could wreck farming equipment and any machinery that uses air, like engines. Ashfall could bury buildings and cover roads. It would be expensive to fix or replace all the machinery and equipment affected by ash, but the amount of damage could be reduced by putting equipment and machinery like cars into sheds or under covers.

After an eruption, cleaning up the ash is the most important thing people can do. They should push ash deposits off roofs, so the weight of the ash doesn’t make the roof collapse. Roads and pathways should be swept, so people can move around safely. Fine ash should be damped down with a little bit of water to stop it blowing around, but not too much water, or the ash could set into a very hard lump, which would block drains and make it hard to remove. Everyone must be careful to make their water supplies last as long as possible, as ash might have contaminated town and city water supplies.

Aside from the risk to people and animals, ashfall is a major risk to crops and trees. The weight of the ash can damage the plants and acid in the ash can burn them. The best way to minimize this damage is to remove the ash from the plants by washing it off, shaking it loose or using air blowers. It’s ok for ash to be on the ground, as it can be mixed into the soil as fertilizer.

Conclusion

After researching, talking with an expert and looking at the pros, cons, damage caused to society and why and how a volcano erupts, I believe we cannot completely eliminate the negative effects of a volcanic eruption - but we can put in place procedures and protection plans to keep humans and animals safe, as well as our primary industries, to reduce the impact.

Even though a volcanic eruption can be a devastating natural disaster, there are some positives to this that do help, like adding minerals into our soil, making it much better for future crops, bringing more income to local businesses by tourism and providing opportunities for geothermal power.

The best way to mitigate the impact of volcanoes is to continually check the Geonet volcanic alert levels if a volcano near you is showing signs of an eruption. Also, use the phone alerts sent out by Civil Defense - they will inform you where to go and what to do to protect yourself and animals.

We can’t stop these natural hazards but we can protect ourselves.

Glossary

• Words

Definition

population displacement

To be moved away

Tectonic plates

Massive slab of solid rock

Bibliography

Works Cited

Cain, Fraser. “What Are the Benefits of Volcanoes?” Phys.org, Phys.org, 21 Mar. 2016, phys.org/news/2016-03-benefits-volcanoes.html.

Ccs. “Volcanic Risk Management and Insurance in New Zealand.” Https://Www.consorsegurosdigital.com/, www.consorsegurosdigital.com/en/numero-15/front-page/volcanic-risk-management-and-insurance-in-new-zealand.

Chibuike, Blessius. “23 Positive and Negative Effects of Volcanoes 2022.” Environment Go!, 17 Jan. 2022, environmentgo.com/positive-and-negative-effects-of-volcanoes/.

“The Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on Society.” NASA, NASA, solidearth.jpl.nasa.gov/PAGES/volc03.html.

Heather Handley

Associate Professor in Volcanology and Geochemistry. “Curious Kids: Why Do Volcanoes Erupt?” The Conversation, 6 Jan. 2022, theconversation.com/curious-kids-why-do-volcanoes-erupt-98251.

“How Do Volcanoes Erupt?” How Do Volcanoes Erupt? | U.S. Geological Survey, www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-volcanoes-erupt.

Industries, Ministry for Primary. “Volcanic Eruption! Impacts and Hazard Mitigation for New Zealand's Primary Production Industries [PDF, 698 KB].” Ministry for Primary Industries, Ministry for Primary Industries, www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/137-volcanic-eruption-impacts-and-hazard-mitigation-for-new-zealands-primary-production-industries.

Industries, Ministry for Primary. “Volcanic Eruption! Impacts and Hazard Mitigation for New Zealand's Primary Production Industries [PDF, 698 KB].” Ministry for Primary Industries, Ministry for Primary Industries, www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/137-volcanic-eruption-impacts-and-hazard-mitigation-for-new-zealands-primary-production-industries.

“Key Facts About Volcanic Eruptions.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 Jan. 2022, www.cdc.gov/disasters/volcanoes/facts.html.

