Teaching

Undergraduate Studies (Zoology)

Course Code: USZO503: - Histology, Toxicology, Pathology and Biostatistics

Syllabus

Unit I: Mammalian Histology

1.1: Vertical section (V.S.) of skin: Layers and cells of epidermis; papillary and reticular layers of dermis; sweat glands, sebaceous glands and skin receptors

1.2: Digestive System

1.2.1: Vertical section (V.S.) of tooth; hard tissue - dentine and enamel; soft tissue - dentinal pulp and periodontal ligaments

1.2.2: Transverse section (T.S.) of tongue - mucosal papillae and taste buds

1.2.3: Alimentary canal - Transverse section (T.S.) of stomach, small intestine, large intestine of mammal.

1.2.4: Glands associated with digestive system - Transverse section (T.S.) of salivary glands, liver.

Unit II: Toxicology

2.1: Basic toxicology

2.1.1: Introduction to toxicology - brief history, different areas of toxicology, principles and scope of toxicology

2.1.2: Toxins and Toxicants - Phytotoxins (caffeine, nicotine), Mycotoxins (aflatoxins), Zootoxins (cnidarian toxin, bee venom, scorpion venom, snake venom)

2.1.3: Characteristics of Exposure - Duration of exposure, Frequency of exposure, Site of exposure and Routes of exposure

2.1.4: Types of Toxicity - Acute toxicity, Sub-acute toxicity, Sub-chronic toxicity and Chronic toxicity

2.1.5: Concept of LD50, LC50, ED50

2.1.6: Dose Response relationship - Individual / Graded dose response, Quantal dose response, shape of dose response curves, Therapeutic index, Margin of safety

2.1.7: Dose translation from animals to human - Concept of extrapolation of dose, NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level), Safety factor, ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake)

2.1.8: Target organ toxicity: Hepatotoxicity: susceptibility of the liver, types of liver injury, examples of hepatotoxicants; Neurotoxicity: vulnerability of nervous system, examples of neurotoxicants; Nephrotoxicity: susceptibility of kidney, examples of nephrotoxicants

2.2: Regulatory toxicology

2.2.1: OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals (an overview)

2.2.2: CPCSEA guidelines for animal testing centre, ethical issues in animal studies

2.2.3: Animal models used in regulatory toxicology studies

2.2.4: Alternative methods in toxicology (in vitro tests)

Unit III: General Pathology

3.1: General Pathology: Introduction and scope

3.2: Cell injury: Mechanisms of cell injury: ischemic, hypoxic, free radical mediated and chemical

3.3: Retrogressive changes: Definition, cloudy swelling, degeneration: fatty, mucoid and amyloid (causes and effects)

3.4: Disorders of pigmentation: Endogenous: Brief ideas about normal process of pigmentation, melanosis, jaundice (causes and effects)

3.5: Necrosis: Definition and causes; nuclear and cytoplasmic changes; types: coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat and fibroid

3.6: Gangrene: Definition and types - dry, moist and gas gangrene

Unit IV: Biostatistics

4.1: Probability Distributions: Normal, Binomial, Poisson distribution, Z-transformation, p- value, Probability - Addition and multiplication rules and their applications

4.2: Measures of Variation: Variance, standard deviation, standard error

4.3: Testing of Hypothesis: Basic concepts, types of hypothesis: Null hypothesis and Alternate hypothesis, Levels of significance and testing of hypothesis

4.4: Parametric and non-parametric test: Parametric tests: two-tailed Z-test and t-test Non-parametric test: Chi-square test and its applications

4.5: Correlation: Correlation coefficient and its significance

Preamble

Unit I- Objectives:

To familiarize the learner with the cellular architecture of the various organs in the body.

To make the learner understand the need and importance of different types of tissues in the vital organs and their functions.

Desired outcome:

Learner would appreciate the well planned organization of tissues and cells in the organ systems.

Unit II- Objectives:

To introduce the learner to the principles of toxicology with particular emphasis on toxic responses to chemical exposures, nature and effect of toxicity and toxicity testing.

It also intends to develop amongst students an introductory understanding of regulatory affairs in toxicology.

Desired outcome:

The course will prepare learner to develop broad understanding of the different areas of toxicology.

It will also develop critical thinking and assist students in preparation for employment in pharmaceutical industry and related areas.

Unit III- Objectives:

To introduce the learner to basics of general pathology.

To impart knowledge of retrogressive, necrotic, pathological conditions in the body.

To explain repair mechanism of the body.

Desired outcome:

Learner will be familiar with various medical terminology pertaining to pathological condition of the body caused due to diseases.

Unit IV- Objective:

To make learner familiar with biostatistics as an important tool of analysis and its applications.

Desired outcome:

The learner will be able to collect, organize and analyse data using parametric and non- parametric tests.

They will also be able to set up a hypothesis and verify the same using limits of significance.

My teaching plan

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