TURKOLOGY

A. AFLITUNOV, SH. TAKHAUTDINOV

SOUNDS BINDING AND ADHESION PHENOMENA IN SPEECH FLOW OF TURKIC LANGUAGES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SAMARKAND DIALECT OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

The phenomena of binding and adhesion of sounds in speech flow are researched and taught mainly on the example of the French language in which they are expressed quite clearly and reflect a certain stage in the evolution of the human species in the areas of auditory recognition and linguistic reproduction of sound cliché. The development of speech, wit, distribution, and extensive use of clichés always is associated with immigration and the concentration of the most active and sociable ethnic groups, with the demand for bright metaphors, proverbs, tongue twisters and other forms of intellectual superiority and refinement.

It is no secret that the appeal of China, India, Athens, ancient Rome, and then Istanbul, Samarkand and Paris as global intellectual centers in their times was dictated by historical conditions of formation of the world's great powers and their capitals. Of course, specific features of the Roman and Turkic languages also had their contribution to the development of speech. Comparative linguistics could identify the set of the specific features and the general laws in the development of these languages.

1. The phenomena of binding and adhesion of sounds in speech flow

Binding (la liaison) is a phenomenon in language, when a final consonant of the first word (unpronounceable in isolation) in the rhythmic group starts to bind with the initial vowel or vowel followed after an unpronounceable initial consonant of the second word. For example, consonants s, x, z are pronounced as "z"; d consonant is pronounced as "t", etc. Binding can be mandatory and optional.

Adhesion (l'enchainement) occurs in the flow of speech when pronounced consonant blends a word with the vowel of the next word and forms part of a single syllable of the rhythmic group.

Starters learning French often have problems with reading and pronunciation of the text. In order of learning to read without any errors you need to constantly train, say aloud words, learn the rules. The difficulty of catching the boundaries between words is one of the most common problems in the study of linguistic clichés. The problem arises because of such characteristic phenomena in language, as "adhesion" and "binding".

1.1. Adhesion

If a word ends in a consonant is pronounced, and the word that comes after him begins with a vowel these letters form a syllable as if the "interlock" together. Here you need to be especially careful: if the word ends in a vowel but this vowel is not pronounced then again there is the adhesion. The same is true if the word begins with a consonant and consonant that is not pronounced.

Examples :

Il_est.

Elle_arrive.

Il_écrit.

Elle_indique.

Une_heure.

Cet_été.

Cette_Américaine.[1]

1.2. Binding

One word in the rhythmic group can be ended with an unpronounceable consonant and the next word can begin with a vowel or a consonant which we do not pronounce (for example, "h"). In this case a consonant which ends with the first word is spoken, "binds" with the initial vowel or vowel followed after an unpronounceable initial consonant of the second word.

Examples:

C'est_un camarade.

Anna est très_heureux;

Il est deux_heures.

Je voir un grande_ arbre.

Il est neuf_heure.

C’est un long_article.

Charle est mon_ami.[2]

2. Factors of influence on pronunciation in the speech flow of Turkic languages

Samarkand has been the world capital to the beginning of the fifteenth century as a result of the conquest of Tamerlane turned vast areas concentrating outstanding achievements of world civilization. Naturally, this has given incentives to the development of language and literature. The use of the Arabic alphabet left an imprint on dialect generation and articulatory differentiation of Turkic languages. With the exception of the Quranic texts unstressed vowels do not be written by the letters. Therefore, some languages ​​have become "a" penitent (eg Tatar), the other "o" penitent (eg, Uzbek), the third "e" penitent (eg, Crimean Tatar, Kazakh). It is interesting to note that as in the differentiation of the European languages there was a differentiation of "g-j-th" (eg, rain: dzhangyr, yangyr in Tatar dialects zhangyr in the Kazakh language, yomgir in Uzbek).

Language is proved to be sensitive in relation to the socio-political processes. So, self-name of Kazakhs always been "Kazack", apparently, has a common root with the word "Kazyk" (number, pit, identifying the process of establishing a yurt among the nomadic Turkic tribes). Hence, in the time of Catherine II it was spread in the Russian language the word "Cazack" for the identification of free workers. In Soviet times, to distinguish from the Kazacks the Cazacks of Russian origin first came to be called "Kyrgyz" on a neighbor's analogy, then it is changed the spelling of "Cazack" to the "Kazakh". With this political manipulation and Kazacks began to call themselves the Kazakhs. And even after the acquisition of independence of the official name of the state sounds like «Kazakhstan» . Of course, this is "a birthmark" of imperial colonial policy. Until now the Russian geography textbooks can be found surprisingly illiterate in respect ethnographic statements about the ethnic composition of the population of the European part: it turns out as parts of the population only Finno-Ugric and Slavic ethnic groups, and there are not ethnic groups of the Turkic! (After criticizing the situation has changed somewhat: see Dronov’s geography textbook for the 9th class, but all the same, both in the history books, and geography books the process of turning the Great Tartary into the Russian Empire is excluded) ...