“Mitigation.” Geohazards [Volcano - Mitigation of Disasters I], geohazards.massey.ac.nz/volcanoes/mitigate_v.html.

“NASA's $3.5 Billion Idea To Save Earth From A Supervolcano Apocalypse.” YouTube, YouTube, 18 Jan. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=leU3-1eHnw4.

“Power of Plate Tectonics: Volcanoes: AMNH.” American Museum of Natural History, www.amnh.org/explore/ology/earth/power-of-plate-tectonics/volcanoes.

“Protecting Yourself During a Volcanic Eruption.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 Jan. 2022, www.cdc.gov/disasters/volcanoes/during.html.

SikanaEN. “How to Prepare for a Volcanic Eruption | Disasters.” YouTube, YouTube, 17 May 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-w_z9yobpE.

“Volcanic Eruptions: IFRC.” /, www.ifrc.org/volcanic-eruptions.

“Volcano Benefits.” YouTube, YouTube, 29 Oct. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjswavT5tfQ.

“What Effects Do Volcanoes Have? - CBBC Newsround.” BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/13880746#:~:text=Fast-moving lava can kill,destroy houses, roads and fields.

“Why Do Volcanoes Erupt? - CBBC Newsround.” BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/44100737#:~:text=Volcanoes erupt when molten rock,rises towards the Earth's surface.

“The Positive and Negative Effects of Volcano Eruptions - Volcanoes - AQA - GCSE Geography Revision - AQA - BBC Bitesize.” BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8p9j6f/revision/3.

Introduction

For the last few years people have been saying that car fumes are bad for us humans and the planet. During this inquiry I will look into how and why car fumes are bad for the environment and how they affect humans. I will be explaining my thesis to this problem: The best way to reduce car fumes that affect the environment is to have less combustion engines. Using more electric/ hybrid cars on the road could mean we get rid of as much as 20% of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions, making our part of the world safer and healthier.

What Are Car Fumes

Car fumes are produced by petrol and diesel engines, which burn fuel to make cars go. The process of burning fuel, known as combustion, creates gases, which are pushed out of the car's exhaust system. Most of the exhaust from the combustion process is made from things that happen naturally, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Exhaust also contains carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and small specks of matter like dust, dirt or soot.

The combustion process starts when a mixture of fuel and oxygen are injected into the top of the cylinder, above the piston. A spark plug ignites the fuel and oxygen mixture, which pushes the piston down the cylinder, turning the crankshaft, making the wheels move. The exhaust system collects all the leftover gases from the combustion process and expels them from the vehicle as car fumes.

How Do Car Fumes Affect The Environment

Human activity, including driving cars, produce greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. These gases gather in the atmosphere and wrap around the earth like a blanket, trapping the sun’s heat. This is called the “Greenhouse Effect”, so the gases that contribute to it are known as “greenhouse gases”. The Greenhouse Effect causes global warming.

The New Zealand Transport Authority states that land transport is responsible for 20% of greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand, the biggest of which is carbon dioxide. Nearly 70% of these emissions are the car fumes from people driving cars, SUVs, utes, vans and light trucks.

Air, water, and soil quality are all impacted by car fumes. The ozone layer, which shields the earth from the sun's heat, is harmed by nitrous oxide. Acid rain, which can harm crops, forests, and other plants, is a result of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide combining with rainwater.

What Effects Do Car Fumes Have On Humans

When car fumes are inhaled in large amounts, carbon monoxide can result in severe headaches, respiratory issues or death. Those who have heart disease are particularly at risk. Car fumes can cause carbon monoxide poisoning by building up a dangerous level of carbon monoxide in your bloodstream. This is when your body replaces the oxygen in your red blood cells with carbon monoxide. When there is too much, it can cause serious tissue damage or death.

When small amounts of car fumes are inhaled for short amounts of time, carbon monoxide gas, released by car exhaust, can cause irritation of the eyes, nose,and throat, headaches, wheezing, numbness, heartburn, and vomiting.

