Papers

Book Chapters:

1. Prakash, S., R.K. Giri, and R.K. Jenamani, 2026: Satellite-based features of the southwest monsoon – 2025. In Monsoon 2025: A Report (eds. M. Mohapatra, N. Kumar, and S. Prakash), India Meteorological Department, 174-187.

2. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, R.M. Gairola, H. Norouzi, and D.S. Pai, 2018: Status of high-resolution multisatellite precipitation products across India. In Remote Sensing of Aerosols, Clouds, and Precipitation (eds. T. Islam, Y. Hu, A. Kokhanovsky, and J. Wang), Elsevier, 301-314, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-810437-8.00014-1.

Journals:

   2026

1. Prakash, S., and M. Mohapatra, 2026: Evaluation of rainfall characteristics and intensity of tropical cyclones from global and regional reanalysis products over the North Indian Ocean. Tropical Cyclone Research and Review (accepted).

2. Prakash, S., R. Ahmed, and M. Mohapatra, 2026: How accurate are satellite-based real-time tropical cyclone intensity estimates over the North Indian Ocean? Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 41, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.101939.

   2025

3. Prakash, S., R.K. Giri, and S.C. Bhan, 2025: On the increasing length of the southwest monsoon season over India. Mausam, 76(3), 745-754. https://doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v76i3.6526.

4. Singh, S., S. Prakash, and M. Mohapatra, 2025: Observational aspects of cyclonic storm ‘ASNA’ – a rare tropical cyclone over the Arabian Sea during peak southwest monsoon months. Current Science, 128(9), 940-945. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v128/i9/940-945.

5. Mitra, A.K., S. Prakash, and D.S. Pai, 2025: Operational 24-hour accumulated rainfall dataset over Indian region by merging rain gauge and multi-satellite estimate from ‘Global Precipitation Measurement’ mission. Journal of Earth System Science, 134(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-025-02550-0. 

6. Kumar, S., S. Kant, A. Kumar and S. Prakash, 2025: Assessment of remote sensing-based environmental features of severe cyclonic storm ‘Dana’ over the Bay of Bengal in October 2024. Current Science, 128(5), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v128/i5/465-471.

7.  Giri, R.K., S. Prakash, R. Yadav, N. Kaushik, M.V. Shukla, P.K. Thapliyal, and K.C. Saikrishnan, 2025: A review of the global operational geostationary meteorological satellites. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 37, 101403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101403.

   2024

8. Prakash, S., D.S. Pai, and M. Mohapatra, 2024: Meteorological sub-divisional scale comparison between two Indian rain gauge-based rainfall datasets for the southwest monsoon season. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 181(8), 2613-2630.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03540-x.

9. Prakash, S., and M. Mohapatra, 2024: Vertical structure of tropical cyclone precipitation over the North Indian Ocean: A spaceborne precipitation radar perspective. Remote Sensing Letters, 15(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2024.2302349.

   2023

10. Giri, R.K., S. Prakash, R. Yadav, C. Mishra, Y. Jha, N. Barak, A. Yadav, N. Kaushik, M.V. Shukla, P.K. Thapliyal, and K.C. Saikrishnan, 2023: An overview of validation of meteorological products derived from INSAT-3D/3DR imager and sounder instruments. Vayumandal, 49(2), 34-46.

11. Prakash, S., and M. Mohapatra, 2023: Mean rainfall characteristics of tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean using a merged satellite-gauge daily rainfall dataset. Natural Hazards, 119(3), 1437-1459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06158-9.

12. Giri, R.K., S. Prakash, R. Yadav, and K.C. Saikrishnan, 2023: INSAT geostationary meteorological satellite program and current meteorological data processing system for INSAT-3D/3DR/3DS at India Meteorological Department. Vayumandal, 49(1), 11-28.

13. Prakash, S., and S.C. Bhan, 2023: How accurate are infrared-only and rain gauge-adjusted multi-satellite precipitation products in the southwest monsoon precipitation estimation across India? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(4), 515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11148-2.

14. Prakash, S., and S.C. Bhan, 2023: Assessment of INSAT-3D-derived high-resolution real-time precipitation products for North Indian Ocean cyclones. Natural Hazards, 115(1), 993-1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05582-7.

       2022

15. Ahmed, R., S. Prakash, M. Mohapatra, R.K. Giri, and S. Dwivedi, 2022: Understanding the rapid intensification of extremely severe cyclonic storm ‘Tauktae’ using remote‑sensing observations. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 134(6), 97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-022-00935-0.

16. Bah, A.R., H. Norouzi, S. Prakash, R. Blake, R. Khanbilvardi, and C. Rosenzweig, 2022: Spatial downscaling of GOES-R land surface temperature over urban regions: A case study for New York City. Atmosphere, 13(2), 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020332.

