Chapter 032: "The “Marikina Way”, the Case of Marikina under the Fernando Administrations (1992 -2010)" by Prof. Toti Dulay

The “Marikina Way”, the Case of Marikina under the Fernando Administrations (1992 -2010)

Toti Dulay, Past Grand Knight, Concepcion Council 7631

               Bayani Fernando and Maria Lourdes C. Fernando were mayors of Marikina City, Metro Manila, Philippines, for the last 18 years, from 1992 to 2001 for Bayani and from 2001 to 2010 for Maria Lourdes. To put this paper into the proper context, Marikina started as a town of the Province of Rizal and a series of Mayor, including the father of Bayani Fernando, with little progress. With the advent of the Local Government Code and with population growth, it qualified into a city and thereby increasing its IRA, and therefore, more funds for basic services. Bayani Fernando has been a successful business man in the field of construction before joining the public service. He lost once as a municipal councilor and lost again as a mayor. These personal circumstances armed him lessons and gave him drive that forms part of his leadership style.

              Public administration, the way it is being done in “Marikina City” since the time of then City Mayor Bayani F. Fernando, who was also the MMDA Chairman, and up to the present city mayor, Marides C. Fernando, has caught a lot of attention from public administration practitioners. The city has been reaping several local and international awards. The cleanliness and orderliness of the surroundings around the city is phenomenal. The squatters, the flooding, the anarchy in the sidewalks were all acted upon. Its programs are trailblazing. Oftentimes, you will hear people saying that if things can be done in Marikina, why can’t we do it in other places in the Philippines? In fact, even the Asian Institute of Management’s International Movement of Development Managers is planning to come up with a training module for local leaders on how they can benchmark on Marikina. The proximity of Marikina to Manila and the IRA it gets from the national government as mandated by the Local Government Code are some reasons why Marikina achieved a lot of things. This is the intent of this dissertation; to document the way the Fernando’s ran Marikina.

       What Bayani Fernando started, his wife, Mayor Marides Fernando continued with a certain touch. How do you run a city like Marikina – clean, organized, international acclaimed by World Bank and Konrad Adenuer Foundation, prosperous, peaceful and world class, with its former Mayor one of the leading presidential contenders of the country in the 2010 elections and its present Mayor one of the Top 7 finalists in the World Mayor Award? “Our City Hall is run like a private corporation. We treat our clients as our customers whom we want not only to satisfy but to delight.” – Marikina Mayor Marides Fernando. The Marikina local government is divided into seven clusters, namely, administrative support, public order and safety, finance management and project development, infrastructure development and transportation, citizens’ affairs, economic development; and, health and environmental management.

               Apparently, the public administration theories and concepts that had been applied in Marikina is the right eclectic pick. “Proof positive of the city's standing in the league of metropolitan cities in the Philippines are the numerous awards and citations that have been bestowed. Marikina was first awarded as The Cleanest and Greenest City not only in Metro Manila but in the entire Philippines which Marikina was the first local government to set as Hall of Famer in that category awarded by the Philippine government. The most recent and most prestigious award received the city of Marikina was the Most Competitive Metro City in the Philippines from the prestigious Asian Institute of Management (AIM) Policy Research Center, Asia Foundation, International Labour Organization (ILO), German Technical Foundation, and Konrad Adenauer Stiflung, and the Continuing Excellence Award in Local Governance given by the Galing Pook Foundation, DILG, Local Government Authority and the Ford Foundation. Marikina was the first local government in the Philippines that has been honored with the prestigious Global 500 Roll Of Honour of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). Marikina also landed as one of the Most Healthiest and Livable City in Asia-Pacific region. It won over 150 awards and recognitions, both local and abroad, in a span of just 15 years. Marikina has become an ideal location for industry, business, and commerce; and for residences. Marikina was also one of the host cities of the recent 23rd Southeast Asian Games in the Philippines which held the women's football event at the Marikina Sports Park.

            At the end of the paper, I should be able to unveil some of the best practices behind the success of Marikina City.

