Chapter 1, 2, and 3:
Natural counting numbers- Like counting on your fingers; 1,2,3,...
Whole numbers-Start with zero, then count like normal; 0,1,2,3,4,....
Integers-Positive and negative numbers; ...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...
Negative integer- A number that is less than zero.
Positive integer- A number that is greater than zero.
Absolute value- The distance a number is from zero when looking at the number line (only represented with a positive number).
Opposites- Two integers that are represented on the number line by points that are the same distance from zero on either side. The sum of two opposites is zero (called a zero pair).
Rational number- A number that can be written as a fraction.
Terminating decimal- When dividing, the number comes to an end with zero.
Repeating decimal- When dividing, the number continues in a pattern of one or more numbers (represented by a bar above the numbers that are being repeated).
Fraction- A number that represents part of a whole or part of a set.
Numerator- The number above the fraction bar (on top).
Denominator- The number below the fraction bar (on bottom).
Mixed Number- A number that has a whole number part and a fraction part.
Improper Fraction- A fraction with a numerator that is greater than or equal to the denominator.
Simplest Form- A fraction in which the GCF of the numerator and the denominator is 1.
Coordinate Plane- A plane in which a horizontal number line and a vertical number line intersect at their zero points.
Quadrants- The four regions in a coordinate plane separated by the x-axis and y-axis.
x-coordinate- The first number of an ordered pair.
y-coordinate- The second number of an ordered pair.
Origin- The point of intersection of the x-axis and y-axis on a coordinate plane.
x-axis- The horizontal line on a coordinate plane.
y-axis- The vertical line on a coordinate plane.
Fluency– efficient application of procedures with accuracy
Positive rational numbers – the set of numbers that can be expressed as a fraction , where a and b are counting (natural) numbers
Reciprocal – a quantity that is used to multiply by a given quantity which results in the product of one
Chapter 4, 5, and 6:
Comparison by division of two quantities– a proportional comparison in which one quantity can be described as a ratio of the other
Multiplicative comparison of two quantities – a proportional comparison in which one quantity can be described as a multiple of the other
Positive rational numbers – the set of numbers that can be expressed as a fraction , where a and b are counting (natural) numbers
Additive relationship – when a constant non-zero value is added to an input value to determine the output value (y = x + a)
Axes – the vertical and horizontal lines that act as a reference when plotting points on a coordinate plane
Coefficient – a number that is multiplied by a variable(s)
Constant – a fixed value that does not appear with a variable(s)
Coordinate plane – a two-dimensional plane on which to plot points, lines, and curves
Dependent variable – the variable in an equation or rule which represents the output value
Independent variable – the variable in an equation or rule which represents the input value
Intersecting lines – lines that meet or cross at a point
Multiplicative relationship – when a constant non-zero value is multiplied by an input value to determine the output value (y = ax)
Ordered Pair - a pair of numbers used to locate a point on a coordinate plane
Origin – the starting point in locating points on a coordinate plane
Quadrants – any of the four areas created by dividing a plane with an x-axis and y-axis
Rational numbers – the set of numbers that can be expressed as a fraction , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. The set of rational numbers is denoted by the symbol Q
Percent – a part of a whole expressed in hundredths
Proportion - a mathematical comparison between two ratios
Qualitative – a broad subjective description (e.g., The speed of car A is slower than the speed of car B.)
Quantitative – a narrowed objective description associated with a quantity (e.g., The ratio of blue cars to red cars is 6:3; therefore, there are twice as many blue cars as red cars.)
Rate – a multiplicative comparison of two different quantities where the measuring unit is different for each quantity
Ratio– a multiplicative comparison of two quantities
Scale factor – the common multiplicative ratio between pairs of related data which may be represented as a unit rate
Strip diagram – a linear model used to illustrate number relationships
Unit rate – a ratio between two different units where one of the terms is 1
Chapter 7 and 8:
Coefficient – a number that is multiplied by a variable(s)
Complementary angles – two angles whose degree measures have a sum of 90 degrees
Constant – a fixed value that does not appear with a variable(s)
Equation – a mathematical statement composed of algebraic and/or numeric expressions set equal to each other
Exponent – in the expression xy, x is called the base and y is called the exponent. The exponent determines the number of times the base is multiplied by itself.
