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Batch Names
(1) Date of Establishment of The UPLB Genetics Society: December 20, 1983
(2) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a term used in genetics and selective breeding. F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial generation seeds/plants or animal offspring resulting from a cross mating of distinctly different parental types. The term is sometimes written with a subscript, as F1 hybrid. [back to top]
(3) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
organisms that contain a different combination of alleles from either of its parents.[back to top]
(4) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
also known as transposons, are mobile genetic elements or sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell, a process called transposition. In the process, they can cause mutations and change the amount of DNA in the genome. They were discovered by Barbara McClintock early in her career, for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1983. [back to top]
(5) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
individuals, organisms, or new genetic characters, arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is a base-pair sequence change within the DNA of a gene or a chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the wild type. [back to top]
(6) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
functioning units of genomic material containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter. [back to top]
(7) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the genetic locations or loci responsible for generating a protein. These are segments of DNA that contain all the information for production of single polypeptide. [back to top]
(8) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
genes situated in different locations or loci of the genome. [back to top]
(9) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
strongly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. [back to top]
(10) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
DNA molecules that are separate from, and can replicate independently of, the chromosomal DNA. They are double stranded and, in many cases, circular. [back to top]
(11) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
multinucleate cellss which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying cell divisions, or from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes inside the mass. [back to top]
(12) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
snRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. The action of snRNPs is essential to the removal of introns from pre-mRNA, a critical aspect of post-transcriptional modification of RNA, occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. [back to top]
(13) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
regions of DNA or RNA that replicate from a single origin of replication. [back to top]
(14) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the study of, or belief in, the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics). back to top]
(15) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the point where two chromatids are intertwined (interwoven) in a cell. [back to top]
(16) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
nucleic acid sequences represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule after either portions of a precursor RNA (introns) have been removed by cis-splicing or when two or more precursor RNA molecules have been ligated by trans-splicing. [back to top]
(17) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
also known as polyribosomes/ergosomes; clusters of ribosomes bound to a mRNA molecule. [back to top]
(18) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
also called syndesis; pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It is a form of chromosomal crossover. Synapsis takes place during prophase I. [back to top]
(19) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the packing of DNA as a 30nm fiber of chromatin and results from the helical winding of at least five nucleosome strands.[back to top]
(20) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
new organisms developed through transgenesois or the process of introducing an exogenous gene – called a transgene – into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring. Transgenesis can be facilitated by liposomes, plasmid vectors, viral vectors, pronuclear injection, protoplast fusion, and ballistic DNA injection. [back to top]
(21) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a single animal organism with genetically distinct cells from two different zygotes. [back to top]
(22) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the protein structure on chromosomes where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull the chromosomes apart. The kinetochore forms in eukaryotes, assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. [back to top]
(23) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA. [back to top]
(24) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
chromosomes that are not sex chromosome such that there is an equal number of copies of the chromosome in males and females. For example, in humans, there are twenty-two pairs of autosomes, and, in addition, there are the X and Y sex chromosomes. [back to top]
(25) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
