Comparators

Comparators are used to compare values and create conditional logic; aka as Logical Operators or Relational Operators. 

For example, the below examples cause Sphero to accelerate until its speed is greater than 150:
JavaScript:

async function startProgram() {

    setSpeed(5);

    while (!(getSpeed() >= 150)) {

        setSpeed(getSpeed() + 5);

        await delay(0.2);

    }

}

Python:

async def start_program():

    set_speed(5)

    while not (get_speed() >= 150):

        set_speed(get_speed() + 5)

        await delay(0.2)

Comparators

Many comparators are the same between JavaScript and Python. Here are  common comparators to familiarize yourself with:

== Evaluates if the left value is equal the right value, compensating for different data types (example: 3 == "3" is true)

!= Evaluates if the left value differs from the right value, compensating for different data types (example: "3.01" != 3.01 is false)

< Evaluates if the left value is less than the right value

<= Evaluates if the left value is less than or equal to the right value

> Evaluates if the left value is greater than the right value

>= Evaluates if the left value is greater than or equal to the right value

JavaScript Only:
=== Evaluates if the left value is equal to the right value, does not compensate for different data types (example: "3" === 3 is false)
!== Evaluates if the left value differs from the right value, does not compensate for different data types (example: "3.01" !== 3.01 is true)

NOTE: It is generally encouraged to use === and !== instead of == and != when programming with JavaScript. 

Logic

Links multiple conditions, requiring that all conditions must be true for the set to evaluate as true:
JavaScript: &&
Python: and

Links multiple conditions, allowing the set to evaluate as true if any condition is true:
JavaScript: ||
Python: or

Robot Type

Checks which type of Sphero robot is currently connected and allows execution of logic based on the robot type, where the robot names are BOLT+, BOLT, RVR/RVR+, Mini, Ollie, (SPRK+/SPRK/2.0), BB8, BB9E, R2D2, and R2Q5. Useful for writing generic programs that adjust dynamically depending on connected hardware.

Javascript: getConnectedRobotType()
Python: get_connected_robot_type()

Returns:
{RobotType} - The name of the connected robot

For example, to set the speed based on the connected robot, use:
JavaScript:

var botSpeed = 0;

async function startProgram() {

    if (getConnectedRobotType() === RobotType.BOLT) {

        botSpeed = 100;

    }

    if (getConnectedRobotType() === RobotType.Mini) {

        botSpeed = 200;

    }

    setSpeed(botSpeed);

}

Python:

botSpeed = 0

async def start_program():

    global botSpeed

    if get_connected_robot_type() == RobotType.BOLT:

        botSpeed = 100

    if get_connected_robot_type() == RobotType.MINI:

        botSpeed = 200

    set_speed(botSpeed)

Examples

Spinning Top

This program uses a > operator combined with an if then, else statement to modulate color values based on the Gyroscopic Rotation. Spin your spherical robot like a top clockwise (negative yaw degrees) to see the red LED channel, or spin it counterclockwise (positive yaw degrees) to see the green LED channel.
JavaScript:

async function startProgram() {

    setStabilization(false);

    while (true) {

        if ((getGyroscope().yaw > 1.0)) {

            setMainLed({ r: 0, g: getGyroscope().yaw / 7.84, b: 0 });

        } else {

            setMainLed({ r: Math.abs(getGyroscope().yaw / 7.84), g: 0, b: 0 });

        }

        await delay(0.25);

    }

}

Python:

async def start_program():

    set_stabilization(False)

    while True:

        if (get_gyroscope()['yaw'] > 1.0):

            set_main_led({'r': 0, 'g': get_gyroscope()['yaw'] / 7.84, 'b': 0})

        else:

            set_main_led({'r': abs(get_gyroscope()['yaw'] / 7.84), 'g': 0, 'b': 0})

        await delay(0.25)

The Spinning Top shows that the combining several programming fundamentals like Control Flow, Operators, Comparators and Sensors unleashes the creative power of programming. You also used a new tool called "normalization" in this program. Normalizing modifies a value so it fits within a different range, just like how percentages normalize any 2 numbers from 0 - 100%. Dividing the gyroscope sensor data by 7.84 ensures that gyro values will generate valid LED values. This is needed because the gyro range is -2,000° - 2,000°, whereas the LED range is 0 - 255. Hence, our normalization rate can be calculated as 2,000 / 255 = 7.84.