There were thousands of Egyptian deities. A complete catalog may not be possible. Most deities were gods of local villages and towns. Some of them grew in popularity and spread, merging with or absorbing other deities as time passed. There are also many creation myths. The forms of most of the myths we are familiar with come from the nineteenth dynasty and later.
Creation Myths:
Heliopolis - Atum (sometimes Ra-Atum) variously rose from the primeval waters; formed himself from his own will; came out of the darkness (bringing light to the world); or he came (from where?) and, finding nowhere to stand, created the primeval mound. He was hermaphroditic, and he could mate with himself and create other gods.
Atum created Shu, the god of air, and Tefnut, his consort and a rain goddess. Shu holds the disk of the sun and protects the soul on its voyage across the desert plateau.
Shu and Tefnut gave birth to Geb - the Earth, and Nut (Nuit) - the Sky.
Or: Ra (Ra-Atum?) created Geb and Nut. In this version of the myth, Geb and Nut were having sex, which angered Ra for reasons that are not explained. He ordered Shu to separate them with a great wind. The wind lifted Nut off of Geb until only the tips of her fingers and toes touched the ground and her body formed the arch of the sky. Geb, lying on his side propped up on one elbow with his knee bent, formed the Earth.
Hermopolis - A mound rose from the primeval waters (Nun). A celestial goose, the "Great Cackler," came to the mound and broke the silence of the universe. It laid an egg, which produced Ra. Ra created the world.
Or: the cosmic egg was laid by an ibis.
Or: Thoth (a moon god and the inventor of speech and writing, the patron god of scribes, the Divine Recorder, creator of the magickal arts, god of wisdom, etc.), created himself and appeared at the beginning of time in a lotus flower.
Or: A lotus plant rose from the primeval waters. When the lotus flowered and the bloom opened, Ra, as a child, was on the calix of the flower.
Or: The flower opened and revealed a scarab beetle, a symbol of the sun, which turned into a boy (Ra), whose tears were mankind.
Memphis - Ptah and Sekhmet gave birth to Nefertum, which means "lotus," who symbolizes rebirth. Sekhmet is the defender of the Divine Order (as in the War between Order and Chaos). In a parallel to one of the myths of the Hindu goddess Kali, she was sent forth as a lioness to punish mankind for neglecting to honor the gods. She pursued this task with such vigor that Ptah had to stop her, lest she utterly destroy mankind.
In another version of this story, the daughter of Ra, Hathor, is given the mission, and she earns the title of Sekhmet (She-Who-Prevails).
Thebes - Aten is the chief god. All other gods are manifestations of him.
Esna - Neith emerged from the ocean of Nun and brought forth the primeval mound by uttering its name. Resting on the mound, she created light and the primordial gods and prophesied the birth of a child, the sun. When the sun was born, she was able to travel to Sais, her eventual home.
Other deities:
Sekhmet - Guardian of the Forces of Order and, paradoxically, the wife of Set. As noted earlier, her name means She-Who-Prevails.
Khephri - A form of the scarab beetle and Ra as the morning sun. The sun was represented by Kephri when rising, Ra when high in the sky, and Amun late in the day.
Neith - An ancient Earth Mother and source of wisdom. Sometimes depicted as the mother of Isis, Osiris and Horus the Elder.
Osiris - Started out as a fertility/grain god. In the story of Isis and Osiris, he was one of the sons of Ra and heir to the throne the gods. He brought civilization to mankind. On his return from one of his trips abroad to spread civilization, Set, his younger brother, killed him because he was jealous of Osiris' popularity and desired to be next in line as heir to the kingship of the gods. After a long and complicated story, Osiris was resurrected. In the meantime, he had become the King of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead, titles which he retained after his resurrection.
Isis - Sister and wife of Osiris. Also known as the Enchantress. She taught domestic arts to women and was a healer. When an aged Ra was walking through his lands, he was bitten by a poisonous serpent (which Isis created for the purpose). Isis, in order to heal him, persuaded him to tell her his secret name and she gained his power. She gave magic and healing to mankind. In the Kemetic language, her name is Auset, and it means throne.
Set - The younger brother of Isis and Osiris who murdered Osiris and attempted to take the kingship of the gods. Set is sometimes called Seth.
Nephthys - Sister of Isis and Osiris and wife of Set. One of the chief protectors of the dead and chief mourner for Osiris. Before his death, she went to Osiris one night. He mistook her for Isis and she later bore Anubis. Nephthys only appears in the myths of Heliopolis, and no temples or shrines have been found that are dedicated to her alone. Her name means "Lady of the House," but no one knows which house. her Kemetic name is Nebt-Het.
Anubis - The Jackal-headed god of death and patron of embalmers. Before Osiris, Anubis was Judge of the Dead. After Osiris became the judge and ruler of the underworld, he was depicted as the son of Osiris and Nephthys and protector of Isis. He presided over burial rites and guarded the dead on their way to the afterlife. Anubis embalmed Osiris' body and wrapped it in bandages, making the first mummy. Anubis guarded the scales on which the heart of the deceased was weighed against the feather of Maat, the goddess of truth. He read the scales and pronounced the judgement.
Horus - The falcon-(sometimes hawk) headed god. The earliest state god of Egypt. Reigning kings were envisioned as the earthly embodiment of Horus and were called "the Living Horus." When they died they became "the Osiris." Later in history, the phrase, "the Osiris (whomever)" became a common expression in reference to any deceased person, and was synonymous with our present "dearly departed" and similar phrases.