Expression – a mathematical phrase, with no equal sign or inequality symbol, that may contain a number(s), a variable(s), and/or an operator(s)
Inequality – a mathematical statement composed of algebraic and/or numeric expressions set apart by an inequality symbol
Order of operations – the rules of which calculations are performed first when simplifying an expression
Prime factorization – the process of decomposing a composite number as a unique product of prime factors
Rational numbers – the set of numbers that can be expressed as a fraction , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. The set of rational numbers is denoted by the symbol Q.
Solution set – a set of all values of the variable(s) that satisfy the equation or inequality
Supplementary angles – two angles whose degree measures have a sum of 180 degrees
Variable – a letter or symbol that represents a number
Inequality – a mathematical statement composed of algebraic and/or numeric expressions set apart by an inequality symbol
Chapter 9:
Acute – an angle that measures less than 90°
Angle – two rays with a common endpoint (the vertex)
Angle congruency marks – angle marks indicating angles of the same measure
Area – the measurement attribute that describes the number of square units a figure or region covers
Base of a rectangular prism – any two congruent, opposite and parallel faces shaped like rectangles; possibly more than one set
Complementary angles – two angles whose degree measures have a sum of 90 degrees
Congruent – of equal measure, having exactly the same size and same shape
Equation – a mathematical statement composed of algebraic and/or numeric expressions set equal to each other
Face – a flat surface of a three-dimensional figure
Height of a rectangular prism – the length of a side that is perpendicular to both bases
Obtuse – an angle that measures greater than 90° but less than 180°
Polygon – a closed figure with at least 3 sides, where all sides are straight (no curves)
Positive rational numbers – the set of numbers that can be expressed as a fraction , where a and b are counting (natural) numbers
Prism – a three-dimensional figure containing two congruent and parallel faces that are polygons
Properties of triangles – relationship of attributes within a triangle (e.g., an equilateral triangle has all sides and angles congruent, the sum of the lengths of two sides of a triangle is always greater than the length of the third side, the sum of the angles of a triangle is always 180°; etc.)
Right – an angle (formed by perpendicular lines) that measures exactly 90°
Side congruency marks – side marks indicating side lengths of the same measure
Supplementary angles – two angles whose degree measures have a sum of 180 degrees
Three-dimensional figure – a figure that has measurements including length, width (depth), and height
Triangle – a polygon with three sides and three vertices
Triangle Inequality Theorem – the sum of the lengths of any two sides in a triangle must be greater than the length of the third side of the triangle
Two-dimensional figure – a figure with two basic units of measure, usually length and width
Unit rate – a ratio between two different units where one of the terms is 1
Volume – the measurement attribute of the amount of space occupied by matter
Chapter 10:
Average - Add all values given then divide by the total number of values used to obtain the total (also known as the mean).
Box plot (box and whisker plot) – a graphical representation showing the five-number summary of data (minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, maximum)
Categorical data – data that represents the attributes of a group of people, events, or objects
Data – information that is collected about people, events, or objects
Distribution - A set of data showing the arrangement of data values.
Dot plot – a graphical representation to organize data that uses dots (or Xs) to show the frequency (number of times) that each number occurs
First and Third Quartiles - The medians of the data values less than the median and the data values greater than the median, respectively.
Histogram – a graphical representation of adjacent bars with different heights or lengths used to represent the frequency of data in certain ranges of continuous and equal intervals
Interquartile range (IQR) – difference between the first quartile and the third quartile of a set of numbers (IQR = Q3 – Q1)
Mean – average of a set of data found by finding the sum of a set of data and dividing the sum by the number of pieces of data in the set
Measures of Center - Values that describe the center of a set of data, such as the mean, median, and mode.
