Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS - Final Year Projects (FYPs)
MCB 4022 Final Year Project I (Mechanical Engineering - Core), and;
MCB 4044 Final Year Project II (Mechanical Engineering - Core)
Titles below, most of which are upstream process/flow assurance, are opened to FYP students. I seek highly motivated individuals, with positive outlook and can-do attitude to take up the challenges. You will be trained on how to work in a forward looking and result oriented environment, allowing you to equip yourself with what the industries want. You will be trained for excellence in analytical and problem solving skills; in addition to proficiency in interpersonal communication and strong client based focus.
If you are interested in any of the projects here OR if you have your own industrial project and would like to work with me, please send an email to william.pao@utp.edu.my.
Requirement: Those with CGPA below 3.0 do not need to apply.
Numerical Simulation of SHELL Slug Catcher
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Your responsibilities in this project are (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on different slug catcher models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a few key parameters and variables in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the flow pattern and conditions; (3) to sieve through the literature and select a few comparative benchmarks where either experimental or simulation data is available for validation and term of reference; (4) to build 3D CFD model of slug catcher model; (5) to perform experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses.
In-depth CFD Investigation of Two-Phase Slug Flow in Expanding Pipe Section
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Your responsibilities in this project are (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on flow behavior in different contracting and expanding pipe models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a few key parameters and variables in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the flow pattern and conditions; (3) to sieve through the literature and select a few comparative benchmarks where either experimental or simulation data is available for validation and term of reference; (4) to build 3D CFD model of expanding pipe section; (5) to perform numerical simulation experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses.
Rigorous CFD Analyses of Two-Phase Slug Flow in Contracting Pipe Section
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis:Your responsibilities in this project are (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on flow behavior in different contracting and expanding pipe models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a few key parameters and variables in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the flow pattern and conditions; (3) to sieve through the literature and select a few comparative benchmarks where either experimental or simulation data is available for validation and term of reference; (4) to build 3D CFD model of contracting pipe section; (5) to perform numerical simulation experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses.
CFD Evaluation of Two-Phase Slug Flow in between Contracting and Expanding Pipe Section
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Your responsibilities in this project are (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on flow behavior in different contracting and expanding pipe models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a few key parameters and variables in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the flow pattern and conditions; (3) to sieve through the literature and select a few comparative benchmarks where either experimental or simulation data is available for validation and term of reference; (4) to build 3D CFD model of contracting and expanding pipe section; (5) to perform numerical simulation experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses.
Design and Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Slug Catcher
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Your responsibilities in this project are (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on different slug catcher models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a few key parameters and variables in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the flow pattern and conditions; (3) to sieve through the literature and select a few comparative benchmarks where either experimental or simulation data is available for validation and term of reference; (4) to design and fabricate a PVC/acrylic model of slug catcher model; (5) to perform experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses.
Experimental Investigation of Two Phase Superficial Velocities in h-junction and its Liquid Take-off
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: A newly design h-shaped junction is used to minimize the liquid carryover in main pipe for two-phase flow distribution. Your responsibilities in this project are (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on liquid carryover models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a range of water and air superficial velocities in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the liquid carryover and flow conditions; (3) to conduct the experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses; (4) to capture and record the experiments and liquid carryover fluid dynamic behavior on photo and video as research IP and album.
Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Slug Flow in h-junction and its Liquid Carryover
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: A newly design h-shaped junction is used to minimize the liquid carryover in main pipe for two-phase flow distribution. Your responsibilities in this project are (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on liquid carryover models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a few key parameters and variables in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the sand deposition and flow conditions; (3) to sieve through the literature and select a few comparative benchmarks where either experimental or simulation data is available for validation and term of reference; (4) to build a 2/3D CFD model of sand deposition in two-phase separator and to simulate the sand deposition phenomenon; (5) to perform numerical simulation experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses.
Prediction of Sand Deposition in Two-phase Separator
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Sand particles escaping the sand screen will be deposit inside the two-phase separator in the production facilities due to its own weight under the action of gravity. A major problem with sand deposition in separator is that it is influenced by so many intertwined parameters from the production of sand itself to the volumetric flow rate of the carrier fluid and finally the separator choice. Your responsibilities in this project are (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on sand deposition models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a few key parameters and variables in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the sand deposition and flow conditions; (3) to sieve through the literature and select a few comparative benchmarks where either experimental or simulation data is available for validation and term of reference; (4) to build a 2/3D CFD model of sand deposition in two-phase separator and to simulate the sand deposition phenomenon; (5) to perform numerical simulation experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses.
