Mentor: Dr. Merideth Frey, Ph.D.
Professor of Physics, Sarah Lawrence College ⬩ Yale University
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, stating that certain properties of a particle, such as energy and time, cannot be measured simultaneously with precision. While it’s well understood in theory, it’s seldom shown through experiment, especially in macroscopic systems we can measure in the lab. In this study, I used benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a technique commonly used in chemistry, medicine, and materials science, to demonstrate this principle. I revealed information about quantum particles by applying a radiofrequency pulse to atomic nuclei and observing their response. These signals show frequency patterns—corresponding to energy—depending on the duration of the pulse. For comparison, I derived a theoretical model based on the mathematical foundations of the uncertainty principle. The results were in agreement with theory, providing compelling evidence that an energy-time uncertainty relation manifested itself in the NMR sample. As the duration of the radiofrequency pulse increased, the frequency graphs became proportionally narrower. Thus, my research confirms there is, in fact, an inherent limit to how precisely an observer can quantify the world.
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