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What is A REPORT TEXT ?
An information report or a report text is a piece of text that presents information about a subject. Its purpose is to classify and/or describe using facts about the subject’s parts, behaviour and qualities. The subject is usually general rather than particular, for example ‘skin’ rather than an individual person’s skin.
Examples of information report texts include:
lectures
reference articles
research assignments
chapters in textbooks.
Constructing an information report
A written explanation usually involves three steps. First, there is the general statement about the event or thing. Next follows a series of paragraphs that tell the hows and whys. The final step is a concluding paragraph.
Grammatical features of an information report
Information reports usually include the following grammatical features:
technical language related to the subject
technical use of the timeless present tense
technical use of general nouns (e.g. weather, skin, earthquakes) rather than proper nouns
technical linking verbs to describe behaviours or qualities (cells are surrounded by membrane)
The INFORMATION REPORT scaffold
1 A general opening statement in the first paragraph (General Classification)
This statement tells the audience what the text is going to be about.
This can include a short description of the subject.
This can include a definition of the subject.
2 A series of paragraphs about the subject (Description)
Each paragraph usually begins with a topic sentence.
The topic sentence in the beginning of each paragraph previews the information contained in the rest of the paragraph
The sentences after this preview give more details.
Each paragraph should give information about one feature of the subject.
These paragraphs build a description of the subject of the report.
These paragraphs may include technical language that is related to the subject.
3 A concluding paragraph (optional)
The concluding paragraph signals the end of the text.
This paragraph can summarise the report
MODEL OF AN INFORMATION REPORT TEXT
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Galaxies
A galaxy is a collection of stars and other astronomical bodies, including planets, comets and asteroids, held together by gravity. Galaxies come in different shapes and sizes. These include the spiral, barrel-spiral and elliptical. Our galaxy called the Milky Way, is approximately 100 000 light years in the width and contains over 100 billion stars.
The centre of galaxies can contain many young, very hot stars as well as older stars. Swirling clouds that have been energised by magnetic forces also exist in the centre.
At this point in time, no one knows the exact number of galaxies in the universe. Astronomers are, however, learning more and more about them everyday.
Text Box
I've once heard someone who said that "All I know is what I read in newspapers." This is an uncommon expression, but I'm sure it is true that newspapers are important sources of information. Many people begin their day by reading the papers. In this way they learn what is going on in the world. However, sometimes they don't have time to read the news carefully and must be satisfied with a quick look at the front page; at other times they may be in such a hurry that they only have time to glance at this headline.There are newspapers to satisfy every reader in big cities there are many types of papers, with several different editions every day. Some years ago in small towns there were fewer newspapers and perhaps only one edition each day, but now the situation is different. In some areas, the papers are printed weekly.
Most newspapers have several sections especially on Sunday when the edition is larger that usual. There are, in addition to the front page with the most important news, the sports section, the society page, the comics, and the amusement section the business page and the editorial.
Another type of publication which helps people keep informed is a magazine. Some magazines are published weekly; others are issued monthly. There are news magazines and magazines for special interests such as photography, sport, art and music. Some are primarily for men, others for women, and there is a selection of children's magazines too.
Adapted from: English 900 by ENGLISH Language Service;
#1 BIRDS
Birds are interesting flying animals. They are vertebrates and warm blooded animals. They belong to aves class and they can be found all over the world.Birds breath with their air pocket. Beside as respiration organ, air pocket also can enlarge or reduce their weight when flying or swimming.There are many kinds of birds. Earth bird has special characteristic. They have different morphology according to their food and their habitat. Some of them eat seeds, pollen, fish or meat. There are some species that live in land and the others live in water. Land birds live on their nest.Female birds have specific tasks. they lay eggs and feed their baby, Beside that they look for foods for their baby.
#2 ELEPHANT
An elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it has hard found in it natural habitat.The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant's trunk also lift leaves and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.
The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.
#3 KOMODO DRAGON
Do you know what is the largest lizard? This lizard is called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of a few Indonesian islands.Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) but the average size of komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91 kg)Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They also hunt other lizards as well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.The Komodo dragon's teeth are almost completely covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed, creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon's saliva causes septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will bite its prey, then follow it until the animal is too weak to carry on.