Numerical Simulation of Wax Deposition in Waxy Crude Oil
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Waxy crude oil is a major problematic issue in deep water Malaysia. Due to cold ambient temperature and the hot production hydrocarbon fluid, a temperature gradient is established in-between the core and the peripheral of the subsea pipeline. Consequently, first wax crystal appeared at favorable temperature and pressure condition. Once the wax crystal is formed, it will start to grow and deposit itself at the internal peripheral of wall surface where the thermal gradient is the highest. It will start to grow and thicken itself there until it completely clogs the pipeline. Your responsibility in this project are: (1) to perform in-depth review of past and contemporary literature on wax deposition models and identify the research gap; (2) to identify a few key parameters and variables in which their changes bring along substantial variation to the wax deposition and flow conditions; (3) to sieve through the literature and select a few comparative benchmarks where either experimental or simulation data is available for validation and term of reference; (4) to build a 3D CFD model of wax deposition in single phase pipeline and to simulate the wax deposition phenomenon; (5) to perform numerical simulation experiments by using the Design of Experiment tool and capture the data for response surface analyses.
CFD Simulation of MLNG Acid Gas Thermal Oxidizer to Avoid Hot Gas Entering into Ring Manifold
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Collaborator: HC Foo/GS Rao MLNG Bintulu
Terms: current
Synopsis: To dispose off acid gas from acid gas removal unit to the atmosphere within environmentally acceptable level, the acid gas is burned in a Acid Gas Thermal Oxidizer in mixture with fuel gas at 1000oC to decompose H2S and aromatics e.g. benzene, toluene and Xylene. Your responsibility in this project is to simulate the hot gas flow inside the combustion chamber for the improvements to avoid hot gases entering into ring manifold, which is not designed for high temperature.
CFD Evaluation of Thermal Mixing in between Impacting and Colliding T-junction in MLNG Tiga Regenerative Gas Heater
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Collaborator: HC Foo/GS Rao MLNG Bintulu
Terms: current
Synopsis: Cold gas around 21oC is circulated and mixed in stream of hot gas at 360oC in a mixing T-junction of diameter 12", to be used for generative gas heater. In the recent setting, there is a design change from using an intersecting mixing T-junction to impacting mixing T-junction. It is understood that the mixing of the hot and cold stream creates a fluctuating thermal flux but the way by which the thermal behavior of the flow before and after the change in design is not well understood. Your objective in this project is to quantify the thermal behavior of the Tee-joint in different mode of flow. In this project, you are required to (a) perform in-depth literature review of contemporary thermal mixing behavior in T-junction; (b) perform a 3D thermal analyses of temperature mixing in the T-junction by ways of impacting Tee and intersecting Tee, and validate your results; (c) quantify the thermal fluctuation behavior and the resulting mixed stream between these two mode of flow pattern.
Computational Analyses of Thermal Fatigue Stress of Impacting Mixing T-Junction in MLNG Tiga Regenerative Gas Heater
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Collaborator: HC Foo/GS Rao MLNG Bintulu
Terms: current
Synopsis: Cold gas around 21oC is circulated in stream of hot gas at 360oC in a mixing T-junction, with diameter of 12", to be used for generative gas heater. The mixing of the hot and cold stream creates a flactuating thermal flux, which, in turn, cause the expansion and contraction of the pipe leading to thermal fatigue of the Tee-joint. The magnitude of the thermal stress cycle may be small and unsubstantial, the long term thermal fatigue of the mixing T-junction is not very well understood by MLNG staff. Your objective in this project is to quantify the thermal fatigue behavior of the Tee-joint. In this project, you are required to (a) perform in-depth literature review of contemporary thermal fatigue behavior in T-junction; (b) perform a 3D thermal analyses of temperature mixing in the pipes and quantify the thermal load using rainfall method; (c) based on the rainfall method, produced a preliminary loading-unloading thermal cyclic stress/strain profile; (d) transfer the thermal variation into thermal stress and estimate the fatigue cycle of the design.