         The Marikina Way, which described the case of Marikina under the Fernandos, is a convergence of good timing (LGC, IRA, national growth), character traits of the leaders (Bayani and Marides Fernando) and a series of judgment calls, decisions and innovations based on the proper appraisal of the situations. The Fernandos got their management styles from their business experiences in the corporate world which to some extent has overlap on public administration concepts. Using the array of public administration theory as a lens of their effectiveness is one way of validating the public administration theories on the ground. There are semblances of usage of public administration theories but they were not derived thru formal education; Bayani Fernando being a mechanical engineer and Marides Fernando being a BS Tourism graduate. One thing noticeable is the couple does not stick to one public administration discipline (e.g. new public administration, etc.). In the area of decision making, the Fernando's seem to follow common sense and satisficing concepts of Herbert Simon. For instance, during the early years of the term of Engr. Bayani Ferrnando as the Mayor of Marikina City (now the MMDA Chairman), he introduced the concept of “by administration”. In doing public works. “By administration”, is the antinomy of contracting - out. It means the government will be the one to do public works that are usually done by the private contractors. The result of Bayani Fernando’s ‘by administration” approach is tremendous. The Marikina government was able to build more roads and other infrastructures given a certain budget. One reason for this is that the profit margins that could have gone to the contractors are added to the budget. Also, the corruption side or the “tongpats” that usually goes to the corrupt government officials are also added to the budget. Ballpark estimates roughly peg a cool 30 to 40 percent is added to the budget by just implementing the “by administration” concept.

             The cases presented showed us a declining shoe industry despite the many achievements of the city. The industry is affected by the entry of cheaper footwear from China and Vietnam as a result of WTO - GATT where the Philippines is one of the signatories. The case on Kabayani showed us that local party can be at times, more effective than the national parties when it comes to exacting result and discipline. The case of the Fernando family, which started from Mayor Gil Fernando, to Bayani and Marides - and maybe in the future, Tala Fernando, is a case when political dynasty can be tolerated in some instance. Despite of the success of the Fernando administration in running Marikina government, the survey showed pockets of resistance and dissatisfaction.

            From the primary data (interviews, FGD, and surveys) to secondary data (review of literature), some conclusion had been deduced from Marikina Way: That a local government in the Philippines has a better chance of progressing under the decentralized Philippine government set up. Good leadership, management style and decision making based on reflective thinking is part of a strong foundation of LGU governance. Public administration theories are good basis in evaluating the public soundness of innovation, but its mastery is or non mastery by an LGU leader will not hamper a leader from doing good. A reflective and eclectic management style based on emerging circumstances can be a better tool rather than boxing oneself in a certain discipline in public administration. The paper documented the eclectic approach of getting judgmentally the applicable theories and concepts and applying it to the ground level, in that case, a local government unit Marikina City. The proposition is this, just like in a garbage can theory, if an organization was able to select and apply the most appropriate theory given the circumstances of the organization, then, the result will be good. The trick on this assumption is to be able to know when to apply the and where. This by itself requires talent and value judgment. 

Conceptual/Study Framework 

          INPUT                              PROCESSS                    OUTPUT/OUTCOME

 The Process Flow Framework

The input constitutes the givens of the study. These are facts that can stand by themselves. The process will show the activities, the play, and the interactions of the givens as they are subjected with a process we collectively tag as “Marikina Way”. The outcome will be the findings on what came after the inputs were subjected to the processes as per the parameter of the research. The framework wishes to pursue the so called “eclectic theory” in running an LGU in which given  some inputs, a combination of  ways coming from different intellectual disciplines can be applied to come out with  a result. The result may be subjected to debates as to its effectiveness, but this framework will show that whatever are the circumstances of an LGU, there are processes that can be manipulated to approximate an outcome. This will provide a source of wisdom and intellectual liberty to the leaders and the people of any LGU by realizing that in governance and in public administration, there is no “one best way’ but a conscious use of different intellectual, public administration and governance tools, in an eclectic way as per the judgment of the actors based on the unfolding of events.

Statement of the Problem

Given a specific set of inputs: personalities of the leaders, a city in Metro Manila, a given era, a specific challenges;  subjected to a certain leadership style, some public administration theories, political processes, management approaches and innovations; what  peculiar outputs may result into these interplays ? Public acceptance ? Outside recognition ? Electoral defeats ?