As Horus the Elder, Horus was a sky god and sun god, perhaps predating Ra. Usually he is depicted as the son of Nut, but sometimes as the son and/or husband of Hathor. He is the god of light and the personification of the rising sun. His eyes were the sun and the moon. He lost one eye in a battle with Set, and became the patron god of the blind.
As Horus the Younger, Horus was the son of Isis and Osiris, who rose to succeed Ra as king of the gods. The younger Horus was the friend and protector of the dead, and was assisted in this task by his four sons, who were in turn assisted by Isis, Nephthys, Neith and Selkhet (a desert goddess, symbolized by a scorpion), whose images were carved on the corners of the coffin. The Sons of Horus and their partners guarded the contents of the canopic jars. The first jar, containing the liver, was guarded by Imset (Ameshet) and Isis; the second, containing the lungs, was protected by Hapi (Ahephi) and Nephthys; the third, containing the stomach was guarded by Duamutef (Tmoumathph) and Neith; the last jar, containing the intestines was the provence of Qebehsenuf (Kabexnuf) and Selkhet. The stoppers of the canopic jars were carved in the form of the head of the particular son associated with it (Imset -- a man's head; Hapi -- a baboon's head; Duamutef -- a jackal's head; Qebehsenuf -- a hawk's head). Horus the Younger eventually absorbed the qualities of Horus the Elder because of his great popularity.
Sun Gods:
The Sun gods varied, depending on the historical period and region. They were -- Atum, Ra-Atum, Amen (or Amun), Amen-Ra, Ra, Horus the Elder, Aten and Kephri, who was usually represented as a scarab beetle with a human head.
The Kemetic word kheprer means "to become" or "to come into existence." It is also the name of the scarab beetle, hence the association of Kephri with the scarab. One story has it that the scarab emerged backwards from the sands of the desert, pulling the sun with it.
Aten was a relatively minor solar deity who reached the height of his power when Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten and declared Aten to be the only god. This caused a split with the traditional priests, who declared the pharaoh to be a heretic, and brought Egypt to the brink of civil war. Akhenaten's successor, Smenkare, only ruled for about two years, but he abandoned the cult of Aten and reconciled with the old religion. Shortly after Smenkare's death, the new pharaoh, Tutenkhaten, completed the reconciliation and healing of the rift that Akhenaten had created with the priesthood and renamed himself Tutankhamen in recognition of Amen's supremacy. Tutenkamen's brief reign marked the end of the 18th dynasty in Egypt.
One version of the story of the clashes between Set and Horus has Aten emerge from Set's forehead as the solar disk.
The rising sun was represented by Kephri, Ra was the sun at mid-day and Atum was the setting sun. Sometimes the two horizons were represented by Horus-Of-The-Two-Horizons. No doubt, there are other variations.
Foundations of Egyptian Magic:
The background for Egyptian magic was the conception of two realities that are in constant battle with each other. This battle is called the War in Heaven, or the War between Order and Chaos. In the Egyptian mythos, Chaos existed before Order came into being.
In this war, Chaos is eternally trying to transform Order into Chaos, and vice-versa. This conflict has created other intermediate realities. These realms are not as real or permanent as Chaos and Order, but they occupy the dimensions of existence that constitute the main battlegrounds upon which the War in Heaven is fought. These dimensions have varying degrees of substance, but they are primarily images and constructs that represent the primal powers of Order and Chaos. Our universe occupies only a small part of one of these dimensions.
In a general hierarchy, Chaos and Order are the ultimate realities, but from a material perspective they are the furthest removed from our familiar physical world, which may be visualized as the mid-point between them.
If we define man as the center-point between the poles of Order and Chaos, we come up with a system like the following:
These are the five bodies of man:
Aufu is the physical body. It is a purely material construct, having a brain but no mind, because mind is not a material thing.
The ka is subtler than the physical body, but is inevitably linked with it. It is referred to as the Double. It is not the same as the etheric or astral double of theosophy, however. The experience of a person is an indirect representation of his/her interaction with the world, mediated and interpreted by the mind. This mediating aspect is the ka. The ka is not immortal. In Egyptian religion, when the body dies, the ka must be fed, or it will die. Some people mistake the imagination of the ka for creative imagination or "visualization," but it is only fantasy.
"Above" the ka, and more subtle, is haidit, or the shadow. This is the level of dreams, hallucinations and the unconscious. It is the source of most human creativity, and its nature is mental.
The khu is the magical body. From here, a person can manifest "paranormal" effects, i.e., telepathy, clairvoyance, psychometry, psychokinesis, etc. In the magical body, some interaction with spiritual beings and gods is possible.
Finally, and most subtle of all, the sahu is the spiritual body. At this level, more purely spiritual work can be done, and more direct interaction with gods is possible. The sahu contains and integrates the other levels.
All of these levels interact and affect each other. The ultimate goal of the magician is to gain knowledge of, and be able to access and use all five bodies.
In keeping with our model of man as the center between the poles of Order and Chaos, "above" the sahu is the realm of spiritual order, though it is not completely organized. This is the abode of lesser spiritual beings, like angels, for instance.
Above this order is a realm of higher, more powerful spiritual beings; archangels, lesser gods and goddesses and the like. Then come the most powerful deities, and "above" them, the pure forces and beings of Order.
Conversely, "below" the aufu is the level of disordered material existence, loosely analogous to the quantum foam. Then come the counterpart divisions wherein live the minor demons, arch-demons, the lesser gods and goddesses of Chaos, the greater Chaotic deities, and finally the pure forces and beings of Chaos.
The pure forces and beings of Chaos and Order are probably beyond human conception or even imagination.
Numberless other dimensions and realms exist "sideways" to the human dimension that are inaccessible to us.