Computational Analyses of Thermal Fatigue Stress of Colliding Mixing T-Junction in MLNG Tiga Regenerative Gas Heater
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Collaborator: HC Foo/GS Rao MLNG Bintulu
Terms: current
Synopsis: Cold gas around 21oC is circulated in stream of hot gas at 360oC in a mixing T-junction, with diameter of 12", to be used for generative gas heater. The mixing of the hot and cold stream creates a flactuating thermal flux, which, in turn, cause the expansion and contraction of the pipe leading to thermal fatigue of the Tee-joint. The magnitude of the thermal stress cycle may be small and unsubstantial, the long term thermal fatigue of the mixing T-junction is not very well understood by MLNG staff. Your objective in this project is to quantify the thermal fatigue behavior of the Tee-joint. In this project, you are required to (a) perform in-depth literature review of contemporary thermal fatigue behavior in T-junction; (b) perform a 3D thermal analyses of temperature mixing in the pipes and quantify the thermal load using rainfall method; (c) based on the rainfall method, produced a preliminary loading-unloading thermal cyclic stress/strain profile; (d) transfer the thermal variation into thermal stress and estimate the fatigue cycle of the design.
CFD Simulation of Black Powder Removal in Natural Gas Pipeline
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Black powder is a common contamination problem, consists mainly of iron sulfide and iron oxide. The black powder needed to be cleaned regularly to avoid contamination with the natural gas. A bypass pig with jetting nozzles can be used to remove black powder in long gas pipeline. In this project, you are required to (a) perform in-depth literature review of black powder removal methodologies in O&G industries; (b) collection of field data and build a based case model; (c) Build a 3D CFD model of bypass pig with jetting nozzles in pipe and simulate the model with FLUENT multiphase model; (d) in-depth investigation of black powder migration under jetting gas flow for different parameters e.g. concentration, particles diameters, inlet pipe pressure, stacking height.
Ref: Zhang H et al. (2018) Jour Natural Gas Science & Engineering. Vol 58, Pp: 15-25
Finite Element Simulation of Differential Pressure Around Pig's Hyperelastic Sealing Cup Passing Through a Girth Weld
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Frictional behavior of sealing elements on pigs is one of the most important factor when it comes to designing the aerodynamics of pig. This outer sealing elements are usually made of hyperelastic polymers like cast polyurethane, neoprene or nitrile. In this project, you are required to investigate the effective stress changes around and inside the sealing cap when the pig pass through a girth weld. Sealing thickness, dimension, contact force and hardness will be studied. This project will focus only on spherical shaped pigs which are used for filling, dewatering and cleaning the pipes.
Numerical Simulation of XHPHT Subsea Safety Valve
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: As production of oil/gas moves into deeper water, the requirement of Subsea Safety Valve (SSSV) becomes increasingly higher to be used for eXtreme High Pressure High Temperature (XHPHT) environment. Your task in this project are as follows. (1) Perform a thorough literature review of contemporary SSSV specification, the state-of-the-art technologies and the associated codes and standards; (2) identify the technical gap between what is being used in the industries and difficulties/short fall of the current SSSV; (3) identify a base case SSSV design; (4) perform finite element solid mechanics analyses of the XHPHT SSSV and (5) deriving the correlation between temperature/pressure and the resulting failure stress.
CFD Simulation of Bypass Pig for Multiphase Flow
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Piping in multiphase flow pipe is always problematic due to the co-existence of two highly contrasting fluid constituents, e.g. gas and oil or water and oil. Inside a pipe, pig is moved due to the differential pressure head between the upstream and downstream of the pig. Your task in this project are as follows. (1) Perform a thorough literature review of contemporary pigging model, the state-of-the-art analytical technique and the associated codes and standards; (2) identify the technical gap between what is being used in the industries and difficulties/short fall of the current pigging model; (3) select a base case pigging model (4) perform simulation of your model and (5) conclude if your model is adequate to address the problem you wish to investigate.
Focus area: waxy cruel oil or variable differential pigging model in two-phase flow due to slugging.
Sand/Solid Transport in Two-Phase Flow
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Sand and solid are inevitable by-products due to oil and gas production. Most of the available soild/sand transport model used in the industry are based on single phase transport. Your task in this project are as follows. (1) Perform a thorough literature review of contemporary sand/solid transport model in fluid, identifying the differential merits of different models and limitation; (2) identify a base model from open literature; (3) perform CFD analyses of the soild/sand transport model for multiphase flow using Eulerian multiphase flow with discrete particles model and (5) derive the correlation between volume fractions, particle sizes, fluid velocities and settling velocities.
Fluid Solid Interaction due to Liquid Slugging in Oil/Gas Facilities
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Liquid slugging is the most frequently occur phenomenon in oil and gas production. It creates a liquid hammering effect that cause fatigue failure to the medium with which it contains. Your task in this project are as follows. (1) Perform a thorough literature review of contemporary research on stress/fatigue related liquid slugging; (2) identify the technical gap between what is being reported in the literature and difficulties/short fall of its implementation in industries; (3) identify a base case model; (4) perform CFD analyses of the liquid slugging phenomenon and capture the average pressure fluctuation in the cross-section; (5) using this as input for solid mechanics analyses.