This dissertation will show a case of an input – process – output during the administrations of Engr. Bayani Fernando and Maria Lourdes Carlos Fernando, in their incumbency as the mayors of Marikina City with a view of showing the dynamic and interactions into the process flow of different factors that led to a collective result which we will call as “MarikinaWay”

“Marikina Way” as a case, may show an eclectic way of running LGU’s, given some internal and external factors that could add into some form of literature to the discipline of public administration.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2. Overview of Local Government units in the Philippines

Chapter 3. Review of Related Literature

Chapter 4: Theoretical/Study Framework in the Study of the Case of Marikina during the Fernando Administration

Chapter 5: Methodology

Chapter 6:  The Fernando Administration: the Personalities, the Territory and the Era.

Chapter 7. The Challenges of the Fernando Administration

    Case 1: The Effect of the Local Government Code and the City hood of Marikina

    Case 2:  The Fernando Clan and the Kabayani Party

    Case 3: The GATT/WTO and the Local Shoe Industry

    Case 4: The Typhoon Ondoy

Chapter 8: The Process – the public administration concepts vis – a – vis Marikina Way

Chapter 9: The Process – the Leadership and Management Style of the Fernando’s

Chapter 10: The Process – the Political Culture of Marikina: Fernando Clan, Kabayani Party and Legends

Chapter 11: The Specific Innovations

Chapter 12: The Outcome: Awards and Recognition

Chapter 13: The Outcome: the Perception of the Citizenry of the Fernando Administration

Chapter 14: The Outcome: The Election Result and the Future Prospect of the Fernandos.

Chapter 15: Summary and Conclusions

Methodology

Note about the Writer and his probable bias:

            The writer of this paper has experiential knowledge of both Marikina and the Fernandos – having grown in Marikina, been allied, then opposition then allied again of the Fernandos in the span of 18 years. The intention of this paper is to document the case of Marikina under the Fernando Administration with the view of the different sectors. The primary sources of this paper are the experiential knowledge of the author as an objective participant of Marikina Case, the interviews to the different sectors, the focused group discussions, purposeful sampling surveys. The paper was able to arrive at with a ground level data and patterns from which conclusions can be formed. The primer of public administration theory will provide a framework of evaluation. Part of the study is to find out if the Fernandos used reflective thinking on an emerging circumstances or if they were guided by a ready sets of public administration theories or consultants with preconceived packaged of theories.

The overall approach of the study:

          This dissertation aims to validate the relationship of public administration theories and practices, with Marikina City as the case in point and the author as the experiential observer. Topic: The “Marikina Way”, the Case of the Fernando Administration in the Lens of the Public Administration Theories.

Factual Questions:

1. What are the innovations that happened during the 18 years of the Fernando Administration in Marikina?

Researchable Questions:

2. Is the case of Marikina a result of reflective reaction to emerging situation or a studied application of a discipline in public administration?

3. What are the concepts and lessons learned from the field studies in Marikina?

4. What are the perceptions of the different sectors on the Fernando administration?

Research Problems:

1.    What are the innovations (tagged collectively as Marikina Way) initiated during the time of former Marikina Mayor Bayani Fernando and current Mayor Marides Fernando? This can be pursued through secondary data reviews and survey.

2. What are the key theories of public administration as per the writings of H. George Frederickson? This can be achieved by thorough reading and simplification of his theories in his book.

3. Among the Innovations in Marikina Way, which of them will fall in some specific theories discussed by Ferederickson? This can be achieved by coming out with a Matrix:

Innovations Selected vis a vis Public Administration Theories

                                           Public Administration Theories

4. What are the perceived leadership style of Bayani and Maria Lourdes that makes them good leaders?

5. What are the effects of the different innovations in Marikina to the different sectors of the community? This can be achieved through a survey tabulated into this Matrix:

Innovations Different Sectors in the Community

                                      Public Administration Theories

6. Is the Fernando Administration a result of an “Eclectic approach” in public administration, like the Marikina Way, applying public administration theories selectively in governing a City that resulted in a positive way?

