Antiracism, Stereotype Threat, Microaggressions, and Implicit Bias Resources

Overview

This page aims to provide links to resources and collections of resources related to antiracism as well as resources on learning about and combatting stereotype threat, implicit bias, and microaggressions.

Collections of Resources and Projects on Antiracism

Stanford's Robert Crown Law Library, Anti-Racist Reading: Digital Resources at Stanford
- A collection of digital resources, available online through Stanford's libraries to Stanford affiliates.
- See a resource on that page you'd like to read through your own library? Search WorldCat to see if it's available at your local library.
Howard University School of Law, Social Justice Guide
- Includes resources on racial disparity, racial diversity, implicit bias and microaggressions, cultural sensitivity, and protests.
Texas A&M University School of Law, Dee J. Kelly Law Library, Antiracism Resources
Law Deans Antiracist Clearinghouse Project
University of Texas, Tarlton Law Library, Race and Anti-Racism
Stanford Graduate School of Business, Anti-Racism and Allyship 7 Day Journey

Antiracism

Articles, Book, and Online Resources

Greater Good Science Center, Anti-Racist Resources (June 3, 2020).
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America (5th ed. 2017).
Building the Antiracist University, Issue 3, Race, Ethnicity and Education Journal (2016).
George Sefa Dei, Anti-Racism Education: Theory & Practice (1996).
Hillary Hoffower, What it Really Means to be an Anti-racist, and Why it's not the Same as Being an Ally, Business Insider (June 8, 2020).
Kirsten Ivey-Colson & Lynn Turner, Ten Keys to Everyday Anti-Racism, Greater Good Magazine (Sept. 8, 2020).
Ibram X. Kendi, How to be an Antiracist (2019).
Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (2016).
Lynette Lopez, Not Being Racist Isn't Enough in America, Business Insider, Opinion (June 8, 2020).
Jason A. Nier et al., Changing Interracial Evaluations and Behavior: The Effects of a Common Group Identity, 4 Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 299 (2001).
David B. Oppenheimer, What is 'Systemic Racism'? How is it Different from Racist Acts Caused by Bigotry, Prejudice, or Bias?, Working paper (Sept. 4, 2020).
Yin Paradies, Whither Anti-Racism?, 39 Ethnic and Racial Studies 1 (2016).
Daira Roithmayr, Reproducing Racism: How Everyday Choices Lock In White Advantage (2014).
Mary E. Wheeler & Susan T. Fiske, Controlling Racial Prejudice: Social-Cognitive Goals Affect Amygdala and Stereotype Activation, 16 Psychological Science 56 (2005).

Stereotype Threat

Stereotype threat occurs when you are "at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group."

Books

Michael Inzlicht & Toni Schmader, eds., Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application (2011).

Articles

Joshua Aronson, Carrie B. Fried & Catherine Good, Reducing the Effects of Stereotype Threat on African American College Students by Shaping Theories of Intelligence, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2001, doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1491.
Sam Erman & Gregory M. Walton, Stereotype Threat and Antidiscrimination Law: Affirmative Steps to Promote Meritocracy and Racial Equality in Education, 88 Southern California Law Review 307 (2015).
Jason W. Osborne, Testing Stereotype Threat: Does Anxiety Explain Race and Sex Differences in Achievement?, 26 Contemporary Educational Psychology 291 (2001).
Jason W. Osborne & Christopher Walker, Stereotype Threat, Identification with Academics, and Withdrawal from School: Why the most successful students of colour might be most likely to withdraw, 26 Educational Psychology 563. (2006).
Toni Schmader, Michael Johns & Chad Forbes, An Integrated Process Model of Stereotype Threat Effects on Performance, 115 Psychology Review 336 (2008).
Claude M. Steele & Joshua Aronson, Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans, 69 J. Personality & Social Psychology 797 (1995).
Claude M. Steele, Thin Ice: Stereotype Threat and Black College Students, The Atlantic, Aug. 1999.
Steve Stroessner & Catherine Good, Stereotype Threat: An Overview.
Valerie Jones Taylor & Gregory M. Walton, Stereotype Threat Undermines Academic Learning, 37 Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 1055 (2011).
Gregory M. Walton & Geoffrey L. Cohen, A Question of Belonging: Race, Social Fit and Achievement, 92 J. Personality & Social Psychology 82 (2007).
Gregory M. Walton & Steven J. Spencer, Latent Ability: Grades and Test Scores Systematically Underestimate the Intellectual Ability of Negatively Stereotyped Students, 20 Psychological Science 1132 (2009).

Implicit Bias

Implicit bias (or implicit social cognition) is the concept that "people who have no intention to discriminate may still do so in their behavior toward others who vary in age, gender, class, race/ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and nationality among other social groupings."

Books

Mahzarin R. Banaji & Anthony G. Greenwald, Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People (2016).
Geoffrey Beattie, Our Racist Heart?: An Exploration of Unconscious Prejudice in Everyday Life (2013).
Erin Beeghly & Alex Madva, eds., An Introduction to Implicit Bias: Knowledge, Justice and the Social Mind (2020).
Jennifer L. Eberhardt, Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice that Shapes What We See, Think, and Do (2020).
Gina Laura Gullo et al., Implicit Bias in Schools: A Practitioner's Guide (2019).
La'Wana Harris, Diversity Beyond Lip Service: A Coaching Guide for Challenging Bias (2019).
Jonathan Kahn, Race on the Brain: What Implicit Bias Gets Wrong About the Struggle for Racial Justice (2018).
Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011).
Justin D. Levinson & Robert J. Smith, eds., Implicit Racial Bias Across the Law (2012).
Sondra B. Thiederman, 3 Keys to Defeating Unconscious Bias: Watch, Think, Act (2015).
Meena Thuraisingham, in collaboration with Wolfgang Lehmacher, The Secret Life of Decisions: How Unconscious Bias Subverts your Judgement (2013).