How Have Car Fumes Changed Over Time

Older cars produce a lot more carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and microscopic specks in their exhaust than newer cars. Arthur van Bentham, a researcher and professor at the University of Pennsylvania, states that, “cars get much dirtier as they age, so a small group of old vehicles is responsible for an enormous share of total pollution”. As cars get older, engine parts start to wear and oil and grease build up. Van Bentham’s research indicates that the levels of these pollutants has dropped as much as 80% since 1970 .

Newer cars are more efficient at using fuel than older cars, too, able to drive further on the same amount of petrol. This means that newer cars use less petrol than older cars, which means they produce less exhaust.

What Are We Currently Doing To Stop Car Fumes

In 2021 the New Zealand government announced the Clean Car Standard. It encourages importers bringing new and used vehicles into New Zealand to bring more clean cars. All imported vehicles will have a CO2 rating. If the rating is below the standard, the importer will earn a credit. If the CO2 rating is high, the importer will be charged a fee - the higher the rating, the bigger the fee. This will mean that it will be more expensive for importers to bring ‘dirty’ vehicles into New Zealand, but less expensive to bring ‘clean’ vehicles in.

To go with the Clean Car Standard, people who buy cars that are new to New Zealand could get a Clean Car Discount. If the car has a zero or low CO2 rating, the person can apply for a rebate (up to a maximum of $5750 for a new car or $2300 for a used car). The exact amount of the rebate depends on the car’s CO2 rating.

These two things will have a positive effect over time on the amount of greenhouse gases that are produced from car fumes.

There are quite a few ways to reduce car fumes, some of which are walking, biking, taking the bus, sharing a taxi or even an uber. This way, there will be less vehicles on the road producing car fumes.

The use of hybrid, plug-in electric, and hydrogen fuel cells are further methods for reducing car fumes. These kinds of vehicles don’t produce as much exhaust - electric vehicles don’t produce any fumes.

Expert Information

After talking with two Librarians at the National Library and reading information they gave. I have discovered that the environment is greatly impacted by transportation as this requires fossil fuels to operate. Car exhaust pollutes the air but by using environmentally friendly modes of transportation we can reduce the amount of fumes in the air.

Conclusion

After researching the effects of car exhaust and talking with Librarians from the New Zealand National Library, I've come to the conclusion that using electric, hybrid, or hydrogen-powered vehicles instead of gasoline and diesel vehicles is the greatest approach to reduce the harmful effects of car fumes, not only on us but on the planet.

Using more electric and hybrid cars on the road could mean we get rid of as much as 20% of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions, making our part of the world safer and healthier.

Works Cited

EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/what-you-can-do-reduce-pollution-vehicles-and.

Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=car+fumes+graphs+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiQvKOu27_4AhXayKACHRKkBnwQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=car+fumes+graphs+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoFCAAQgAQ6BggAEB4QCDoECAAQHjoGCAAQHhAFULQGWMQtYKQ0aAVwAHgAgAH-AYgB7A2SAQUwLjYuM5gBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=VFayYpDCFtqRg8UPksia4Ac&bih=795&biw=1399&client=opera-gx&hs=lOr#imgrc=cSB75DTt3TbiHM.

Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=how+does+internal+combustion+work&sxsrf=ALiCzsYOVJEUPv4FMBKOGgcy4j_WL6-VMA:1655780582128&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&vet=1&fir=8zC45JzaCA_eAM%2CiTknMrHHbCly5M%2C_&usg=AI4_-kRer4Y7h2sPYFBH_f5pZK5q6DH3MA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB0bGrx734AhV4SWwGHS-pAMkQ9QF6BAgJEAE#imgrc=o4DgDZQCFi3AoM&imgdii=bLWssui1S85ifM.