          The Mini Cases

Case Study #1: The GATT/WTO and the Local Shoe Industry

               The study hopes to show the main features of Marikina shoe industry, which is operating in a business concept of clustering. The industry encountered some problems lately, brought about by cheaper shoes from china and Vietnam. The entry is facilitated by the opening of the market resulting from the Philippine entry to the GATT. Because this study talks about policy options, one set of audience for this paper is the legislators. The study also wishes to address government agencies like the Department of Finance which has a jurisdiction of the imposition of tariff. The Office of the President is a good audience for this project since it can decide on the issues of tariff. The local government of Marikina and the local shoe industry are also the target audience of this study since they can initiate lobby to the government. One of the research questions is what is the proper policy options to save the shoe industry of Marikina. In the absence of a better option and given the present condition, what can the shoe manufacturers do to survive?

The Effect of the Local Government Code and the City hood of Marikina

              The enactment of the Local Government Code has effect on the income of Marikina and its subsequent quest for city hood.               

The Fernando Family and the Kabayani Party

              The Fernando family came from the Angkan ng Fernando in Marikina with one of its great descendants was a governadorcillo. In the modern times, it was Mayor Gil Fernando who strengthens the family. His son Bayani Fernando further consolidated the clan and later his wife, Marides Fernando, who is the sitting Mayor further strengthen the family's grip on Marikina'a politics. Bayani Fernando has no son. He has one daughter, a 23 - year - old Tala Fernando who was educated in the US.

                   Kabayani Party was organized by the Fernando Family as a local party but is attached with the ruling Lakas Kampi CMD. It was meant to provide flexibility in political alignments. It was able to organize itself effectively winning major fights in Marikina politics.

The Typhoon Ondoy

               Few months before the end of the term of the Fernandos, a history - breaking typhoon put Marikina in an epicenter of a big flood that brought deaths and destruction to properties. The flood was unprecedented in terms of the height of flood water and its impact to the city.

Methods to be used:

The Option Selected for Method Decision

         The paper is a dissertation which should demonstrate doctoral level scholarship. The primary audience for the findings is the doctoral committee. The researcher will be guided by his academic degree: Doctor of Public Administration.

The selected themes of qualitative inquiry. This paper is qualitative; as such it will be guided by the following:

We will use purposeful sampling – samples are selected because they are information rich and illuminative. Sampling, then, is aimed at insight about the phenomenon of interest, not empirical generalizations from a sample of population. The result of the survey will show the perceptions of the different clusters sampled.

Data collection and fieldwork strategies selected

          Qualitative data are observations that yield details and thick description.

Personal experience and engagement – the research has a direct contact with and gets close to the people and situation and phenomenon under study.

Emphatic neutrality and mindfulness – the researcher should show and emphatic stance in interviews by seeking vicarious understanding without judgments.

Dynamic systems – attention to process is important. It assumed that changes are on going whether focused in an individual, an organization, a community or a culture.

The analysis strategies selected

         Unique case orientation – the analysis is bring true to, respecting and capturing the details of the individual cases being studies to be followed by a cross – case analysis.

         Inductive analysis and creative synthesis requires immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important patterns, themes, and interrelationships.

Qualitative inquiry theoretical traditions selected

        Reality testing: positivist and realist approach – it answer the questions what is really going on in the real world? What can we established with some degree of certainty.

        Grounded theory – what theory emerges from systematic comparative analysis and is grounded in field works so as to explain what has been and is observed.

Research purpose selected

        Applied research – understand the nature and sources of human and societal problems. The focused are questions important to the society.

Units of analysis selected

Geography focused - the research is focused on Marikina City.

Purposeful sampling strategies selected

        Criteria sampling – picking all cases that meet some criterion

Extreme or deviant case (outlier) sampling – learning from an unusual manifestation of phenomenon of interest, for example, outstanding success, notable failure, top of the class, drop outs, exotic events, crises

Homogeneous sampling – focused; reduced variations, facilitates group interview

Stratified purposeful sampling – illustrates characteristics of a particular subgroup of interest, facilitates interaction

Case study approach, the option for organizing and reporting qualitative data selected

       People – individual or groups are the primary units of analysis

Critical events – critical or major events can constitute self contained descriptive units of analysis

Survey Form:

See attachment A

Review of Literature

        The literature that I will be reviewing on my way of writing this dissertation will be classified into the following:

Official Marikina Data

        We will look for the official city data released annually by the city hall and their different departments such as annual reports, state of the city address, audited financial statements, COA Reports, etc. This will provide the research with official statistics.

