6th Grade

Final Exam: Tuesday, June 6, 2023

Grade 6 Final Exam

Study Material

Genetics-the study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring
Gregor Mendel is known for his experiments with pea plants.
- cross-pollinated true-breeding plants
- First-generation cross breading-crossed true-breeding white and purple flowers they produced all purple flowers
- Second Generation (Hybrid) Cross- Crossed 2 hybrid purple plants and the offspring were white and purple flowers.
The data showed the relationship from cross breading 2 hybrid plants were 3:1 (for every 3 purple flowers there was 1 white flower)
Dominant Traits- a factor that blocks another genetic factor
- shown with a CAPITAL letter
Recessive Traits- A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
- shown with a lowercase letter
Gene is a section on a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait.
Alleles are different forms of the gene (B or b)
Genotype is the 2 alleles that control the phenotype of the trait (BB, bb, or Bb)
- Phenotype is what trait is shining through and you are able to see in the organism.

Regeneration occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent.
Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from part of a parent plant.
Asexual reproduction occurs when only one parent organism or part of that organism a new organism. The new organism is genetically identical to the parent.
Sexual Reproduction is a type of reproduction in which the genetic materials from 2 different cells combine, producing offspring that are genetically different from their parents

Behavior is the way an organism reacts to other organisms or its environment.
Animals attract mates by communicating in a variety of ways, including the use of sound, light, chemicals, and body language.
- Mating call
- fighting
- smell
- parading feet/body
Protecting offspring
- nest building
- herding
Genetic and Environmental factors influence the growth of animals

Some plants reproduce sexually, some plants reproduce asexually and some plants can reproduce in both ways
- Asexual- a portion of a plant develops into a separate new plant
- Sexually- plan's male reproductive cell (sperm) combines with a female reproductive cell (egg)
Seedless Plants- plants that grow from spores not seeds
Seeded Plants- Flowerless and Flowering pants both groups produced sexually. The plants produce pollen and eggs.
- Pollination occurs when pollen grains from the stamen land on the female plant structure (pistil) of the same species
- Nonflowering plants use cones!
- Tropism is a response that results in plant growth toward or away from a stimulus.
- Phototropism is when a plant grows toward or away from the light
- Thigmotropism is a plants response to touch
- Gravitropism is a plants response to gravity

Particles in a liquid bump and flow past each other in random motion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
The faster the substance diffuses, the faster the particles are moving
Kinetic energy- if the particles increase the speed of the particles increase energy increase
- The faster the particles move, the more kinetic energy they have.
Thermodynamics is the study of heat
As the temperature of a material increases, its particles move faster.
- The increase in volume of a material when particle motion increases is known as thermal expansion.
As substance can lose kinetic energy and the particles will move slower
- Thermal contraction happens when particle motion decreases and causes the particle to occupy less volume
Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material.
- The lower the kinetic energy of the particles, the lower the temperature of the substance
- 0 degrees celsius =freezing point of water
- 100 degrees celsius = boiling point of water
Gas particles move at high speeds and have high amounts of kinetic energy
Solid particles only vibrate, they have low amounts of kinetic energy
The more particles that are present the more total energy is present in a substance.

Freezing and Melting Point- the point at which a substance changes between a solid and liquid is referred to as the melting point or freezing point
- they are always the same for a given substance
Condensation-when the temperature of a gas becomes low enough, the gas changes to a liquid.
Vaporization- the change in state from a liquid to a gas
- evaporation occurs on the surface of a liquid
- boiling occurs with in the liquid
Potential energy is stored due to the interactions between particles or objects.
- The potential energy increases as the distance between the particles increase
- The potential energy decreases as the distance between the particles decreases
Substances have different melting points because the particles that make up each substance have different attractions to each other.
Thermal energy-the total energy of a system that is dependent on the number of particles in the system. the state of the material, and the temperature

Closed system- a system that does not exchange matter or energy with the environment
open system- a system that exchanges matter or energy with the environment
Source object is the object that provides the energy for the energy transfer
Receiver object is the object that gains the energy from the energy transfer
Heat is the amount of thermal energy transferred from a region of higher temperature to lower temperature
Conduction- the transfer of thermal energy between materials by the collisions of particles
Thermal equilibrium- when temperatures of materials that are in contact are the same
Radiation- the transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by electromagnetic waves
Convection- the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of the material to another.
- Warmer material rises to the top and cooler material ings to the bottom. This begins the cycle of materials.

Specific Heat- the amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1kg of a material by 1 degree Celcius.
It does not take much energy to change the temperature of a material with a low specific heat compared to a material with high specific heat.
Thermal Conductor- material through which thermal energy flows easily
- low specific heat
Thermal Insulator- a material through which thermal energy does not flow easily
- high specific heat
Thermal energy will increase if mass increases.

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