“10 Best Ways to Reduce Air Pollution & Live With Clean Air.” AQI India, 12 Oct. 2021, www.aqi.in/blog/10-best-ways-to-reduce-air-pollution/.

“8.1 Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency, nzta.govt.nz/planning-and-investment/learning-and-resources/benefits-management-guidance/the-land-transport-benefits-framework/environmental-sustainability/8-changes-in-climate/8-1-impact-on-greenhouse-gas-emissions/.

“Air Pollution FAQs.” Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency, www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/highways-information-portal/technical-disciplines/air-quality-climate/air-pollution/air-pollution-faqs/.

“Air Pollution FAQs.” Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency, www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/highways-information-portal/technical-disciplines/air-quality-climate/air-pollution/air-pollution-faqs/.

“Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Vehicles (AEN-208).” Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 27 July 2017, www.abe.iastate.edu/extension-and-outreach/carbon-monoxide-poisoning-vehicles-aen-208/.

“Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 16 Oct. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carbon-monoxide/symptoms-causes/syc-20370642.

“Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 16 Oct. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carbon-monoxide/symptoms-causes/syc-20370642.

“Clean Car Discount Overview.” Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency, www.nzta.govt.nz/vehicles/clean-car-programme/clean-car-discount/overview/.

“Cleaner Air.” U.S. Department of Transportation, www.transportation.gov/mission/health/cleaner-air.

Green, Jenny. “Effects of Car Pollutants on the Environment.” Sciencing, 2 Mar. 2019, sciencing.com/effects-car-pollutants-environment-23581.html.

“The Parts of the Exhaust System: Park Muffler: Edmonton Exhaust Services.” Park Muffler, 21 Jan. 2020, www.parkmuffler.com/blog/what-are-the-parts-of-your-exhaust-system/#:~:text=The exhaust manifold is a,it through the catalytic converter.

“Reducing Air Pollution from Cars.” Reducing Car Pollution - Washington State Department of Ecology, ecology.wa.gov/Issues-and-local-projects/Education-training/What-you-can-do/Reducing-car-pollution#:~:text=Vehicle pollutants harm our health,the most common greenhouse gas.

“Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: What Comes out of a Car Exhaust?: RAC Drive.” RAC, www.rac.co.uk/drive/advice/emissions/vehicle-exhaust-emissions-what-comes-out-of-your-cars-exhaust/.

todayscollision609. “Reducing Exhaust Fumes: Today's Collision.” Todays Collision Repair Centers, todayscollision609 Https://Todayscollision.com/Wp-Content/Uploads/2018/01/Logo-500-Width.png, 13 Dec. 2017, todayscollision.com/2016/09/reducing-exhaust-fumes/.

Introduction

There is great fear that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is nothing more than a job taker. Many think that letting AI take over would rapidly increase unemployment and be harmful to humans. AI has benefits, from combating boring and repetitive jobs to improving others. Through this inquiry I will look at how helpful Artificial Intelligence is in today's world or is it just a cover for huge unemployment.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to replicate or enhance human intellect, such as reasoning and learning from experience. Artificial intelligence has been used in computer programmes for years, but it is now applied to many other parts of life, like advanced searching (e.g. Google) and automated decision-making (e.g. YouTube). AI can play high strategy games like chess and is also used for recommendation systems similar to the ones used by YouTube, Amazon and Netflix.

There are two forms of AI - strong and weak. Weak AI is like a non-player character in a game - it only has a limited number of things that it can do and say, like a set of programmed responses. A strong AI has the ability to form its own answers and decisions using data it has collected from previous decisions and the internet.

Why is AI/Automation Important?

Many companies today have introduced some sort of Artificial Intelligence to their business as a way of adding automation. Automation is the process of machines doing tasks by themselves, which makes production faster and more efficient.

Using automation reduces the time it takes to manufacture things in factories, which means factories can produce a lot more and earn more money. By using automation it improves product quality and produces goods much faster, with less mistakes and more consistency.