Articles & Online Resources

American Bar Association Implicit Bias Taskforce, Implicit Bias: An Annotated Bibliography for the Bench and Bar.
Barbara Applebaum, Remediating Campus Climate: Implicit Bias Training is not Enough, 38 Studies in Philosophy and Education 129 (2019).
Mahzarin R. Banaji et al., When Bias is Implicit, How Might We Think About Repairing Harm?, 6 Current Opinion in Psychology 183 (2015).
Yasit Billoo, Implicit Bias and its Application in the Life of a Lawyer, Florida Bar Journal (March/April 2019, at 10).
Hart Blanton et al., Decoding the Implicit Association Test: Implications for Criterion Prediction, 42 Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 192 (2006).
Natalie Daumeyer et al., https://perma.cc/6HAM-4RJ6Thinking Structurally about Implicit Bias: Some Peril, Lots of Promise, 28 Psychological Inquiry, 258 (2017).
Bertram Gawronski & Galen V. Bodenhausen, Beyond Persons and Situations: An Interactionist Approach to Understanding Implicit Bias, 28:4 Psychological Inquiry 268 (2017).
Amanda Golbeck et al., A Conversation about Implicit Bias, 32 Statistical Journal of the IAOS (International Association for Official Statistics) 739 (2016).
Darren Lenard Hutchinson, "Continually Reminded of Their Inferior Position": Social Dominance, Implicit Bias, Criminality, and Race, 46 Journal of Law & Policy 23 (2016).
Anthony G. Greenwald & Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes, 102 Psychological Review 4 (1995).
Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, Implicit Bias (2014).
Alex Madva, Implicit Bias, Moods, and Moral Responsibility, 99:S1 Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 53 (2018).
Project Implicit
Katherine Puddifoot, Dissolving the Epistemic/Ethical Dilemma Over Implicit Bias, 20 Philosophical Explorations: An International Journal for the Philosophy of Mind and Action 73 (2016).
L. Elizabeth Sarine, Regulating the Social Pollution of Systemic Discrimination Caused by Implicit Bias, 100 California Law Review 1359 (2012).
Michael Selmi, The Paradox of Implicit Bias and a Plea for a New Narrative, 50 Arizona State Law Journal 193 (2018).
Shirley Anne Tate & Damien Page, Whiteliness and Institutional Racism: Hiding Behind (Un)Conscious Bias, 13 Ethics and Education 141 (2018).
Washington University of St. Louis, Diversity & Inclusion Support for Hiring Faculty, Implicit Bias Annotated Bibliography.

Microaggressions

Microaggressions are "brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative [racial, sexual, identity, gender, religious, etc.] slights and insults."

Books

Charisse C. Levchak, Microaggressions and Modern Racism: Endurance and Evolution (2018).
Regina Rini, The Ethics of Microaggression (2020).
Derald Wing Sue, Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation (2010).
Derald Wing Sue, ed., Microaggressions and Marginality: Manifestation, Dynamics, and Impact (2010).
Gina C. Torino et al., eds., Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications (2018).

Articles & Online Resources

Greg Boysen, Teacher and Student Perceptions of Microaggressions in College Classrooms, 60 College Teaching 122 (2012).
Shardé M. Davis, When Sistahs Support Sistahs: A Process of Supporting Communication about Racial Microaggressions among Black Women, 86 Communication Monograph 133 (2018).
Barbara Diamond, Panel Handout: Microaggressions and Implicit Bias on Campus - Microaggression Theory: A Selected Bibliography 2016.
Rob Eschmann, Unmasking Racism: Students of Color and Expressions of Racism in Online Spaces, 67 Social Problems 418 (2020).
Andrew Limbong, Microaggressions Are A Big Deal: How To Talk Them Out And When To Walk Away, NPR.org, LifeKit (June 9, 2020).
P.P. Liu & L. Quezada, Associations Between Microaggression and Adjustment Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic and Narrative Review, 145 Psychological Bulletin 45 (2019).
Kevin L. Nadal, A Guide to Responding to Microaggressions, 2 CUNY Forum 71 (2014).
Nantiya Ruan, Papercuts: Hierarchical Microaggressions in Law Schools, 31 Hastings Women's Law Journal 3 (2020).
Derald Wing Sue et al., Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice, 62 American Psychologist 271 (2007).
D.W. Sue et al., Racial Microaggressions and Difficult Dialogues on Race in the Classroom, 15 Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 183 (2009).
Gina Torino, How Racism and Microaggressions Lead to Worse Health, Center for Health Journalism (Nov. 10, 2017).
University of California Santa Cruz, Academic Affairs, Tool: Recognizing Microaggressions and the Messages They Send (adapted from Derald Wing Sue, Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation (2010)).
Ella F. Washington, Alison Hall Birch & Laura Morgan Roberts, When and How to Respond to Microaggressions, Harvard Business Review (July 3, 2020).
Gloria Wong et al., The What, the Why, and the How: A Review of Racial Microaggressions Research in Psychology, 6 Race and Social Problems 181 (2014).
Hahna Yoon, How to Respond to Microaggressions: Should you let that comment slide, or address it head on? Is it more harm than it’s worth? We can help, New York Times (March 3, 2020).