chromosomes formed when multiple rounds of replication produce many sister chromatids that remain synapsed together. In addition to increasing the volume of the cell's nuclei and causing cell expansion, polytene cells may also have a metabolic advantage as multiple copies of genes permits a high level of gene expression. [back to top]
(26) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. [back to top]
(27) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the return to the normal phenotype, usually by a second mutation. [back to top]
(28) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particular gene. [back to top]
(29) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
vehicles used to transfer genetic material to a target cell, such as a plasmid vector, binary vector, and cloning vector. [back to top]
(30) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the phase of meiosis in some species in which the chromatin contracts into a mass at one side of the nucleus. [back to top]
(31) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
an organism or cell having three times the haploid number of chromosomes in the cell nucleus. [back to top]
(32) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a term is often used synonymously with allele or gene. The genetic use of the term goes back to Gregor Mendel, who explained his observations on peas as being caused by dominant and recessive. In psychoanalysis, anlage is a predisposition to a given personality characteristic or a trait. [back to top]
(33) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/ 1998
the tendency of certain loci or alleles to be inherited together. Genetic loci on the same chromosome are physically close to one another and tend to stay together during meiosis, and are thus genetically linked. [back to top]
(34) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
portions of genetic material which can exist independent of the main body of genetic material (called the chromosome) at some times, while at other times are able to integrate into the chromosome. [back to top]
(35) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
is a large group of related genotypes that exist in an environment of high mutation rate, where a large fraction of offspring are expected to contain one or more mutations relative to the parent. [back to top]
(36) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the smallest unit of genetic material which, when changed or mutated, produces a phenotypic effect. [back to top]
(37) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the complete set of unique alleles in a species or population. [back to top]
(38) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
offsprings of genetically dissimilar parents or stock, especially the offsprings produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties, species, or races. [back to top]
(39) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
tri-nucleotide sequences in a nucleic acid sequence which specifies a single amino acid. [back to top]
(40) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. [back to top]
(41) Date of Acceptance: July 12, 2000
the increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. It is the occurrence of a genetically superior offspring from mixing the genes of its parents. [back to top]
(42) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
small region in the genome of sexually reproducing organisms that exhibit highly elevated rates of meiotic recombination. The peak recombination rate within hotspots can be hundreds or thousands of times that of the surrounding region. [back to top]
(43) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
relatively short fragments of DNA (with no RNA primer at the 5' terminus) created on the lagging strand during DNA replication. [back to top]
(44) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a sequence of nucleotide bases that can be read the same way in either direction. [back to top]
(45) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species. [back to top]
(46) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the occurrence of ecotypes or forms of species that exhibit gradual phenotypic and/or genetic differences over a geographical area, typically as a result of environmental heterogeneity. Cline results from the change of allele frequencies within the gene pool of the group of taxa in question. [back to top]
(47) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a special type of ligase, which is basically an enzyme that in the cell repairs single-stranded discontinuities in double stranded DNA molecules, or strands having double-strand break (a break in both complementary strands of DNA). [back to top]
(48) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
fragments of DNA or RNA of variable length (usually 100-1000 bases long), which are used in DNA or RNA samples to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences (the DNA target) that are complementary to the sequence in the probe. The probe thereby hybridizes to single-stranded nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) whose base sequence allows probe-target base pairing due to complementarity between the probe and target. [back to top]
(49) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the state of a diploid organism wherein only one allele for the gene is present for a particular gene. [back to top]