(graph shows income now and potential income from AI and a rough estimation for 2023, 2024 and 2025)

Having some form of AI or automation process in a business can be very good for the business by keeping a company open in times of a pandemic like the Coronavirus that is impacting business everywhere. This allows for when employees are sick and need time off to recover. Without any form of AI or automation, some businesses would close with the possibility of never recovering and having to close for good.

Is AI helpful or harmful?

Artificial Intelligence has two sides, like most things. The good side, or helpful side, and the not so good side, being harmful.

In life, humans make mistakes from time to time. When this happens in a company, the business can lose money, selling and producing less products due to human error. When some sort of Artificial Intelligence is in control and has been programmed to do the same repetitive tasks in the exact same way over and over again, the amount of errors are far less. Another benefit of Artificial Intelligence is the fact that AI can work 24/7 and doesn't need any breaks or have the need for food, sleep or showers. AI and automation will just keep doing the job it's programmed to do, making more products and money.

On the other hand, there are some disadvantages to Artificial Intelligence. AI could cause a lack of privacy - for example, any conversations, questions or information we get from AI could be recorded and be able to be sent to others at any moment. Another problem of Artificial Intelligence that is a concern to some companies is that it is much more expensive to set up compared to the cost of humans in the same job. Also, if AI or automation is set up to run in a business or factory, it is definitely a major concern for unemployment with some jobs being taken over. While AI and robots can do the task much faster and more consistently, it's unable to use emotion when making decisions like humans can.

Jobs at risk from AI/Automation

The number and type of jobs now performed by AI is surprising and has increased over time. Bookkeeping and data entry are examples of jobs that don't need a high level of qualifications, so would be easily replaced with AI. Other jobs that are being taken over slowly by AI are taxi and bus drivers with the introduction of self-driving cars.

A switchboard operator is another good example of a job that has been taken over by AI. Back in the olden days, you couldn't just pick up a phone and call anyone, you had to call the operator. They would ask you who you wanted to talk with and they would connect the call for you. Now we don’t even have to touch the phone, have smart devices that we can just tell to call someone.

The graph above shows the probability of jobs from the highest to the lowest of jobs being taken over by automation. At the top are waiters with a greater chance of automation because it is an easy job that doesn't require lots of decision making skills. The least probable is medical practitioners, who constantly need to make decisions all day long and show empathy to their patients. This is something that Artificial Intelligence is unable to do. For AI, it's all about logic and data, not making decisions that include emotion.

What roles do humans play in a company using AI

The roles that humans play in companies using AI or automation are supervisors to make sure that production runs smoothly and that nothing goes wrong. When problems or issues occur or repairs are needed, these need to be fixed as soon as possible to keep things going. This means humans will always be a very important and essential part.

A fully automated factory has been tried out and in this case was not fully successful. Elon Musk, the CEO of Tesla, made a factory that was designed to be fully automated, not needing any humans to be there at all to try and keep up with high demand to produce around 5000 Tesla Model 3 electric cars. According to Musk, “the sophisticated robots actually slowed down production instead of speeding it up”. This case shows how it is still important to have humans playing key roles even with AI and automation.

How can we combat the negative effects of AI

One major negative effect of using Artificial Intelligence and automation is the possibility that AI might go rogue, not doing as it's programmed to do, but instead go off course and do something unexpected. To stop this serious negative effect from happening, which would cause problems, a “kill switch” is built into the AI. This allows humans to remotely make any adjustments and shut down the Artificial Intelligence if needed.

Another important process that can be put in place to reduce the negative effects of AI is to define a clear, step by step program of the process the business uses, so any AI knows exactly what to do and when to do it, in high detail. Doing this helps to reduce the possibility of errors by giving the AI a clear set of instructions to direct its thinking when it comes to a decision.

Expert information

My expert, Anton from Plant Tech, is from a company who uses AI all day on their orchards. His company has found that using AI gives them a faster way to harvest, making the job easier in the long run.