2021

17. Prakash, S., and J. Srinivasan, 2021: A comprehensive evaluation of near-real-time and research products of IMERG precipitation over India for the southwest monsoon period. Remote Sensing, 13(18), 3676. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183676.

18. Sharifnezhad, Z., H. Norouzi, S. Prakash, R. Blake, and R. Khanbilvardi, 2021: Diurnal cycle of passive microwave brightness temperatures over land at a global scale. Remote Sensing, 13(4), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040817.

2020

19. Azarderakhsh, M., S. Prakash, Y. Zhao, and A. AghaKouchak, 2020: Satellite-based analysis of extreme land surface temperatures and diurnal variability across the hottest place on Earth. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 17(12), 2025-2029. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2019.2962055.

20. You, Y., S.J. Munchak, R. Ferraro, K. Mohr, C. Peters-Lidard, C. Prigent, S. Ringerud, S. Rudlosky, H. Wang, H. Norouzi, and S. Prakash, 2020: Raindrop signature from microwave radiometer over deserts. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(16), e2020GL088656. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088656.

21. Prakash, S., and H. Norouzi, 2020: Land surface temperature variability across India: A remote sensing satellite perspective. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 139(1-2), 773-784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-03010-8.

2019

22. Prakash, S., F. Shati, H. Norouzi, and R. Blake, 2019: Observed differences between near-surface air and skin temperatures using satellite and ground-based data. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 137(1-2), 587-600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2623-1.

23. Sharifnezhadazizi, Z., H. Norouzi, S. Prakash, C. Beale, and R. Khanbilvardi, 2019: A global analysis of land surface temperature diurnal cycle using MODIS observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 58(6), 1279-1291. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0256.1.

24. Prakash, S., A. Seshadri, J. Srinivasan, and D.S. Pai, 2019: A new parameter to assess impact of rain gauge density on uncertainty in the estimate of monthly rainfall over India. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 20(5), 821-832. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0161.1.

25. Prakash, S., 2019: Performance assessment of CHIRPS, MSWEP, SM2RAIN-CCI, and TMPA precipitation products across India. Journal of Hydrology, 571, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.01.036.

2018

26. Prakash, S., M.R. Ramesh Kumar, S. Mathew, and R. Venkatesan, 2018: How accurate are satellite estimates of precipitation over the north Indian Ocean? Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 134(1-2), 467-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-17-2287-2.

27. Prakash, S., 2018: Capabilities of satellite-derived datasets to detect consecutive Indian monsoon droughts of 2014 and 2015. Current Science, 114(11), 2362-2368. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v114/i11/2362-2368.

28. Prakash, S., H. Norouzi, M. Azarderakhsh, R. Blake, C. Prigent, and R. Khanbilvardi, 2018: Estimation of consistent global microwave land surface emissivity from AMSR-E and AMSR2 observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 57(4), 907-919. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0213.1.

29. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, A. AghaKouchak, Z. Liu, H. Norouzi, and D.S. Pai, 2018: A preliminary assessment of GPM-based multi-satellite precipitation estimates over a monsoon dominated region. Journal of Hydrology, 556, 865-876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.029.

30. Shati, F., S. Prakash, H. Norouzi, and R. Blake, 2018: Assessment of differences between near-surface air and soil temperatures for reliable detection of high-latitude freeze and thaw states. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 145, 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.10.007.

2017

31. Gera, A., D.K. Mahapatra, K. Sharma, S. Prakash, A.K. Mitra, G.R. Iyengar, E.N. Rajagopal, and N. Anilkumar, 2017: Assessment of marine weather forecasts over the Indian sector of Southern Ocean. Polar Science, 13, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2017.04.003. 

32. Prakash, S., H. Norouzi, M. Azarderakhsh, R. Blake, and R. Khanbilvardi, 2017: Potential of satellite-based land emissivity estimates for the detection of high-latitude freeze and thaw states. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(5), 2336-2342. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072560.

33. Jangid, B.P., S. Prakash,  M.T. Bushair, and R. Kumar, 2017: Adding value to INSAT-3D sea surface temperature fields using MODIS data over the tropical Indian Ocean. Remote Sensing Letters, 8(5), 458-467. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2017.1280201.

2016

34. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, I.M. Momin, E.N. Rajagopal, S.F. Milton, and G.M. Martin, 2016: Skill of short- to medium-range monsoon rainfall forecasts from two global models over India for hydro-meteorological applications. Meteorological Applications, 23(4), 574-586. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1579.

35. Prakash, S., H. Norouzi, M. Azarderakhsh, R. Blake, and K. Tesfagiorgis, 2016: Global land surface emissivity estimation from AMSR2 observations. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 13(9), 1270-1274. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2016.2581140.