(50) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a protein complex responsible for creating RNA primers on single stranded DNA during DNA replication. [back to top]
(51) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
organisms characterized by polymorphism or the existence of two or more forms of individuals (two or more clearly different phenotypes) within the same animal species (independent of sex differences). [back to top]
(52) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the phenomenon where the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes. The gene whose phenotype is expressed is said to be epistatic, while the phenotype altered or suppressed is said to be hypostatic. [back to top]
(53) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus), consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core. This structure is often compared to thread wrapped around a spool. [back to top]
(54) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
an enzyme that unwinds double stranded DNA. [back to top]
(55) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration. The telomere regions defer the degradation of genes near the ends of chromosomes by allowing for the shortening of chromosome ends which necessarily occurs during chromosome replication. [back to top]
(56) Date of Acceptance: July 31, 2004
RNA molecules possessing a well defined tertiary structure that enables it to catalyze a chemical reaction. Many natural ribozymes catalyze either the hydrolysis of one of their own phosphodiester bonds, or the hydrolysis of bonds in other RNAs, but they have also been found to catalyze the aminotransferase activity of the ribosome. [back to top]
(57) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
an organism or cell having double the basic haploid number of chromosomes. [back to top]
(58) Date of Acceptance: December 17, 2004
the presence of a mixture of more than one type of an organellar genome (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or plastid DNA) within a cell or individual. [back to top]
(59) Date of Acceptance: May 8, 2005
a group of nonallelic genes that together influence a phenotypic trait. The loci or identities of the nonallelic genes are frequently unknown to biologists, even though they are known to exist. [back to top]
(60) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a chromosome that is not paired or united with its homologous chromosome during synapsis. [back to top]
(61) Date of Acceptance: September 5, 2005
the total genetic variability available to a genus. [back to top]
(62) Date of Acceptance: mm/dd/yy
a membrane transport protein which is a a class of multipass transmembrane proteins that facilitate the diffusion of a specific molecule in or out of the cell. [back to top]
(63) Date of Acceptance: May 14, 2006
the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism. More specifically, it is the set of expressed proteins in a given type of cells or an organism at a given time under defined conditions. The term is a portmanteau of proteins and genome. [back to top]
(64) Date of Acceptance: June 29, 2006
definition of Gene Pulse. [back to top]
(65) Date of Acceptance: February 15, 2007
(66) Date of Acceptance: March 2007
a synthetic blend of DNA and the related molecule RNA used to trick the patient's own cells to remedy a genetic defect (gene therapy). [back to top]
(67) Date of Acceptance: May 19, 2007
a DNA sequence found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi and plants. A homeobox is about 180 base pairs long. It encodes a protein domain (the homeodomain) which when expressed (i.e. as protein) can bind DNA. [back to top]
(68) Date of Acceptance: July 21, 2007
a nucleosome with one bound linker histone. [back to top]
(69) Date of Acceptance: September 1, 2007
a collection of genes or operons under regulation by the same regulatory protein. This term is generally used for prokaryotic systems, for example quorum sensing in bacteria. It is a group of operons/genes spread around the chromosome but controlled by a common factor or stimulus. [back to top]
(70) Date of Acceptance: December 2, 2007
type of hybrid plasmid (often used as a cloning vector) that contains cos sequences, DNA sequences originally from the Lambda phage. [back to top]
(71) Date of Acceptance: February 17, 2008
a set of overlapping DNA segments derived from a single genetic source. [back to top]
(72) Date of Acceptance: July 12, 2008
the state of being genetically different although belonging to or obtained from the same species. [back to top]
(73) Date of Acceptance: September 17, 2009
lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA and protein) that is rich in gene concentration, and is often (but not always) under active transcription. It comprises the most active portion of the genome within the cell nucleus. [back to top]
(74) Date of Acceptance: December 12, 2009
complex molecular machine that carries out replication of DNA. It is made up of a number of subcomponents that each provide a specific function during the process of replication. [back to top]
(75) Date of Acceptance: March 6, 2010
variant form of an enzyme that is coded by different alleles at the same locus. This is opposed to isozymes, which are enzymes that perform the same function, but which are coded by genes located at different loci. [back to top]
(76) Date of Acceptance: 2010
protein complexes which bind to the "enhancer" region of a gene, found upstream or downstream, of the promoter, or within a gene, accelerating the gene's transcription. [back to top]