Area of focus: Subsea manifold, structures, separator and heat exchanger.
Finite Element Analyses of Composite-Reinforced Steel Drilling Riser
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: As drilling moves into deeper water, supporting the weight of a steel riser becomes a major issue. One innovative solution to overcome this is steel pipe over-wrapped with carbon fiber epoxy, resulting in high pressure drilling riser. The objective of this project to develop a finite element 'know-how' methodology to model and simulate the composite drilling riser with a specific dimensions and fiber-reinforced configuration. Your tasks in this project are as follows (1) perform a thorough literature review of contemporary steel drilling riser specification, the state-of-the-art technologies and the associated codes and standards; (2) identify the technical gap between what is being used in the industries and difficulties short fall of the current steel drilling riser in ultra-deepwater environment (3) identify a base case composite-reinforced steel drilling riser; (4) perform finite element solid mechanics analyses of the composite-reinforced steel drilling riser and (5) establish the correlation between depth, composite configuration, steel properties and failure stresses.
Fine Sedimentation in Single Phase Gas and Liquid Pipeline at T-junction/Deadleg
Student: Vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Fine, is defined as particulate matters, equal or less than 10 micron in diameter. One of the major problem in the flow of multi-phase liquid in T-junction/deadleg is fine sedimentation at the vicinity of the junction. The accumulation of fine, if not treated, will lead to blockage and subsequently pressure buildup in the pipeline/piping system. This project aims to investigate the behavior of fine sedimentation in the multiphase flow current at juncture in pipeline/piping system.
Technical Gap Analysis of Subsea HVDC Connectors for Deep/Ultradeep water
Student: vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Direct current connectors are critical components in subsea application, responsible for electrical current transmission and distribution. The voltage passing through the connector is usually high power with long step-out distance and subject to harsh environment. This project requires you to perform a technical gap analyses of subsea HVDC connectors for deep and ultra-deep water. You are required to investigate the contemporary technical requirement and the state-of-the-art existing technologies. You will be required to perform some preliminary quantitative analyses and suggest gap-closing strategy.
Vibrational stress analyses in T-junction with stratified/wavy stratified flow
Student: Vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: At moderate velocity of gas, two-phase flow in pipeline appears in the form of stratified/wave stratified pattern. Typical analyses of fluid flow are performed without taking into consideration the effect of fluid-structure interaction. This objective of this project is to couple the two-phase stratified/wavy stratified flow with structural dynamic program SAP using pipe element.
Numerical Analyses of Marine Anchor Inflicted Deepwater Pipeline Failure
Student: Vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: One of the major failure in deepwater pipeline is damage by marine anchor. As the anchor is dragged on the seafloor, the collision between the anchor and submarine pipeline can pullout embedded structures, causing permanent damage to its integrity. The objective of this project is to investigate the collision and mechanism of damage that a marine anchor can inflicted onto the marine pipeline.
Effective medium model
Student: Vacancy
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Effective medium model (EMM) is an approximation of the observable macroscopic properties of the porous medium that consists of various inclusions. The application of EMM is widely used in geophysics, geomechanics and reservoir engineering and is used mainly to upscale refined geostatistical model to reservoir model. It has also been used successfully to characterize fractured reservoirs. Your tasks in this project are (1) perform a thorough literature review of EMM and its variant, focusing on the mechanistic properties description, e.g. bulk and shear modulus; (2) write a Matlab script that could convert the microscopic images of porous medium in a format that could be read by a proprietary code that computes the effective properties; (3) compare and contrast the merits of different EMM model.
Lateral Vibration Analyses in Deepwater Drilling
Student: (Undeclared)
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Lateral vibration is the main cause of borehole wall enlargement. The lateral vibrations are experienced at right angles to the drillstring and are commonly referenced as ‘Bit Whirl’ or ‘BHA Whirl’ where the lateral vibration causes a bending vibration in the BHA. Whirl can manifest itself in both forward bit whirl is described as an eccentric rotation of the bit about a point other than its geometric center and can be further categorized as forward whirl or backward whirl. The detection of lateral vibration at surface is limited to very shallow wells due to the strong damping at the fluid-drillstrings interaction and the short pipe leads to higher stiffness which increases the lateral vibration resistance with the reduction of drillstrings amplitude. Therefore, numerical approaches is the only sensible and available option to investigate lateral vibration in deeper well. Your tasks in this project are: (a) perform a thorough literature review of the lateral vibration, and familiarize yourself with the governing equations and formulation for lateral vibration; (b) build a base case model of either horizontal/deviated wells with profiles applicable to Malaysia's situation and finally, (c) using ANSYS to analyse the various condition, mass realignment, damping coefficients, coupling etc that causes lateral vibration and propose ways to minimize the effect.