36. Prakash, S., I.M. Momin, A.K. Mitra, P.S. Bhattacharjee, F. Yang, and V. Tallapragada, 2016: An early assessment of medium range monsoon precipitation forecasts from the latest high-resolution NCEP-GFS (T1534) model over South Asia. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173(6), 2215-2225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-016-1248-5.

37. Bushair, M.T., S. Prakash, S. Patel, and R.M. Gairola, 2016: Assessment of Kalpana-1 rainfall product over Indian meteorological sub-divisions during the summer monsoon season. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 44(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-015-0465-1.

38. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, V. Sathiyamoorthy, R.M. Gairola, and A.K. Mitra, 2016: An investigation of long-term changes in rainfall over the Equatorial Indian Ocean trough region during northern summer using multisatellite data. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 124(1-2), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1406-1.

39. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, E.N. Rajagopal, and D.S. Pai, 2016: Assessment of TRMM-based TMPA-3B42 and GSMaP precipitation products over India for the peak southwest monsoon season. International Journal of Climatology, 36(4), 1614-1631. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4446.

40. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, D.S. Pai, and A. AghaKouchak, 2016: From TRMM to GPM: How well can heavy rainfall be detected from space? Advances in Water Resources, 88, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.11.008.

2015

41. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, A. AghaKouchak, and D.S. Pai, 2015: Error characterization of TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA-3B42) products over India for different seasons. Journal of Hydrology, 529(P3), 1302-1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.062.

42. Patel, S., S. Prakash, and B. Bhatt, 2015: An assessment of Kalpana-1 rainfall product for drought monitoring over India at meteorological sub-division scale. Water International, 40(4), 689-702. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1072784.

43. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, I.M. Momin, R.M. Gairola, D.S. Pai, E.N. Rajagopal, and S. Basu, 2015: A review of recent evaluations of TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) research products against ground-based observations over Indian land and oceanic regions. Mausam, 66(3), 355-366.

44. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, and D.S. Pai, 2015: Comparing two high-resolution gauge-adjusted multisatellite rainfall products over India for the southwest monsoon period. Meteorological Applications, 22(3), 679-688. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1502.

45. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, I.M. Momin, E.N. Rajagopal, S. Basu, M. Collins, A.G. Turner, K. Achuta Rao, and K. Ashok, 2015: Seasonal intercomparison of observational rainfall datasets over India during the southwest monsoon season. International Journal of Climatology, 35(9), 2326-2338. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4129.

46. Prakash, S., R.M. Gairola, and A.K. Mitra, 2015: Comparison of large-scale global land precipitation from multisatellite and reanalysis products with gauge-based GPCC data sets. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 121(1-2), 303-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1245-5.

47. Momin, I.M., A.K. Mitra, S. Prakash, D.K. Mahapatra, A. Gera, and E.N. Rajagopal, 2015: Variability of sea surface salinity in the tropical Indian Ocean as inferred from Aquarius and in situ data sets. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 36(7), 1907-1920. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1030045.

48. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, I.M. Momin, D.S. Pai, E.N. Rajagopal, and S. Basu, 2015: Comparison of TMPA-3B42 versions 6 and 7 precipitation products with gauge-based data over India for the southwest monsoon period. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 16(1), 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0024.1.

49. Gairola, R.M., S. Prakash, and P.K. Pal, 2015: Improved rainfall estimation over the Indian monsoon region by synergistic use of Kalpana-1 and rain gauge data Atmόsfera,  28(1), 51-61.

2014

50. Mitra, A.K., S. Prakash, I.M. Momin, D.S. Pai, and A.K. Srivastava, 2014: Daily merged satellite gauge real-time rainfall dataset for Indian region. Vayumandal, 40(1-2), 33-43.

51. Prakash, S., R.M. Gairola, F. Papa, and A.K. Mitra, 2014: An assessment of terrestrial water storage, rainfall and river discharge over Northern India from satellite data. Current Science, 107(9), 1582-1586.

52. Gairola, R.M., S. Prakash, M.T. Bushair, and P.K. Pal, 2014: Rainfall estimation from Kalpana-1 satellite data over Indian land and oceanic regions. Current Science, 107(8), 1275-1282.

53. Gairola, R.M., S. Prakash, C. Mahesh, and B.S. Gohil, 2014: Model function for wind speed retrieval from SARAL-AltiKa radar altimeter backscatter: Case studies with TOPEX and Jason data. Marine Geodesy, 37(4), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2013.877545.

54. Mahesh, C., S. Prakash, R.M. Gairola, S. Shah, and P.K. Pal, 2014: Meteorological sub-divisional scale rainfall monitoring using Kalpana-1 VHRR measurements. Geographical Research, 52(3), 328-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12068.

55. Prakash, S., A.K. Mitra, I.M. Momin, E.N. Rajagopal, and S. Basu, 2014: Agreement between monthly land rainfall estimates from TRMM-PR and gauge-based observations over South Asia. Remote Sensing Letters, 5(6), 558-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2014.934401.