(77) Date of Acceptance: September 4, 2010
a double-stranded (duplex) molecule of nucleic acid originated through the genetic recombination of single complementary strands derived from different sources, such as from different homologous chromosomes or even from different organisms. Heteroduplex DNA is also a source of small RNAs (smRNAs), causing post-transcriptional gene silencing. [back to top]
(78) Date of Acceptance: January 8, 2011
a linker that binds to the DNA, establishing and maintaining higher order chromatin structures. [back to top]
(79) Date of Acceptance: February 12, 2010
any fragment of replicating DNA produced by natural or artificial amplification events like in polymerase chain reaction. [back to top]
(80) Date of Acceptance: April 21, 2011
insertion/deletion polymorphism; a type of genetic variation in which a specific nucleotide sequence is present (insertion) or absent (deletion). [back to top]
(81) Date of Acceptance: July 2, 2011
a set of alleles of a group of closely linked genes, such as the HLA complex, which are usually inherited as a unit, an individual inheriting a complete haplotype from each parent. [back to top]
(82) Date of Acceptance: August 13, 2011
smallest genetic unit which can undergo recombination and crossing over. [back to top]
(83) Date of Acceptance: December 4, 2011
an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that adds telomeric DNA to telomeres which is essential for maintaining the integrity and stability of linear eukaryotic genomes. [back to top]
(84) Date of Acceptance: February 4, 2012
genetic traits influenced by configuration, implying that any change of any one component may lead to a qualitative change in the emergenic traits, which are likely not to-run in families. [back to top]
(85) Date of Acceptance: June 29, 2012
intracellular protein complex that processes RNA, altering it from its original form into its final, mature form. [back to top]
(86) Date of Acceptance: July 28, 2012
sites of replication origin of a family of bacterial plasmids. In these sites, binding of plasmid-specific replication initiator protein occurs. The interaction between iterons and initiator are essential for plasmid replication. [back to top]
(87) Date of Acceptance: September 1, 2012
photomicrograph of mitotic cells that have been arrested in the metaphase or prometaphase portion of the cell cycle, when chromosomes assume their most condensed conformations. [back to top]
(88) Date of Acceptance: September 22, 2012
regulatory DNA sequence that stimulates transcription of a certain gene upon binding to transcription factors. An enhancer is located upstream or downstream of the certain gene undergoing transcription. [back to top]
(89) Date of Acceptance: November 30, 2012
a complete set of RNA molecules derived from those protein-coding genes whose biological information is required by the cell at a particular time. [back to top]
(90) Date of Acceptance: February 2, 2013
dynamic nucleoprotein complex in bacterial cells which is involved in DNA trafficking and plasmid segregation. [back to top]
(91) Date of Acceptance: May 31, 2013
alleles which can be distinguished from another allele by their differing phenotypic expression when in combination with a dominant mutant allele. [back to top]
(92) Date of Acceptance: June 29, 2013
labeled RNA molecules that can be used in detection of complementary nucleic acids for multiple purposes like assessment of degree of gene expression. [back to top]
(93) Date of Acceptance: November 30, 2013
engineered bacteriophage (cloning vector) derived from a phage and a plasmid, into which foreign single- or double-stranded DNA is inserted to facilitate characterization of cloned inserts of DNA by allowing it to replicate. [back to top]
(94) Date of Acceptance: August 30, 2014
element commonly found in the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs that exert their regulatory control over the transcript in a cis-fashion by directly binding a small molecule ligand. [back to top]
(95) Date of Acceptance: February 21, 2015
multiple cloning site; a short DNA sequence located in recombinant DNA vectors which contains numerous restriction endonuclease sites that are unique in that plasmid. [back to top]
(96) Date of Acceptance: July 24, 2015
with a protein denaturing component (19S) and a proteolytic core (20S), it is a multisubunit enzyme complex that plays a central role in the regulation of proteins that control cell-cycle progression and apoptosis. [back to top]
(97) Date of Acceptance: August 22, 2015
oligonucleotides which bind a wide range of biomedically relevant proteins with affinities and specificities that are comparable to antibodies. [back to top]
(98) Date of Acceptance: October 3, 2015
novel superfamilies of self-synthesizing transposons which encodes Cas1 endonuclease, a key enzyme of the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity systems of archaea and bacteria. [back to top]
(99) Date of Acceptance: February 6, 2016
anaphase-promoting complex; an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. [back to top]
(100) Date of Acceptance: July 15, 2016
novel or normally rare gene variants (or alleles) that are associated with hybrid zones, geographic areas where two related species meet, mate, and produce hybrid offspring. [back to top]
(101) Date of Acceptance: August 28, 2016
a limited region of DNA replicated by a single DNA-polymerase-complex. [back to top]