GEB 213- Molecular Biology

Introduction: Chemistry of nucleic acids, structure, physico-chemical properties, molecular weight determination of nucleic acids, structure and physico-chemical properties of DNA and RNA, hybridisation kinetics, homoduplex, different configuration of cruciform structure.

Central dogma of Molecular Biology-

i) DNA Replication: Mode of replication, types of replication, DNA synthesis, mechanism and control of DNA replication, inhibitors of replication, DNA polymerase and other replication proteins, RNA viruses, replication of RNA genome.

ii) Transcription: RNA polymerase, promoter, enhancers and terminators, mechanism of transcription, reverse transcriptase, regulation of transcription, operon model and RNA spicing, genetic codes, its characteristics, specificity, Redundancy and Wobble hypothesis, gene and protein structure.

iii) Translation: Ribosome structure, initiation, elongation and termination of protein synthesis, compare of protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, inhibitors of protein synthesis, post-translational modification.

Molecular Mutation: Molecular basis of mutation, in vitro mutagenesis, and site directed mutagenesis, transposable elements, repair mechanism in mutation.

Regulation of Gene Expression: Gene from different kinds of RNA, RNA polymerase, positive and negative control of gene expression, gene expression of somatic cell hybrids.

Molecular Biology of Organelle: Genomes of the mitochondria and plasmid, interaction with nucleus, duel control of its synthesis.

Dynamic Genome: The dynamic genome, mobile genetic elements in eukaryotes – relevant to plants, studies in maize.

GEB 217-Enzymology and Enzyme Biotechnology

Introduction: Brief history, enzymes as biological catalysts, classification, nomenclature, enzyme assay, specific activity, enzyme activity units.

Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzymatic Reactions: substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH, temperature, coenzyme and cofactor.

Enzyme Kinetics: Monosubstrate reactions, Michaelis-Menten equation and its linear transformations, K_m, V_max: definition, determination and significance. Double reciprocal plot or Lineweaver-Burk equation, kinetics of enzymatic reactions having two or more substrates.

Enzyme Inhibition: Reversible inhibition, competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition. Irreversible inhibition, specific examples.

Specificity of Enzymes: absolute specificity, broad specificity, intermediate specificity, and stereospecificity.

Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric enzymes, cooperativity special characteristics, Monod and Koshland models, covalent modification of enzymes, specific examples (Ribonuclease, ATPase, phosphorylase, and dehydrogenase).

Mechanism of Enzyme Action: Chymotrypsin, Ribonuclease A, Lysozyme etc.

GEB 557-Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Introduction: Definition, types and sources of stem cells, human embryonic stem (ES) cells, nuclear reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Embryonic Stem Cells: Properties of mouse embryonic stem cells, differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells, mouse embryonic stem cell modification and expression systems.

Transcription Factor for Stem Cells Studies: Transcription factor functional determination in marine embryonic stem cells, forward and reverse differentiation of marine embryonic stem cells by ectopic expression of defined factors.

Function of MicroRNA-145 in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency: Human Embryonic Stem Cell for Self-Renewal and Pluripotenc, Molecular Delineation of Key Regulators in Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Transcription Factors and Reprogramming MicroRNAs, MicroRNA Expression in Embryonic Stem Cells, MicroRNA Processing, MicroRNA-145: Regulator of Stem Cell Fate, Identification of miR-145 as a Temporally Regulated MicroRNA During Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation, Defining Targets of miR-145: OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 Endogenous miR-145, Directly Targets OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 3¢ Untranslated Regions in Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Effect of miR-145 on Endogenous OCT4, KLF4, and SOX2 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Induced miR-145 Regulates Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal miR-145, Promotes Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Necessity of miR-145 During Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation, A Novel Feedback Loop of miR-145 and Transcription Factors, Connection of miR-145 and Pluripotency Network

Stem Cells for Therapeutic Applications: Introduction, Isolation, and In Vitro Culture Characterization, Multipotent Differentiation, Therapeutic Applications,. Tissue Regeneration Through Multilineage Differentiation, Paracrine Factors and Immunomodulatory Effects, Genetically Engineered

GEB 545- Molecular Biology of Disease

Diabetes mellitus: Types, genetic basis of type I DM, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR and MHC, Pattern of inheritance in type II DM; MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Young), Insulin gene, Biosynthesis of insulin, Mechanism of insulin action, Complications of DM, Diagnosis and treatment, Diabetes insipidus.

Cardiovascular disease: Atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanism of the formation of atheromatus plaque– involvement of LDL & foam cells, Ishchemic heart disease, Myocardial infraction (MI), Biochemical markers for the diagnosis of MI, Heart failure: Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism.

Cancer: Type of cancer cells, Chemical carcinogens, Methods of testing chemical carcinogens, Oncogenic viruses, Oncogenes. Haematological malignancies, Leukaemia, Lymphoma & Myeloma. Cancer chemotherapy: Antimetabolites, Alkylating agents. Plant alkaloids, Antibiotics & miscellaneous compounds .

Liver disease : Hyperbilirubinemia, Dubin- Jhonson syndrome, Criglar-Najaar syndrome, Viral- hepatitis: Acute hepatocellular carcinoma , Chronic hepato cellular carcinoma , Cirrosis of the liver, Liver function tests.

AIDS: Definition; mode of transmission, HIV & the immune system; Pathogenesis of AIDS : Asymptomatic carrier-PGL – ARC – Fullblown AIDS ; Diagnostic test , Anti- AIDS druge ; Vaccine possibilities .

Diarrhoeal disease: Acute & chronic diarrhoea; Causative agent of acute diarrhoea, Molecular mechanism of the action of cholera & shapelier toxin; Treatment; antibiotics & vaccine possibilities.

Some Brain diseases: Alzheimer’s diseases, Parkinson, Disease, Huntington’s Diseases.

Genetic basis of some metabolic disorders: Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria, Maple syrup urine disease, Nieman-pick disease, Gaucher`s disease, Glycogen storage disease, Gout.

Chromosomal abnormalities: Amniocentesis; Chromosomal abnormalities in man; Fragile X syndrome, Metafemales; Down’s syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, etc.

RNAi technology in therapeutic purposes.