The transition from the Arabic alphabet into Latin one (especially brightly it has affected in the Turkish language as a result of reforms of Ataturk in Turkey) influenced on the process of fixing the pronunciation of vowels, and therefore, the differentiation of the Turkic languages ​​in general.

Now the most influential factor in the changes in spelling and pronunciation of sounds has become the Internet. The nationalist and patriotic powers want it or do not want to apart but for all languages ​​involuntarily and spontaneously Internet alphabet arose in Latin without the subscript and superscript characters, also there is a process of convergence of written and phonetic manifestations. There are new visual and pronunciation clichés…

3. The phenomena of adhesion and binding of sounds in speech flow of the Samarkand dialect of the Uzbek language

Till these days the Samarkand remains densely populated and multiethnic.

There are strong influences on Samarkand dialect of the Uzbek language: traditional Tajik language presented by Tajik ethnic group as the urban population in the last century; Russian language from the Soviet era; English language in terms of modern trends of world culture, science, technology, information.

There is an amazing similarity in the effect of a child's room, gaming, abbreviated, simplified reproduction of speech cliché in the dialects of Chinese and Uzbek languages ​​spoken elimination of difficult "r", intonation binding semantic transfer, etc.

To illustrate we consider the phenomena described by the judgment uttered by Uzbek girl in communicating with peers: "My father will come and eat." The written version of this phrase can be written as "Dadamlar keladilar va eydilar". The girl says: "Dadamla kilalla-yu-eydla". Compare: KELADILAR - KILALLA. There are some processes: a reduction process, a substitution of sounds, a disappearance not only of individual sounds but also of entire syllable (DI) at the same time even in a single word! In other languages such phenomena are observed only as deviant exceptions or special professional abbreviations, jargon (for example, in the Russian language "pol?" instead of "ponyal ? (did you understand?)", "boom" instead of "boodem (will we?)", "disser" instead of "dissertation").

Another example. Boys are playing in the "walnuts". Who will beat his opponent's nut he takes possession of the latter, in the case of a nut in another misses a chance to enemy surrenders. There may be artificial barriers to rolling nut. To anticipate controversial situation it is allowed to declare: "let it stay (KOLSEN)» or «let it go (KETSEN)». Boys are telling only «KOSN» or «KESN». Often at the table someone offers to take something which corresponds to "take (OL)”, it is pronounced as simply "O" with a falling tone. "Yes, there is (BOR)» is pronounced «BO». Affirmative, positive response is often given in a form appropriate to the meaning of 'it is to happen, it will happen - BULEPTI » ispronounced:« BUPTI ». As a rule the pronunciation in the Samarkand dialect reduced "r" at the end and the middle of the word, "superfluous" "l" and unstressed vowels, endings, borrowed from the Arabic guttural sound, descend "unimportant" whole syllables.

Instead of a conclusion

Authors of this article are not going to study completely the indicated process but only to declare the problem and the delineation of the theme. It is commonly used to reduce the Turkish language. For example, the Arabic name "Muhammad" with the accent on the second syllable turned into "Mehmet" with the accent on the last syllable (the emphasis shifted to the last syllable as in all Turkic languages, as well as replace the vowels and consonants in Tatar language "M-hammat", in Uzbek language "Muhammad", in Azerbaijan and some Caucasus languages “Magomed”, "Mam'at" in Samarkand dialect). Arabic "Allah Akbar" in Turkish and Crimean Tatar language sounds like "Alehekper" (remember the origin of the "Alekperov" family name).

References

1. Map from Mahmud al-Kashgari's ''Diwan'' (11th century): http://www.lindenmuseum.de/inhalt/tuerkei/diwan.html

2 .Brown G. Listening to Spoken English. Moscow : 1984.

3. Walter H. La phonologie …Paris: 1977.

[1] http://www.studyfrench.ru/support/lib/article15.html

[2] http://www.studyfrench.ru/support/lib/article15.html

A. Aflitunov, Sh. Takhautdinov

INTERNET LATIN ALPHABET

(Project for Turkic languages)

The variant constructed by analogy with the English alphabet for the Turkic languages. It is very convenient to communicate on the Internet, for the use of computers, mobile devices, and various types of smartphones.

Note: the use of diacritical marks requires a transition to a special keyboard layout, it does not eliminate the diphthongs and often lead to a complicating and retarding torque in the use and development of language on the Internet (compare, for example, the convenience and the use of English, French, German and other languages, often for German umlaut vowels on the Internet one uses the new diphthongs).

The linear Latin Internet alphabet using can expand and simplify the development opportunities of Turkic languages.