Non – Official Marikina Data

          In order to search for the humane but factual side of the story, the research has to read publications and articles about Marikina during the Fernando Administration. These materials will include the internal publications of the city hall such as books, fact books, leaflets, community newspapers, speeches, and others. These will also include articles related to Marikina from local and international publications. Another source of data for this cluster are those we can find in the internet such as the Wikipedia and other websites.

Public Administration Data

              In order to have a public administration data that had been thoroughly reviewed, we will use the book of H. George Frederickson and Kevin B. Smith entitled Public Administration Primer. This publication already made critical analysis on the different theories of public administration. If necessary, we may refer to other publications that specializes on specific theories in instances where there is a need to dig deeper on a specific theory.

References and Bibliography

1. Dennis Gonzales, Editor, “The Will to Change, Marikina and its Innovations”, 2009

2. John Toye, “60 Years of Development in Economics”

3. Dani Rodrick, “Institutions for High – Quality Growth: What They Are and how to Acquire Them”, Harvard Unversity, 1999

4. “Trends and Patterns in Social Development Efforts of the Philippine Government”, A Reader in Philippine Social Development by Bautista (ed), Q.C.: UPCPA,

5. Understanding Social Policy. NY: Basil Blackwell Inc., Chapter 1- “What is Social Policy”

6. Social Development: the Development Perspectives in Social Welfare. London: Sage Publishing.

7. “Different Perspective on Social Development. ”Local Social Development Planning, vol.1.Japan: UNCRD,

8. The Convention on the Rights of the Child. As adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November 1989

9. The UN Millennium Development Goals. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index.html

10. Committee on the Convention on the Rights of the Child Consideration of Reports Submitted by the State Parties under Article 44 of the Convention. September 19, 2007.

11. Marikina Citizens’ Factbook, A Guide to Key Government Services, Second Edition, 2007

12. “Trends and Patterns in Social Development Efforts of the Philippine Government”, A Reader in Philippine Social Development by Bautista (ed), Q.C.: UPCPA,

13. Understanding Social Policy. NY: Basil Blackwell Inc., Chapter 1- “What is Social Policy”

14. Social Development: the Development Perspectives in Social Welfare. London: Sage Publishing.

15. “Different Perspective on Social Development. ”Local Social Development Planning, vol.1.Japan: UNCRD,

16. The Convention on the Rights of the Child. As adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November 1989

17. The UN Millennium Development Goals. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index.html

18. Committee on the Convention on the Rights of the Child Consideration of Reports Submitted by the State Parties under Article 44 of the Convention. September 19, 2007.

19. Marikina Citizens’ Factbook, A Guide to Key Government Services, Second Edition, 2007

20. Han Fook Wang, et al, Lee Kuan Yew, The Man and His Ideas. Singapore Press Holdings: Times Edition.

21. http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/fiw/inc_country_data.. March 20, 2009

22. “Trends and Patterns in Social Development Efforts of the Philippine Government”, A Reader in Philippine Social Development by Bautista (ed), Q.C.:UPCPA,

23. Understanding Social Policy .NY: Basil Blackwell Inc., Chapter 1- “What is Social Policy”

24. Social Development: the Development Perspectives in Social Welfare. London: Sage Publishing.

25. “Different Perspectives on Social Development” Local Social Development Planning, vol.1.Japan:UNCRD

26. The Convention on the Rights of the Child. As adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November 1989

27. The UN Millennium Development Goals. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index.html

29. Committee on the Convention on the Rights of the Child Consideration of Reports Submitted by the State Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention. September 19, 2007.

30. Raadschelders, Jos C.N. 2003. Government, a Public Administration Perspective, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Ch. 1, “Government: The Most Central Phenomenon of our Time

31. Wilson, Wooddrow, 1887. “The Study of Administration.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol.2 (June,1887), as reprinted in Jay M.Shafritz and Albert C. Hyde (eds.). 1997. Classics of Public Administration.(4th ed.). Forth worth, Texas:Harcourt Brace and Co.

