Shells

Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

Explains about the protective strategies of various marine organisms to survive in their environment. Mechanical properties of biopolymer and biomineral constituents are given. The ratio of biomineral:biopolymer for different marine organisms are specified.

Ref: http://meyersgroup.ucsd.edu/papers/journals/Meyers%20412.pdf

Structure and mechanical properties of selected biological materials

Microstructural features such as organized, layered organic/inorganic structures and the presence of porous and fibrous elements are common in many biological components. The organic and inorganic portions interact at the molecular and micro-levels synergistically to enhance the mechanical function. In this paper, recent progress on studies of the Abalone and Araguaia river clam shells, arthropod exoskeletons, antlers, tusks, teeth and bird beaks are included.

Ref: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.02.003

STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLLUSC SHELLS

CLASSES OF MOLLUSCS

• Aplacophora: the living ones are shell-less

• Bivalvia: Most shellfish; clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

• Cephalopoda: Squid, Octopus

• Gastropoda: whelks, limpets, snails, slugs, Nudibranchs

• Helcionelloida: fossil taxon

• Monoplacophora: molluscs with a cap-like shell

• Polyplacophora: Chitons

• Rostroconchia: an extinct group

• Scaphopoda: the tusk shells

(Source: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc)

• Structure, mechanics and function of the Mollusc shell https://www.uibk.ac.at/zoology/marinbio/seminarvortraege/seminar_calvi2014/mollusc-shell.pdf

• https://doi.org/10.33263/Materials12.029043

• Further studies on the mechanical properties of Mollusc shell material

J. D. CURREY, J. Zool., Lond. (1976)

• A Review on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Mollusk Shells – Perspectives on Synthetic BiomimeticMaterials

https://barthelat-lab.mcgill.ca/files/papers/ASPM2009.pdf

• Sea Shells And Natural Fibres Composites: A Review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.284

• The relationship between mechanical properties and crossed-lamellar structure of mollusk shells

DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.156

• Correlation between Microstructure and Failure Mechanism of Hyriopsis cumingii(a freshwater Pearl Mussel) Shell Structure

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-019-0102-8

• Study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of white clam shell

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2016.04.007

• Microstructure Analysis and Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Shells of Three Freshwater Snails

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.0c03064

• Mechanical Property-Microstructural Relationships in Abalone Shell

(Abalone are marine snails, belonging to class Gastropoda, in which the shell has a row of holes on its outer surface.)

DOI:10.1557/PROC-174-109

• Nanoscale Structural and Mechanical Characterization of a Natural Nanocomposite Material: The Shell of Red Abalone

DOI:10.1021/nl049962k

CORRELATION BETWEEN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF TURTLE SHELL

• Microstructure and mechanical property of turtle shell

https://doi.org/10.1063/2.1201409

• Micro-structure and mechanical properties of the turtle carapace as a biological composite shield

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.023

• Multi-scale hierarchy of Chelydra serpentina: Microstructure and mechanical properties of turtle shell

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.05.014

Sea urchins are spiny, hard-shelled marine creatures found on rocky ocean floors worldwide. About 700 different species of sea urchins are known to exist throughout the world, having varied body colors, shapes and sizes. The sea urchins belong to phylum Echinodermata and are often referred to as echinoids. Sea urchins have a shell called a test, which comes in colors as varied as black, green, brown, purple and red. The test is made up of magnesium calcite plates fused together beneath the skin. It has two major openings: the peristome, which is the mouth located on the underside, and the periproct, which consists of the anus and genital pores located on the urchin's top. The tests of regular urchins are generally spherical, whereas in irregular urchins the tests are flattened. The mouth of a sea urchin is claw-like, with five toothy plates called "Aristotle’s lantern," as they resemble this type of old oil lamp. (source: https://animals.mom.com/sea-anemones-vs-sea-urchins-3585.html)

• https://asknature.org/strategy/sea-urchin-shell-effectively-prevents-cracking-and-breaking/

• Micromechanics of Sea Urchin Spines
  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044140

• Chemical composition of spines and tests of sea urchins

http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1062359016060078