This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey species and habitat loss.
#4 PLATYPUS
Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia. Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light. Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.
#5 EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages. Earthquake is hard to be predicted and that makes lot victims.Actually there are three kinds of earthquake. This kinds of earthquake are commonly base on the factor and geological area where the earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake are tectonic, volcanic and explosion.Tectonic earthquakes is most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earth's crust rocks break because of the geological strength created by moving of the earth's plates. Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when the volcano produces acidic lava, which drys quickly, when it drys quickly it blocks the top of the volcano. This make no more magma can escape. Pressure starts to build up and eventually the acidic lava can no longer stand the pressure. So the volcano is free to explode, the pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A volcanic earthquake is usually kept within 10-20 miles of the volcano.
Explosion earthquakes are the result of the collapse earthquakes that are small earthquakes occurring in underground mines and caverns.
#6 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Volcanic eruptions have caused some of the worst disasters in the world. They can wipe out entire cities and kill thousands of people.The name of volcano comes from Roman term. It derives from VULCAN which is the name of Roman fire god. Romans believed that Vulcan lived on a volcanic Italian coast. Romans called the island VULCANO.According to scientists, volcanic eruptions are divided in to four basic groups. They are commonly known as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian and Peleean. The term of Hawaiian eruptions are named after the volcanoes in Hawaii. These volcanic eruptions are the least violent type. They produce highly fluid lava which flows quietly. This gradually builds up a shield volcano.Strombolian eruptions are named after Stromboli. These result from the constant release of gas from the magma. As the gas escapes, it produces tephra that piles up, turning into a cinder cone. Strombolian eruptions happen when sticky magma plugs the central vent. This makes the magmatic gas build up pressure until it blasts. The magma is turned into volcanic dust and bombs.
Vulcanian eruption which comes from the ancient Roman belief, are more violent than the strombolian eruption. Vulcanian eruption happens and brings magma which is more viscous. Vulcanian explosions are usually larger and noisier than the Strombolian eruptions.
Paleean eruptions are famous as the most violent kind of volcanic eruptions. The name of paleean comes from the eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique in 1902. It killed almost 38 thousands people. A Peleean eruption occurs when the magmatic gas build up tremendous pressure. This causes violent explosions with glowing clouds of hot ash and dust.
#7 WHAT IS A TORNADO?
Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What is the description of tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful column of winds which spirals around a center of low atmospheric pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down from a storm cloud.The name "tornado" derives from the Latin "tonare". It means "to thunder." While the Spanish developed the word into "tornear" which means "to turn or twist". This is why a tornado is sometimes called twister or cyclone.The winds inside a twister can spin around at speeds up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually travels at roughly 300 miles an hour. This speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous storm.The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards. The smaller tornadoes are known as satellite tornadoes. These small offspring, about 50 yards across, can be very fierce and do lots of damage.
The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A tornado can travel across the ground at high speeds, then it can suddenly vanish. Most tornadoes last less than twenty minutes and travel less than 15 miles. However, the super storms sometimes travel over 100 miles before they are exhausted.
#8 MANGROVE TREES
A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-filtering tap roots which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish water is salty but not as salty as sea water. Mangrove trees are commonly planted and found in coastal areas. Mangroves can serve as walls of protection for natural disaster in coastal area liketsunami. According to BBC News, healthy mangrove forests had helped save lives in the Asia disaster tsunami and people tended to respect these natural barriers even more, especially after the tsunami.There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some prefer more salinity, while others like to be very-close to a large fresh water source such as river. Some prefer areas that are sheltered from waves. Some species have their roots covered with sea water every day during high tide. Other species grow on dry land but are still part of the ecosystem. The Times of India reported that rare species of mangrove had been found and was also known as the looking-glass tree, probably because the leaves are silver-coated.
Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leave above the surface of the water. Yet they also need to be firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by waves.