32. The following articles and essays reprinted and abridged in Jay M. Shafritz and Albert C. Hyde (eds.). 1997. Classics of Public Administration. (4th ed.). Forth Worth, Texas: Hardcourt Brace and Co: Frank J. Goodnow.1900. “Politics and Administration”, Frederick Taylor, 1912. “Scientific Management.” :Max Weber, 1946. “Bureaucracy.” ; Leonard white.1926. “Introduction to the Study of Public Administration”; Luther Gulick.1937.”Notes on the Theory of Organization” pp.81-89; Herbert simon.1946.”The Proverbs of Administration” .

33. Reyes, Danilo R. 2001.”An Overview of Current Development in the Study and Practice of Public Administration.” Philippine Journal of Public Administration (July).

34. Frederickson, George.1971.”Toward a New Public Administration” in Marini (ed.) Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective, Scranton: chandler.

35. Osborne, David and Ted Gaebler, 1992. Reinventing Government, New York:Penguin. ”Introduction: an American Perestroika.” Pp.1-24 and Ch. 1, “Catalytic Government: Steering rather Than Rowing,”

36. Hammer, Michael and James Champy. 1993 Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers.

37. Osborne, Stephen and Kate McLaughlin. 2002.”The New Public Management in Context.” In K. McLaughlin,S.Osborne and E. Ferlie (eds). New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects. London and New York: Routledge,

38. Hunt, Diana, 1982. Economic Theories of Development: An Analysis of Competing Paradigms, Ch 1 & 2.

39. Marikina City: the Past 15 Years, Published by the Public information Office, City Government of Marikina

40. Konstitusyon ng Partido ng Kabayani, as provide by the Office of the City Mayor of Marikina.

41. Bagong Filipino Movement, as provided by the Office of the City Administrator of Marikina.

41. Articles of Incorporation of Kabayani Movement, Inc. as provided by Securites and Exchange Commission.

42. The Bagong Filipino Vision, a PowerPoint Presentation done by the Campaign Staff of MMDA Chairman Bayani Fernando.

43. Marikina Citizens First Privilege Card Booklet, as provided by the Office of the City Mayor of Marikina.

44. Disiplina sa Bangketa at Iba Pang Program ng MMDA by Bayani Fernando as provide by the Metro Manila Development Authority.

45. Balitang Komunidad, Opisyal na Pahayagan ng Lungsod ng Marikina. Vol 2, No 2.

46. Website of the City Government of Marikina at http://city.marikina.gov.ph/

47. Marikina City- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

at http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina_City

Attachment A: A Sample of Proposed Survey Form

This form was initially pre tested in the class, thru mock interviews.

Basic Data about the Respondent

1. How old are you? _____

2. Male or Female? _____

3. How do you consider yourself? Rich _____ Middle Class ______ Poor _____

4. Politically, how do you consider yourself?

______ Administration ______ Opposition ________ Neutral

5. Based on ancestry, how do you consider yourself?

______Dayo ________ Lehitimo ________ Not Sure

6. Based on sector, how do you consider yourself?

____ Youth ____ Women ____ Elderly _____ Disabled _____Businessmen

7. Educational level

____Elementary _____ High School ______College ____ Post Graduate

Perceptions about the Fernando Administration

1. With 10 as the highest and 1 is the lowest: are you happy with the Fernando Administration? ______

2. Did your quality of life improved under the Fernando Administration?

______ Yes _____ No _____ Not Sure

3. Give two innovations that you like about the Fernando Administration?

a..______________________________________________________

b.______________________________________________________

4. Give two innovations in the Fernando Administration that you don’t like?

a..______________________________________________________

b.______________________________________________________

5. Would you like the Fernando Administration to continue? Why?

Yes _____

Why? __________________________________________________________

No _____

Why? _________________________________________________________

6. With 10 as the highest and 1 is the lowest: is the Fernando administration able to provide basic services? __________

7. With 10 as the highest and 1 is the lowest: is the Fernando Administration able to provide you with basic services? ______ Peace and order _______

Health _______ Employment _________

Cultural __________ Education ________

Good Values _______

8. Do you think Marikina will be better if the Fernando did not become Mayors? Yes ____ No _______ Why? _____________________________________________________

9. Who do you think is the better Mayor?

Bayani Fernando ________ Marides Fernando ________

Why?