Experiment in Lab

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Experiment 1: Archimedes' Law

Archimedes' Law, also called Archimedes' Principle, states:

"Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object."

In simple terms:

When you put something in water (or any fluid), the fluid pushes it up.
The strength of this push (called buoyant force) is equal to the weight of the water that the object pushes aside (displaces).

Materials used:

eureka can
beaker
measuring cylinder
newton balance
retort stand
weights with known mass
water

PROCEDURE:

Fill the Eureka can with water until it starts to drip from the spout.
Place a beaker under the spout to collect the displaced water.
Weigh the object in air using a spring balance and record the reading.
Slowly lower the object into the overflow can until it is fully submerged.
Allow the displaced water to flow out completely into the measuring cylinder.
Measure the volume of the displaced water using the measuring cylinder.
Weigh the object again while it is submerged in the water (still using the spring balance).
Calculate the buoyant force

For more understanding💯

Formula:

Buoyant Force (Fb)= ρ⋅g⋅V

Where:

ρ = density of the fluid
g = acceleration due to gravity
V = volume of fluid displaced

QUESTION RELATED:

A solid metal block with a volume of 0.002 m³ is fully submerged in water. What is the buoyant force acting on the block?
(Take the density of water ρ =1000 kg/m³ , and g = 9.8m/s2)

Fb = ρ⋅g⋅V

Substitute the values:

Fb = (1000 kg/m³) × (9.8 m/s2) × (0.002 m3)

Fb=19.6 N

Experiment 2: Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct heat. It explains how efficiently heat is transferred through a material when there is a temperature difference.

Good conductors like copper transfer heat quickly
Poor conductors like wood transfer heat slowly

Materials used:

Metal rod (copper, aluminum)
Retort stand with clamps
Thermometer
Bunsen burner
Beaker
Water
Heat resistant mat and wire gauze

Procedure:

Setup the apparatus as shown in the image.
Place the metal rod horizontally in the beaker.
Place the thermometer in the beaker for observation.
Heat the metal rod using bunsen burner.
Observe the temperature changes.
Record the temperature vs distance from the heat source.

For more understanding💯

Formula: Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction

q = -k x A x (dT/dx)

Where:

q = heat transfer per unit time (W),
-k = thermal conductivity (W/mK),
A = cross-sectional area of rod (m² )
V = temperature gradient along the rod (K/m)

Rearrange to solve thermal conductivity:

k= -q/A. dx/dT

QUESTION RELATED:

A metal rod of cross-sectional area 0.0015 m² and length 0.5 m is heated at one end. The temperature at the hot end is 100 °C and at the cold end is 40 °C. If the heat conducted per second through the rod is 9 W, calculate the thermal conductivity (k) of the material.

q = -k x A x (dT/dx)

Solve for k:

k= -q/A. dx/dT

Substitute the values:

k= (9)(0.5)/(0.0015)(60)

= (4.5)/(0.09)

= 50 W/mK

SCIENCE MEDIA

REFERENCES:

Thermal Conductivity Experiments – Resistance: materials. (2021, June 2). Thermtest. https://thermtest.com/thermal-resources/thermal-conductivity-experiments/variations-in-material

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (7th ed.). Pearson Education.

Serway, R. A., & Vuille, C. (2017). College physics (11th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2013). Fundamentals of physics (10th ed.). Wiley.

Hewitt, P. G. (2016). Conceptual physics (12th ed.). Pearson.

Khan Academy. (n.d.). Buoyant force and Archimedes’ principle.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force/a/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle

Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Buoyant force.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/fluid/u10l3a.cfm

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