Torsional Vibration Analyses in Deepwater Drilling
Student: (Undeclared)
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Torsional vibrations are caused by nonlinear rotational interaction between the bit and the rock formation. Downhole measurements show that applying a constant rotary speed at the surface does not necessarily translate into a steady rotational motion of the bit. In fact, the downhole torsional speed typically shows large-amplitudes fluctuation during a significant fraction of the drilling time. Many extensive research have studied the caused of torsional vibration, and concluded that friction between bit and rock formation are the major reason for torsional vibration problem. Your tasks in this are: (a) perform a thorough literature review of the torsional vibration, and familiarize yourself with the governing equations and formulation; (b) build a base case model of either horizontal/deviated wells with profiles applicable to Malaysia's situation and finally, (c) using ANSYS to analyse the various boundary conditions, mass realignment, damping coefficients, coupling etc that causes torsional vibration and propose ways to minimize the effect.
Gas-Liquid Separation in Multiple T-joints
Student: (Undeclared)
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: This project intends to look at two T-junctions placed consecutively one after another and study their difference and performance in comparison to single T-junction. As an alternative of prescribing the inlet and outlets boundary condition as velocity and mass split ratio respectively, studies can also be performed on how the phase separation will be affected by the applied system pressure on the inlet and outlets. Your FYP tasks are to (1) perform a thorough literature review of passive and partial separation in T-junction and identify key parameters of interest and their range for investigation; (2) build a three-dimensional 2 T-junctions model in ANSYS Fluent; (3) perform validations of your model, and (4) finally, parametric studies based on the parameters you identified and their effect on the separation efficiency.
Gas-Liquid Separation in T-joint with Features Inclusion
Student: (Undeclared)
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Due to the splitting nature of two phase flow in T-junction, it remains a great challenge in maintaining homogenous splitting of gas-liquid flow across the T-junction as there are numerous parameters that govern the phase separation in T-junction. Instead of having simple modification on the geometries of T-junction, it is also important to know the inclusion of baffles/inserts and U-bend downstream on the phase separation. As an alternative of prescribing the inlet and outlets boundary condition as velocity and mass split ratio respectively, studies can also be performed on how the phase separation will be affected by the applied system pressure on the inlet and outlets. Your FYP tasks are to to (1) perform a thorough literature review of passive and partial separation in T-junction with focus on special features and identify key parameters of interest and their range for investigation; (2) build a three-dimensional T-junction model in ANSYS Fluent; (3) perform validations of your model as far as you could with experimental or other numerical results, and (4) finally, parametric studies based on the factors you identified and their effect on the separation efficiency.
Risk Analysis of Stresses and Corrosion Associated Failures in Deep Water Pipeline
Student: (Undeclared)
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: Currernt
Synopsis: This project proposes to use probabilistic risk analysis for application to stresses and corrosion associated failures in deep water pipelines. External corrosion reduces the capacity of the pipeline to resist stresses. When external stresses exceed the residual ultimate strength, pipe breakage becomes imminent, and the overall reliability of liquid distribution network is reduced. Modelling stresses and external corrosion acting on a pipe involves uncertainties inherent in the mechanistic/statistical models and their input parameters. Your job in this project is perform a literature survey of the various stresses experienced in a deep water pipeline and the background variability in the associated parameters. You are required to put all these models together within a VBA environment and prototype a toolkit that could be deployed for application.
Aerodynamics Design of UAV with Extra Payload
Student: (Undeclared)
Supervisor: Dr. William Pao
Terms: current
Synopsis: Unmanned aerial vehicle or UAV is a small flying machine, either remotely pilot or autonomously controlled, typically used for remote sensing and surveillance. Because it was not design with the burden of physiological limitation of human pilot, they are designed to maximize the on-station times. One of the major concerns for UAV is the payload onboard and its modification to the aerodynamics as it is often that user overload the UAV with extra payload to maximize return. Your job is to perform a literature survey of the UAV types and utilization in Malaysia and how they are deployed for civilian use. Following this, you are to capture the features of the UAV and try to add payload of different geometries to the existing aerodynamics and see how it changed the drag around the airplane.