Any part of root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under water surface. as the soil begin to build up, these roots procedure additional roots that become embedded in the soil.
#9 FOOTBALL PLAY
Football is a game played by two teams of eleven. They try to score by kicking or heading the ball into the other team’s goal. Ten of the players can not use their hands. The goal keeper can handle the ball to stop it going into the goal. Games similar to football have been played for many centuries. The rules of the games were written down in 1863. In England, the FA ( Football Association ) cup was first played for in 1872. In the same year, England played Scotland in the first game. Today the most important International Competition is the World Cup which takes place in every four years. Brazil and Italy have each won the world cup three times.
#10 HUMAN BODY ENERGY
Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body staying healthy.
LIMITED RESOURCES
VOCABULARY TEST FOR TUGAS MANDIRI
A. Topic: NATURAL RESOURCES
It's always good to be aware of certain environmental concerns. We all live on this planet and have to take care of it. Here's an exercise to help you practice talking/writing about the environment and some of the problems that many of us face every day.
A. deforestation
B. warming
C. effect
D. protection
E. pollution
F. biodiversity
G. windmill
H. recycle
I. used up
J. gases
There is a growing concern over the (1) … of species habitat and (2) …
The earth's resources are being (3) … at an alarming rate.
The greenhouse (4) … is an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and other (5) … in the atmosphere which is believed to be the cause of a gradual (6) … of the surface of the Earth.
The energy generated by the (7) … is both very efficient and clean.
There have been many reports about (8) … which is destroying large areas of tropical rain forest .
The Japanese (9) … more than half their waste paper.
We're not doing enough to protect the environment from (10)… .
B. Topic: ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
It's always good to be aware of certain environmental concerns. We all live on this planet and have to take care of it. Here's an exercise to help you practice talking/writing about the environment and some of the problems that many of us face every day.
11. Exhaust fumes cause a lot of ________, especially in big cities.
A. recycling
B. pollution
12. Everyone should learn to ________ ( = save) energy. Using lights/lamps only when needed is a good way to do this.
A. conserve
B. converse
13. Nancy is ________ about pollution. This is why she walks to work instead of driving.
A. cornered
B. concerned
14. ________ is much healthier than driving, and it doesn't pollute the air.
A. Baking
B. Biking
15. David conserves water by not letting it ________ when he's not using it.
A. run
B. jog
16. I'd like to conserve water... But I feel dirty if I don't ________ three times a day!
A. bath
B. shower
17. Many unethical companies ________ their waste into rivers.
A. dump
B. give
18. ________, which is partly caused by exhaust fumes from cars, is a very big problem in many big cities across the world.
A. Smog
B. Smoke
19. ________ rain occurs when pollution in the air is absorbed by water droplets in clouds.
A. Dirty
B. Acid
20. Oil ________ pollute sea water and kill marine life.
A. soil
B. spills
C. Topic: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS
It's always good to be aware of certain environmental concerns. We all live on this planet and have to take care of it. Here's an exercise to help you practice talking/writing about the environment and some of the problems that many of us face every day.
21. One of the basic human requirements is clean ________ water.
A. drinking
B. to drink
22. The gradual increase in the Earth's temperature (warmer weather) and the temperature of the oceans is known as "global ________."
A. warmth
B. warming
23. Global warming is seen by many as a ________ to humanity.
A. threat
B. treat
24. What are the giant masses of ice located near the North Pole and in Antarctica called?
A. ice picks
B. icebergs
25. Many people are concerned about how many forests are destroyed or ________ every year.
A. cut-down
B. cut-off
26. Forests, farmland, and oceans are known as "natural ________".
A. research
B. resources
27. Human beings create a lot of ________. ( = waste) This ________ is often stored in places called "landfills".
A. recycling
B. garbage
28. One way to reduce the amount of garbage is by ________. This way, a plastic bottle can be melted to create other plastic bottles, a glass bottle can be used to make other glass bottles, etc.
A. resizing
B. recycling
29. When you recycle, you have to ________ paper, plastic, and other types of garbage.
A. separate
B. sever
30. To use something again = To ________ something
A. refuse
B. reuse
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