Median – the middle number of a set of data that has been arranged in order from greatest to least or least to greatest
Mode – most frequent piece of data in a set of data
Mode of categorical data (modal category) – most frequent category in a set of data
Mode of numeric data – most frequent value in a set of data
Numerical data – data that represents values or observations that can be measured and placed in ascending or descending order
Outlier - A data value that is either much greater or much less than the median. If a data value is more than 1.5 times the value of the interquartile range beyond the quartiles. it is an outlier.
Percent bar graph – a graphical representation to organize data that uses solid bars that do not touch each other to show the frequency (number of times) that each category occurs as a percentage as compared to the related part(s) or to the whole
Quartiles - Values that divide the data set into four equal parts.
Range – the difference between the greatest number and least number in a set of data
Relative frequency table – a table to organize data that lists categories and the frequency (number of times) that each category occurs as a percentage
Skewed - a graph in which the bulk of the data does not lie in the center (a graph that has most of the data on the left is skewed right; a graph that has most of the data on the right is skewed left)
Stem-and-leaf plot – a graphical representation used to analyze and compare groups or clusters of numerical data by separating one place value from another place value of a data set. The larger of the two place values is called the stem and the smaller of the two place values is called the leaf.
Variability – measure of the spread of a set of data
Chapter 11:
529 account – educational savings account managed by the state, and is usually tax-deferred
Annuity – deductible and non-deductible contributions may be made, taxes may be waived if used for higher education
Associate’s degree – a degree usually earned at a community college that is for a specific occupation and can be used towards pursuing a bachelor’s degree
Available balance – the amount available in an account for a person, business, or organization to spend
Bachelor’s degree – a degree usually earned from a four-year college or university by completing undergraduate coursework in a specific field of study
Balance – to reconcile your budget or account statement with your check register to make sure the records match and are accurate
Check register – a small table to keep track of deposits, withdrawals, transfers, and current available balance
Deposit – money put into an account
Direct subsidized federal student loan – a loan issued by the U.S. Government in an amount determined by the college available to undergraduate students who demonstrate a financial need where the U.S. Government pays the interest on the loans while the student is enrolled at least half-time, up to six months after leaving school, or during a requested deferment period
Direct unsubsidized federal student loan – a loan issued by the U.S. Government in an amount determined by the college available to undergraduate or graduate students where the interest is paid by the borrower from the time the loan is initiated, even during requested deferment or forbearance periods
Doctoral degree – the most advanced postgraduate degree that is obtained after receiving a bachelor’s and/or master’s degree and is extremely specialized in a specific field or occupation
Grant – money that is awarded to students usually based on need with no obligation to repay this money
Interest - amount of money paid for a loan or investment, or amount of money charged for an unpaid balance on a credit card
Master’s degree – an advanced or postgraduate degree that is obtained after receiving a bachelor’s degree and is highly specialized in a specific field or occupation
Post-secondary education – education that occurs beyond high school, usually at a college or university
Private student loan – a loan issued by a lender other than the U.S. Government
Salary – a fixed annual sum that may or may not be dependent on the number of hours worked and usually paid in regular increments, such as monthly
Savings account – a bank or credit union account in which the money deposited earns interest so there will be more money in the future than originally deposited
Scholarship – money that is awarded to students based on educational achievement with no obligation to repay this money
Student loan – borrowed money that must be paid back with interest
Taxable investment account – many companies will create an investment portfolio with the specific purpose of saving and building a strong portfolio to be used to pay for college
Traditional savings account – money put into a savings account much like paying a monthly expense such as a light bill or phone bill
Transfer – money moved from one account to another account
U.S. savings bond – money saved for a specific length of time and guaranteed by the federal government
Vocational training – training that occurs beyond high school and specializes in a specific field of work (e.g., medical transcriber, mechanic, electrician, welder, etc.) and may require state certification and/or a license
Withdrawal – money taken out of an account
Work study – programs that allow students to work in exchange for a portion of their tuition