Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms
Explains about the protective strategies of various marine organisms to survive in their environment. Mechanical properties of biopolymer and biomineral constituents are given. The ratio of biomineral:biopolymer for different marine organisms are specified.
Ref: http://meyersgroup.ucsd.edu/papers/journals/Meyers%20412.pdf
Structure and mechanical properties of selected biological materials
Microstructural features such as organized, layered organic/inorganic structures and the presence of porous and fibrous elements are common in many biological components. The organic and inorganic portions interact at the molecular and micro-levels synergistically to enhance the mechanical function. In this paper, recent progress on studies of the Abalone and Araguaia river clam shells, arthropod exoskeletons, antlers, tusks, teeth and bird beaks are included.
STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLLUSC SHELLS
Structure, mechanics and function of the Mollusc shell https://www.uibk.ac.at/zoology/marinbio/seminarvortraege/seminar_calvi2014/mollusc-shell.pdf
Further studies on the mechanical properties of Mollusc shell material
J. D. CURREY, J. Zool., Lond. (1976)
A Review on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Mollusk Shells – Perspectives on Synthetic BiomimeticMaterials
https://barthelat-lab.mcgill.ca/files/papers/ASPM2009.pdf
Sea Shells And Natural Fibres Composites: A Review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.284
The relationship between mechanical properties and crossed-lamellar structure of mollusk shells
DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.156
Correlation between Microstructure and Failure Mechanism of Hyriopsis cumingii(a freshwater Pearl Mussel) Shell Structure
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-019-0102-8
Study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of white clam shell
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2016.04.007
Microstructure Analysis and Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Shells of Three Freshwater Snails
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.0c03064
Mechanical Property-Microstructural Relationships in Abalone Shell
(Abalone are marine snails, belonging to class Gastropoda, in which the shell has a row of holes on its outer surface.)
Nanoscale Structural and Mechanical Characterization of a Natural Nanocomposite Material: The Shell of Red Abalone
Hyriopsis cumingii
SHELLS OF TURTLE
The shell is made of two pieces, the carapace (top) and the plastron (bottom), which are fused together on each side at what’s called a bridge. The carapace is covered by an outer layer of individual pieces called scutes. These are made of keratin.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/animal/turtle-reptile
https://www.chattnaturecenter.org/blog/a-turtles-shell-is-more-than-its-home/
CORRELATION BETWEEN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF TURTLE SHELL
Microstructure and mechanical property of turtle shell
https://doi.org/10.1063/2.1201409
Micro-structure and mechanical properties of the turtle carapace as a biological composite shield
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.023
Multi-scale hierarchy of Chelydra serpentina: Microstructure and mechanical properties of turtle shell
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.05.014
Shells of Sea Urchin
COMPOSITION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SEA URCHIN SHELLS
Sea urchins are spiny, hard-shelled marine creatures found on rocky ocean floors worldwide. About 700 different species of sea urchins are known to exist throughout the world, having varied body colors, shapes and sizes. The sea urchins belong to phylum Echinodermata and are often referred to as echinoids. Sea urchins have a shell called a test, which comes in colors as varied as black, green, brown, purple and red. The test is made up of magnesium calcite plates fused together beneath the skin. It has two major openings: the peristome, which is the mouth located on the underside, and the periproct, which consists of the anus and genital pores located on the urchin's top. The tests of regular urchins are generally spherical, whereas in irregular urchins the tests are flattened. The mouth of a sea urchin is claw-like, with five toothy plates called "Aristotle’s lantern," as they resemble this type of old oil lamp. (source: https://animals.mom.com/sea-anemones-vs-sea-urchins-3585.html)
https://asknature.org/strategy/sea-urchin-shell-effectively-prevents-cracking-and-breaking/
Micromechanics of Sea Urchin Spines
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044140
Chemical composition of spines and tests of sea urchins