Plant tech does research into how AI could help with problems like environmental sustainability, labor shortages, productivity, climate change and biosecurity. Through AI, they hope to be able to automate more of the boring labor tasks, as well as “better understand the network of complex interactions across the environment and manage the system to reduce both wastage and negative environmental impacts”.

Conclusion

For some people, artificial Intelligence means fear of unemployment and a higher rate of job loss. The thought of a company being fully automated brings fear of being replaced by robots.

While this is the case for some jobs, having Artificial Intelligence in companies doing boring and repetitive tasks does have benefits that outweigh the loss of jobs. Benefits include cutting down time for production and producing more goods, as well as helping to keep businesses open and operating in times of increased risk or crisis, like the coronavirus pandemic that we are all facing today, with many staff away sick.

I think Artificial Intelligence is a good thing - even though it may take over some jobs and cause unemployment, it does help those in business by making boring and repetitive tasks easier and also keeping a company running smoothly in times of a pandemic. Just as important in a company with AI is having humans there to be able to supervise and fix any issues or problems. Having both working alongside each other makes life and work a lot easier. Unemployment is a factor but one which in the long run is outweighed by the benefits of Artificial Intelligence.

Works Cited

“Artificial Intelligence.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Aug. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence.

“Artificial Intelligence.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Aug. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence.

“The Dangers of Artificial Intelligence - Stuart Russell on AI Risk.” YouTube, YouTube, 25 Sept. 2021, www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B3Wn6Wo5CU.

Enright, Carly. “Why Automation Is Vital for the Future of Business - PhixFlow Low-Code.” PhixFlow, 13 Apr. 2022, www.phixflow.com/why-automation-is-vital-for-the-future-business/.

“Five Ways to Mitigate the Risk of AI Models.” ModelOp, 4 Oct. 2021, www.modelop.com/blog/five-ways-mitigate-risk-ai-models/.

“Five Ways to Mitigate the Risk of AI Models.” ModelOp, 4 Oct. 2021, www.modelop.com/blog/five-ways-mitigate-risk-ai-models/.

Gawdat, Mo. Scary Smart. Pan Macmillan, 2022.

Harris, Shawn. “Council Post: The Benefits Of Automation In Today's Workforce.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 10 Dec. 2021, www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2020/05/01/the-benefits-of-automation-in-todays-workforce/?sh=1ea4f4fa1cc8.

Kumar, Sunil. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence.” Medium, Towards Data Science, 12 Dec. 2019, towardsdatascience.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-artificial-intelligence-182a5ef6588c.

Minevich, Mark. “How To Combat The Dark Side Of AI.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 1 Mar. 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/markminevich/2020/02/28/how-to-combat-the-dark-si278990-

'de-of-ai/?sh=c7c2390174ba.

Muriuki, Purity. “15 Jobs That Artificial Intelligence (Robots) Will Replace and 15 That It Won't.” Startup Info, 1 May 2022, startup.info/15-jobs-that-artificial-intelligence-robots-will-replace-and-15-that-wont/.

Panel®, Expert. “Council Post: 14 Ways AI Could Become A Detriment To Society.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 14 June 2021, www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/06/14/14-ways-ai-could-become-a-detriment-to-society/?sh=48a0c62e27fe.

Reed, Niamh. “10 Jobs Lost to Technology.” ThinkAutomation, 11 Nov. 2021, www.thinkautomation.com/future-of-work/10-jobs-lost-to-technology/.

“Robotics & AI - The Future of Humanity? | Global Science | ENDEVR Documentary.” YouTube, YouTube, 30 Mar. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=3O2vX2cBZDs.

Salmon, Kinley. Jobs, Robots & Us Why the Future of Work in New Zealand Is in Our Hands. Bridget Williams Books, 2019.

“We Must Raise AI like Our Own Children, or We're Doomed.” YouTube, YouTube, 30 Mar. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=1F79J8pdC9A.

“Artificial Intelligence.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence.