A-05.2-EDWARD-I

( REMAINS TO BE EDITED)

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Edward-I signed a peace treaty, under which he took Philip's sister, Margaret, as his wife and agreed that Prince Edward -II would in due course marry Philip's daughter, Isabella, who was then only two years old.In theory, this marriage would mean that the disputed Duchy of Gascony would be inherited by a descendant of both Edward and Philip, providing a possible end to the long-running tensions The young Edward seems to have got on well with his new stepmother, who gave birth to Edward's two half-brothers, Thomas of Brotherton and Edmund of Woodstock, in 1300 and 1301 As king, Edward later provided his brothers with financial support and title

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REMEMBER THE RECENT SCOTLAND REFERENDUM

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https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/w/williamwallace.html

( This page is also about Scotland-England relations, and about its National Heros

William Wallace and

Robert Bruce. of Scotland

Robert Burns was Scotland's National Poet.

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A film with a lot of petty distortions but a box-office hit, ( BRAVE HEART) (1995) also is acclaimed for its war scenes of those years.

This page will show how, the Americans do not spare even their allies like England ,France, Spain and even Canada, by fomenting and aiding the separatists by propaganda , funds and fraud.

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Scotland and England were united under King James , who was successor to Queen Elizabeth. ( only in 1650) but Scotland had problems with English Kings, on and off. from William the Conqueror to even Henry-VIII.

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England since the days of Henry-III had created its own Church partly protestant and partly catholic but entirely National. But Scotland ,Ireland and even Wales, were Catholic. France, Spain, Portugal and Italy are all Catholic to this day, Even Austria,

But Germany, Holland , Denmark remained

Protestant and still are.

The entire Latin America ( the continent of South America( Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru ,Paraguay, Nicaruga, Uruguay, and a few more small nations were all colonies of mostly Spain. ( Brazil alone was Portuguese Colony)

and additionally, Mexico and Cuba are Catholic.

Thus, we find that Roman Catholic faith has very vast spread, much more than the Protestant churches of Germany, Holland, Canada, USA. and ex-dominions Australia and Newzeland.

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We will deal with all those details later after King Henry-VIII,

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I have based myself as usual on wiki page entries and additionally on David Hume's classic ' History of England'.

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Henry-III, father of Edward-I was a very pious man and a great admirer of the Saxon king Edward( the Confessor of 1066).

Edward is not normally a name in Norman families. However, as Henry-iii was an admirer of Edward( the confessor) for his saintliness, he opted for that name. And then it stuck and we had Edward-I, Edward-II, Edward-III and even another Edward known as the Black prince. and Edward-IV

Edward -I was a great warrior and we have already seen how he saved his father Henry-III, from a prison in Western France during a war there.

Edward -I was born in the year 1239. He was the eldest son of Henry-III.

In 1254, Edward's father arranged marriage between his fifteen-year-old son and thirteen-year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile. ( Elinor is a name used much in royal families and so likely to create a lot of confusion in the minds of students of British History.

Eleanor and Edward were married IN 1254 in in Castile. ( Castille is the major province of Spain , the other part being known as Aregon).

So, whenever we come across Castille in old history, we can read it as Spain in our minds.

Gascony was a province in the western shore of today's France. It was nearest to Spain. Gascony, Brittany, Normandy, Maine, Anjou, AQUITAINE were all under the English kings and they nominally were considered to be vassals of the French overlord .

Thus, the English lands in those times, were partly French too and the French and Norman-English families were related by marriage alliances and sometimes, personal friendship.

Edward-I was a very tall and strong figure.

He fought many wars against Wales, Scotland and against the French. ( I am not using 'France' here, because almost 50% of what we know as France today, was under England's rule. Normandy was the birth-place of William the Conqueror. Wife of Henry-II ( father of Richard-I ( Lion-heart), King John, ) Queen Mother Elinor of Equitaine, was a duchess of French land.

Shall I use, Western Anglo-France to denote these areas? Why not?

Queen Elinor (of Equitane) was wife of French King! before she got separated from him and then became the wife of Henry-II!

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So, let us use the terms Anglo-French and French kings to understand the wars. mostly family feud!.

As the lands and provinces in Western French territories were nominally French, the English kings were 'vassals' to the King of France! They did not seem to mind it!

Richard -I ( Lion-heart ) was actually, a very good friend of the French king in his youth. and Arthur' father Geoffrey also was very close to the French King.

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Similarly, the Royal houses of England and Scotland were also blood-relations!

Daughter of King Henry-II and Elianor ( of Equitaiune) was married to the King of Scotland. Alexander-II. And the two kings were very close to each other.

Similarly, Edward-i 's sister Margaret was married to the son of Alexander-III.

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A quotation."

Margaret Plantagenet was born in 1240 at Windsor Castle to King Henry III of England and his wife, Eleanore of Provence.

The second of five children, the first few years of Margaret’s life were spent quietly in the care of her affectionate and close family. Her first appearance in historical record came when she was three years old and she took part in a royal event in London with her brother, the future Edward I.

Margaret’s paternal aunt, Joan, had been married to King Alexander II of Scotland before she died in 1238 and so, as former brothers-in-law, Henry III and Alexander II had a good relationship and were quite fond of one another.

Alexander-iii became King of Scotland at the age of seven when his father died in 1249 and Margaret became Queen of Scots at the age of eleven in 1251 when she was officially married Alexander II at York Minster. The marriage was the third youngest of monarchs in British history.They went on to have three children: Margaret (b. 28 February 1261, d. 9 April 1283), Alexander (b. 21 January 1264, d. 28 January 1284) and David (b. 20 March 1272, d. June 1281).

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Now, let us see what the famous Historian DAVID HUME has to say.

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"This prince Alexander-III , died in 1286, by a fall from his horse at Kinghorn,[*] without leaving any male issue, and without any descendant, except Margaret, born of Eric, king of Norway, and of Margaret, daughter of the Scottish monarch.

This princess, commonly called the Maid of Norway, though a female, and an infant, and a foreigner, yet being the lawful heir of the kingdom, had, through her grandfather’s care, been recognized successor by the states of Scotland;[and on Alexander’s death, the dispositions which had been previously made against that event, appeared so just and prudent, that no disorders, as might naturally be apprehended, ensued in the kingdom.

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Margaret was acknowledged queen of Scotland;

The English monarch EDWARD-I was naturally led to build mighty projects on this incident; and having lately, by force of arms, brought Wales under subjection, he attempted, by the marriage of Margaret with his eldest son, Edward,-II to unite the whole island into one monarchy, and thereby to give it security both against domestic convulsions and foreign invasions.

The amity which had of late prevailed between the two nations, and which, even in former times, had never been interrupted by any violent wars or injuries, facilitated extremely the execution of this project, so favorable to the happiness and grandeur of both kingdoms; and the states of Scotland readily gave their assent to the English proposals, and even agreed that their young sovereign should be educated in the court of Edward.

Each century has its peculiar mode in conducting business; and men, guided more by custom than by reason, follow, without inquiry, the manners which are prevalent in their own time. ----------------------------------------------------------------

https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/williami.html

Now, Alexander-I 's father was William-I. When the three sons of Henry-II, revolted against their father ( John did not. but Richard-I and Geoffrey ,assisted by the French King ) attacked their father demanding real power and wealth. William-I then sided with the sons of Henry-II . Henry-II won the war and William -I was captured. He was then released after he agreed to be vassal of England.

King Henry-I then arranged for the marriage of ta daughter of his sister and William.

Later, when Richard -I became the king, he gave back the independence of Scotland to Willam-I, ( getting a huge sum for his Crusade war- 8th crusade)

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It seems that it is always permissible for a man of higher status to take a bride of lower status than for a girl taking a bridegroom from a lower status. A prince can opt to marry a common girl but a princess should not marry a commoner man. This custom is followed even within a family of same caste. The former is known as 'anulomam' and the latter is known as 'prathi-lomam'.

All the above quoted alliances were instances of giving English royal brides to Scot kings.

Such alliances might have ensured security of England from any un-friendly northern territory but it never gave royal claims. However, it is good to remember that Henry-I took a bride from Scotland.

Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080 – 1 May 1118), originally christened Edith, was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry I. She acted as regent of England in the absence of her spouse on several occasions. Matilda was the daughter of the English princess Saint Margaret and the Scottish king Malcolm III.

Edward-I did not breach any such custom. He was just just trying to cement English-Scot unity by trying to wed the daughter of Scotland King to his son, Edward-ii. He was thus hoping that in case, the Scottish king died without a heir, Edward -II CAN claim the throne of Scotland also .

But , as the bride died while travelling from Norway to Scotland, the plan did not work out.

As there was no clear claim to the throne of Scotland, there were so many claimants and chaos. It was then that the claimants decided to accept the arbitration by Edward-i.

Robert Bruce was the first that acknowledged Edward’s right of superiority over Scotland;

Baliol was a contender.

Edward-I referred the matter to a number of legal luminaries in Europe and they all unanimously, gave their opinion in favour of Baliol.

Edward-i , therefore pronounced sentence in favor of Balioi; and when Bruce, upon this disappointment, joined afterwards Lord Hastings, and claimed a third of the kingdom, which he now pretended to be divisible, Edward, though his interests seemed more to require the partition of Scotland, again pronounced sentence in favor of Baliol.

That competitor, upon renewing his oath of fealty to England, was put in possession of the kingdom; all his fortresses were restored to him; and the conduct of Edward, both in the deliberate solemnity of the proceedings, and in the justice of the award, was so far unexceptionable.

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But after Baliol became king due to his arbitration, Edward-I asserted that Scotland now was a fief of England and in all legal disputes of Scotland, the final judgement will be that of the English Court.

Edward-I planned thus to humiliate and provoke John Baliol . Naturally, all the nobles of Scotland including John Baliol rejected the demand and this was used by Edward-I to declare war against Scotland.

( There was another reason...Scotland by a treaty was an ally of French govt and in all the disputes between the Anglo-French and real-French, Scotland took the side of France. Thus,England faced twin threat in its North from Scotland and in East from the French.

So, it was essential for England to subdue Scotland. In the ensuing war, Scotland was defeated. Baliol surrendered and was banished to live in France. He passed way in obscurity.

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Eleanor of Castile had died in 1290. Uncommon for such marriages of the period, the couple loved each other. Moreover, like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their married lives — a rarity among monarchs of the time. He was deeply affected by her death.

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Philip was likewise willing to restore Guienne to the English, which he had indeed no good pretence to detain; but he insisted that the Scots, and their king, John Baliol, should, as his allies, be comprehended in the treaty, and should be restored to their liberty.

HUME

on

WILLIAM WALLACE

There was one William Wallace, of a small fortune, but descended of an ancient family in the west of Scotland, whose courage prompted him to undertake, and enabled him finally to accomplish, the desperate attempt of delivering his native country from the dominion of foreigners.

This man, whose valorous exploits are the object of just admiration, he fled into the woods, and offered himself as a leader to all those whom their crimes, or bad fortune, or avowed hatred of the English, had reduced to a like necessity.

He was endowed with gigantic force of body, with heroic courage of mind, with disinterested magnanimity, with incredible patience, and ability to bear hunger, fatigue, and all the severities of the seasons; and he soon acquired, among those desperate fugitives, that authority to which his virtues so justly entitled him.

Beginning with small attempts, in which he was always successful, he gradually proceeded to more momentous enterprises; and he discovered equal caution in securing his followers, and valor in annoying the enemy.

By his knowledge of the country he was enabled, when pursued, to insure a retreat among the morasses, or forests, or mountains; and again collecting his dispersed associates, he unexpectedly appeared in another quarter, and surprised, and routed, and put to the sword the unwary English.

Every day brought accounts of his great actions, which were received with no less favor by his countrymen than terror by the enemy: all those who thirsted after military fame were desirous to partake of his renown: his successful valor seemed to vindicate the nation from the ignominy into which it had fallen, by its tame submission to the English; and though no nobleman of note ventured as yet to join his party, he had gained a general confidence and attachment, which birth and fortune are not alone able to confer. -

Wallace, having, by many fortunate enterprises, brought the valor of his followers to correspond to his own, resolved to strike a decisive blow against the English government; All the officials of England fled to safety in England. Now, the Scots took to arms. Many of the principal barons, and among the rest Sir William Douglas, openly SUPPORTED Wallace’s party:

Robert Bruce secretly favored and promoted the same cause: and the Scots, shaking off their fetters, prepared themselves to defend, by a united effort, that liberty which they had so unexpectedly recovered from the hands of their oppressors.

However, the English officers came back with a very big army and defeated the uprising.

But Wallace, whose authority over his retainers was more fully confirmed by the absence of the great nobles, persevered obstinately in his purpose; and finding himself unable to give battle to the enemy, he marched northwards, with an intention of prolonging the war, and of turning to his advantage the situation of that mountainous and barren country.

Wallace and his fighters gained a great victory in the mountainous and riverine areas and gained a complete victory over them. Among the slain was Cressingham himself, whose memory was so extremely odious to the Scots, that they flayed his dead body, and made saddles and girths of his skin. .

Wallace, universally revered as the deliverer of his country, now received, from the hands of his followers, the dignity of regent or guardian under the captive Baliol;

and finding that the disorders of war, as well as the unfavorable seasons, had produced a famine in Scotland, he urged his army to march into England, to subsist at the expense of the enemy, and to revenge all past injuries, by retaliating on that hostile nation.

The Scots, who deemed everything possible under such a leader, joyfully attended his call. Wallace, breaking into the northern counties during the winter season, laid every place waste with fire and sword; and after extending on all sides, without opposition, the fury of his ravages as far as the bishopric of Durham, he returned, loaded with spoils and crowned with glory, into his own country

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But Edward, who received in Flanders intelligence of these events, and had already concluded a truce with France, now hastened over to England, in certain hopes, by his activity and valor, not only of wiping off this disgrace, but of recovering the important conquest of Scotland, which he always regarded as the chief glory and advantage of his reign.

Nothing could have enabled the Scots to resist, but for one season, so mighty a power, except an entire union among themselves; but as they were deprived of their king, whose personal qualities, even when he was present, appeared so contemptible, and had left among his subjects no principle of attachment to him or his family, factions, jealousies, and animosities unavoidably arose among the great, and distracted all their councils. The elevation of Wallace, though purchased by so great merit, and such eminent services, was the object of envy to the nobility, who repined to see a private gentleman raised above them by his rank, and still more by his glory and reputation.

Wallace himself, sensible of their jealousy and dreading the ruin of his country from those intestine discords, voluntarily resigned his authority, and retained only the command over that body of his followers who, being accustomed to victory under his standard, refused to follow into the field any other leader.

The chief power devolved on the steward of Scotland, and Cummin of Badenoch; men of eminent birth, under whom the great chieftains were more willing to serve in defence of their country. The two Scottish commanders, collecting their several forces from every quarter, fixed their station at Falkirk, and purposed there to abide the assault of the English.

Wallace was at the head of a third body, which acted under his command. The Scottish army placed their pikemen along their front; lined the intervals between the three bodies with archers; and dreading the great superiority of the English in cavalry, endeavored to secure their front by palisadoes, tied together by ropes.[**] In this disposition they expected the approach of the enemy.

The king, when he arrived in sight of the Scots, was pleased with the prospect of being able, by one decisive stroke, to determine the fortune of the war; and dividing his army also into three bodies, he led them to the attack.

The English archers, who began about this time to surpass those of other nations, first chased the Scottish bowmen off the field; then pouring in their arrows among the pikemen, who were cooped up within their intrenchments, threw them into disorder, and rendered the assault of the English pikemen and cavalry more easy and successful. The whole Scottish army was broken, and chased off the field with great slaughter; which the historians, attending more to the exaggerated relations of the populace than to the probability of things, make amount to fifty or sixty thousand men.[*] It is only certain, that the Scots never suffered a greater loss in any action, nor one which seemed to threaten more inevitable ruin to their country.

In this general rout of the army, Wallace’s military skill and presence of mind enabled him to keep his troops entire and retiring behind the Carron, he marched leisurely along the banks of that small river, which protected him from the enemy.

Young Bruce, who had already given many proofs of his aspiring genius, but who served hitherto in the English army, appeared on the opposite banks, and distinguishing the Scottish chief, as well by his majestic port as by the intrepid activity of his behavior, called out to him, and desired a short conference.

He here represented to Wallace the fruitless and ruinous enterprise in which he was engaged; and endeavored to bend his inflexible spirit to submission under superior power and superior fortune: he insisted on the unequal contest between a weak state, deprived of its head and agitated by intestine discord, and a mighty nation, conducted by the ablest and most martial monarch of the age, and possessed of every resource either for protracting the war, or for pushing it with vigor and activity; if the love of his country were his motive for perseverence, his obstinacy tended only to prolong her misery; if he carried his views to private grandeur and ambition, he might reflect that, even if Edward should withdraw his armies, it appeared from past experience, that so many haughty nobles, proud of the preeminence of their families, would never submit to personal merit, whose superiority they were less inclined to regard as an object of admiration than as a reproach and injury to themselves.

To these exhortations Wallace replied that, if he had hitherto acted alone, as the champion of his country, it was solely because no second or competitor, or what he rather wished, no leader, had yet appeared to place himself in that honorable station: that the blame lay entirely on the nobility,

and chiefly on Bruce himself, who, uniting personal merit to dignity of family, had deserted the post which both nature and fortune, by such powerful calls, invited him to assume: that the Scots, possessed of such a head, would, by their unanimity and concord, have surmounted the chief difficulty under which they now labored, and might hope, notwithstanding their present losses, to oppose successfully all the power and abilities of Edward:

that heaven itself could not set a more glorious prize before the eyes either of virtue or ambition, than to join in one object, the acquisition of royalty with the defence of national independence: and that as the interests of his country, no more than those of a brave man, could never be sincerely cultivated by a sacrifice of liberty, he himself was determined, as far as possible, to prolong, not her misery, but her freedom, and was desirous that his own life, as well as the existence of the nation, might terminate when they could no otherwise be preserved than by receiving the chains of a haughty victor. The gallantry of these sentiments, though delivered by an armed enemy, struck the generous mind of Bruce:

the flame was conveyed from the breast of one hero to that of another: he repented of his engagements with Edward; and opening his eyes to the honorable path pointed out to him by Wallace, secretly determined to seize the first opportunity of embracing the cause, however desperate, of his oppressed country

1299.

The subjection of Scotland, notwithstanding this great victory of Edward, was not yet entirely completed. The English army, after reducing the southern provinces, was obliged to retire for want of provisions; and left the northern counties in the hands of the natives.

The Scots, no less enraged at their present defeat than elated by their past victories, still maintained the contest for liberty; but being fully sensible of the great inferiority of their force, they endeavored, by applications to foreign courts, to procure to themselves some assistance. The supplications of the Scottish ministers were rejected by Philip; but were more successful with the court of Rome.

1300.

Boniface, pleased with an occasion of exerting his authority, wrote a letter to Edward, exhorting him to put a stop to his oppressions in Scotland, and displaying all the proofs, such as they had probably been furnished him by the Scots themselves, for the ancient independence of that kingdom. Among other arguments hinted at above, he mentioned the treaty conducted and finished by Edward himself, for the marriage of his son with the heiress of Scotland;

a treaty which would have been absurd, had he been superior lord of the kingdom, and had possessed by the feudal law the right of disposing of his ward in marriage. He mentioned several other striking facts, which fell within the compass of Edward’s own knowledge particularly that Alexander, when he did homage to the king, openly and expressly declared in his presence, that he swore fealty not for his crown, but for the lands which he held in England:

and the pope’s letter might have passed for a reasonable one, had he not subjoined his own claim to be liege lord of Scotland; a claim which had not once been heard of, but which, with a singular confidence, he asserted to be full, entire, and derived from the most remote antiquity. The affirmative style, which had been so successful with him and his predecessors in spiritual contests, was never before abused after a more egregious manner in any civil controversy.

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Edward, however, still deemed his favorite conquest exposed to some danger so long as Wallace was alive; and being prompted both by revenge and policy, he employed every art to discover his retreat, and become master of his person.

At last that hardy warrior, who was determined, amidst the universal slavery of his countrymen, still to maintain his independency, was betrayed into Edward’s hands by Sir John Monteith, his friend, whom he had made acquainted with the place of his concealment. The king, whose natural bravery and magnanimity should have induced him to respect like qualities in an enemy, enraged at some acts of violence committed by Wallace during the fury of war, resolved to overawe the Scots by an example of severity:

he ordered Wallace to be carried in chains to London; to be tried as a rebel and traitor, though he had never made submissions or sworn fealty to England; and to be executed on Tower Hill. This was the unworthy fate of a hero, who, through a course of many years, had, with signal conduct, intrepidity, and perseverance, defended, against a public and oppressive enemy, the liberties of his native country.

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But the barbarous policy of Edward failed of the purpose to which it was directed. The Scots, already disgusted at the great innovations introduced by the sword of a conqueror into their laws and government, were further enraged at the injustice and cruelty exercised upon Wallace; and all the envy which, during his lifetime, had attended that gallant chief, being now buried in his grave, he was universally regarded as the champion of Scotland and the patron of her expiring independency. The people, inflamed with resentment, were every where disposed to rise against the English government; and it was not long ere a new and more fortunate leader presented himself, who conducted them to liberty, to victory, and to vengeance.

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wiki

His 1152 marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine allowed the future Henry II to gain control of his new wife's possessions of Aquitaine and Gascony. This addition to his already plentiful holdings made Henry the most powerful vassal in France.^[3]

In 1248, Simon de Montfort was appointed Governor in the unsettled Duchy of Gascony. Bitter complaints were excited by de Montfort's rigour in suppressing the excesses of both the seigneurs of the nobility and the contending factions in the great communes. Henry III yielded to the outcry and instituted a formal inquiry into Simon's administration. Simon was formally acquitted of the charges, but in August 1252 he was nevertheless dismissed. Henry then himself went to Gascony, pursuing a policy of conciliation; he arranged the marriage between Edward, his 14-year-old son, and Eleanor of Castile, daughter of Alfonso X. Alfonso renounced all claims to Gascony and assisted the Plantagenets against rebels such as Gaston de Bearn, who had taken control of the Pyrenees.^[4]

In December 1259, Louis IX of France ceded to Henry land north and east of Gascony.^[5] In return, Henry renounced his claim to many of the territories that had been lost by King John.

In May 1286, King Edward I paid homage before the new king, Philip IV of France, for the lands in Gascony. However, in May 1295, Philip "confiscated" the lands. Between 1295 and 1298, Edward sent three expeditionary forces to recover Gascony, but Philip was able to retain most of the territory until the Treaty of Paris in 1303.^[6]

In 1324 when Edward II of England, in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine, failed to pay homage to the French king after a dispute, Charles IV declared the duchy forfeit at the end of June 1324, and military action by the French followed. Edward-II sent his wife Isabella, who was sister to the French king, to negotiate a settlement. The Queen departed for France In 1325, and in September was joined by her son, the heir to the throne,

Prince Edward (later Edward III of England). Isabella's negotiations were successful, and it was agreed that the young Prince Edward would perform homage in the king's place, which he did in and so the duchy was returned to the English crown

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When France's Charles IV died in 1328 leaving only daughters, his nearest male relative was Edward III of England, the son of Isabella, the sister of the dead king; but the question arose whether she could legally transmit the inheritance of the throne of France to her son even though she herself, as a woman, could not inherit the throne.

The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded.

Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and it was decided that he should be crowned Philip VI of France.

Philip believed that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal, so in May 1337 he met with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that Gascony should be taken back into Philip's hands, thus precipitating the Hundred Years War between England and France.^[8]] At the end of the Hundred Years' War, after Gascony had changed hands several times, the English were finally defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453; Gascony remained French from then on.

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Edward had by his first wife, Eleanor of Castile, four sons; but Edward, his heir and successor, was the only one that survived him. She also bore him eleven daughters, most of whom died in their infancy: of the surviving, Joan was married first to the earl of Glocester, and after his death to Ralph de Monthermer: Margaret espoused John, duke of Brabant: Elizabeth espoused first John, earl of Holland, and afterwards the earl of Hereford: Mary was a nun at Ambresbury.

He had by his second wife, Margaret of France, two sons and a daughter; Thomas, created earl of Norfolk and mareschal of England; and Edmund, who was created earl of Kent by his brother when king. The princess died in her infancy.