56. Mahesh, C., S. Prakash, V. Sathiyamoorthy, and R.M. Gairola, 2014: An improved approach for rainfall estimation over Indian summer monsoon region using Kalpana-1 data. Advances in Space Research, 54(4), 685-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2014.04.019. 

57. Prakash, S., V. Sathiyamoorthy, C. Mahesh, and R.M. Gairola, 2014: An evaluation of high-resolution multisatellite rainfall products over the Indian monsoon region. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 35(9), 3018-3035. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2014.894661.

58. Prakash, S., and R.M. Gairola, 2014: Validation of TRMM-3B42 precipitation product over the tropical Indian Ocean using rain gauge data from the RAMA buoy array. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 115(3-4), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0903-3.

2013

59. Prakash, S., and R.M. Gairola, 2013: Estimation of sea surface salinity in the tropical Indian Ocean by synergistic use of SMOS and RAMA buoy data. Methods in Oceanography, 8, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2014.06.003.

60. Sathiyamoorthy, V., C. Mahesh, K. Gopalan, S. Prakash, B.P. Shukla, and A.K. Mathur, 2013: Characteristics of low clouds over the Arabian Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(24), 13489-13503.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020553.

61. Collins, M., K. AchutaRao, K. Ashok, S. Bhandari, A.K. Mitra, S. Prakash, R. Srivastava, and A. Turner, 2013: Observational challenges in evaluating climate models. Nature Climate Change, 3(11), 940-941. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2012.

62. Prakash, S., and R.M. Gairola, 2013: Relationship between northeast monsoon rainfall and near-surface atmospheric wind convergence over the north Indian Ocean using  multisatellite data. Natural Hazards, 68(2), 763-774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0651-9.

63. Prakash, S., V. Sathiyamoorthy, C. Mahesh, and R.M. Gairola, 2013: Is summer monsoon rainfall over the west coast of India decreasing? Atmospheric Science Letters, 14(3), 160-163. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.433.

64. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, and R.M. Gairola, 2013: Comparison of TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA)-3B43 version 6 and 7 products with rain gauge data from ocean buoys. Remote Sensing Letters, 4(7), 677-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2013.783248.

65. Prakash, S., R.M. Gairola, and P.K. Thapliyal, 2013: Sea surface salinity estimation in the Bay of Bengal using multisatellite measurements. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 10(3), 525-527. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2012.2212176.

66. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, V. Sathiyamoorthy, and R.M. Gairola, 2013: Increasing trend of northeast monsoon rainfall over the Equatorial Indian Ocean and Peninsular India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 112(1-2), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0719-6.

2012

67. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, and R.M. Gairola, 2012: Observational study of the oceanic surface parameters in the Eastern Indian Ocean during two contrasting dipole years 2005 and 2006. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 9(5), 906-909. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2012.2182987.

68. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, and R.M. Gairola, 2012: Sea level anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean during two contrasting southwest monsoon years. International Journal of Ocean and Climate Systems, 3(2), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1260/1759-3131.3.2.127.

69. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, R.M. Gairola, and B. Buyantogtokh, 2012: A feasibility of six-hourly rainfall forecast over central India using model output and remote sensing data. International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology, 2(2), 138-152. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHST.12.47409.

70. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, and R.M. Gairola, 2012: Observed relationship between surface freshwater flux and salinity in the North Indian Ocean. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Letters, 5(3), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2012.11446984.

71. Karaseva, M.O., S. Prakash, and R.M. Gairola, 2012: Validation of high-resolution TRMM-3B43 precipitation product using rain gauge measurements over Kyrgyzstan. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 108(1-2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0509-6.

72. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, R.M. Gairola, and P.K. Pal, 2012: Comparison of high-resolution TRMM-based precipitation products during tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean. Natural Hazards, 61(2), 689-701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0055-7.

2011

73. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, and R.M. Gairola, 2011: Large-scale precipitation estimation using Kalpana-1 IR measurements and its validation using GPCP and GPCC data. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 106(3-4), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0435-7.

74. Mahesh, C., S. Prakash, V. Sathiyamoorthy, and R.M. Gairola, 2011: Artificial neural network based microwave precipitation estimation using scattering index and polarization corrected temperature. Atmospheric Research, 102(3), 358-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.003.

75. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, R.M. Gairola, and S. Pokhrel 2011: Surface freshwater flux estimation using TRMM measurements over the tropical oceans. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 1(4), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2011.14025.

2010

76. Prakash, S., C. Mahesh, R.M. Gairola, and P.K. Pal, 2010: Estimation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall using Kalpana-1 VHRR data and its validation using rain gauge and GPCP data. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 110(1-2), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-010-0106-8.

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