Chapter 1 Study Guide: Introduction [Jenn's study guide; slides ]
Key terms: psychophysics, panpsychism, criterion, cross modal matching, magnitude estimation, signal detection, spatial frequency, phase
Anatomy of a neuron (neurotransmitters, neuron, axon, dendrites, receptor, myelin, ect) and basic structure (layers) of the cortex.
Types of nerve cells
Weber’s law/theories, Joseph Fourier and “Allegory in the cave”
Signal to noise ration and examples
Neuroimaging techniques (fMRI, MEG, EEG, CT, PET)
Thresholds (JND, two-point touch, absolute)
Method of (adjustment, limits, constant stimuli)
Chapter 2 Study Guide: The First Steps in Vision [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Key terms: Duplex, eccentricity, emmetropia, scotoma, synaptic terminal.
Properties of light (absorb, contrast, filter, photoactivation, reflect, scatter, transduce, transmit, wave)
Anatomy of the eye (lens, iris, rods, cones, pigments, fovea,cornea, ect) and what each part does.
Rods and Cones: where they are, what they do, when kind of cells are the information pass through, what pigment is found in rods, night vs day vision.
Myopia vs Hyperopia ; astigmatism
Chapter 3 Study Guide: Spatial Vision [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Key terms: Aliasing, amplitude, acuity,contrast, spatial frequency,visual angle, topographical mapping, orientation tuning, phase, cortical magnification, simple cell, complex cell, pattern analyzers, adaptation.
What are receptive fields and size to perceive texture
Snellen’s 1862 method for designating
Hubel and Wiesel’s experiment as seen in the video on the slides
What do retinal ganglion cells respond to?
Know the entire pathway of a visual signal (starting at the retina) and where the signal converges.
Chapter 4: Perceiving and Recognizing Objects [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Gestalt psychology
What is it? What are key points about it?
Know all of the Gestalt group principles and what they look like (examples)
Illusory Contours, Gestalt features, good continuations, occlusion, similarity, proximity, connectedness,parallelism, common fate, ambiguous figure, accidental viewpoint, parallelism,
Occlusion: Relatable shape and non accidental figures
Figure/Ground: what is usually perceived as figure or ground?
What is middle vision? How is it summarized?
Famous studies
Hoffman and Richard
Tarr
Gauthier et al.
Disorders of perceiving and recognizing objects
Balint’s syndrome, prosopagnosia, associative agnosia,
What are the symptoms and what causes these disorders.
Object recognition models
Naive Template Theory, Recognition by component, Multiple recognition committees, structural description, entry level category
Examples for each, famous experiments/components associated with these models, problems with models?
Chapter 5: Color [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Trichromacy theory
Univarience
Color opposition
Subtractive and Additive color mixing
Hue cancellation with lights(examples/combinations)
Color consistency
Metemers
Opponent color theory (output of cones and opponency between colors)
After image (
examples
what colors pairs belong to each other (I.E. you see red when you stare at green)
RGB scale
what percentages of RGB make colors. Play with the color picker tool in paint to see percentages (i.e. 100% red, 50% green, 0% blue is the color orange)
Disorders that causes one to not be able to perceive color
Types of cones (L, M, S) (Protan, Deutan, Tritan)
What colors respond to which cone
What color blindness is correlated to the absence of which cone
Deuteranope, protanope, tritanopia, and monochromacy
How do these different cones respond at night or day (photopic vs scotopic)
Repacking of the Retina information
(L-M), (L+M), (L+M)-S
What do these combinations tell you/ what are they used for.
The color violet. Why is it unique? Who/what can see it?
How do animals see color differently than humans?
Cats, birds, and dogs (tetrachromats vs dichomates vs trichromats)
Chapter 6 Study Guide: Space Perception and Binocular vision [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Depth cues (what are they, be able to identify examples of each, and whether they are binocular or monocular depth cues)
Motion parallax, aerial perspective, linear perspective, vanishing point, accommodation, occlusion, texture gradient, relative height, size constancy, metric depth cue, nonmetric depth cue, size and position cues, kinetic depth perception, pulfrich effect
Panum’s Fusion area
Vieth Muller circle
Horopter vs diplopia
Stereoscopes/stereograms
Stereoblindness (what causes it)
Binary Disparity/ Rivalry
Uncrossed vs crosses disparity, stereoacuity; Binocular rivalry, dichoptic
Free Fusion
Influences of perception on binocular vision
Bayesian Approach, continuity constraints, uniqueness constraints, correspondence problem
Chapter 7 Study Guide: Attention and Scene Perception [Jenn's study guide; slides]
What is attention? What does it consist of? Types of attention?
What is reaction time (RT) and how is it used in regards to attention tasks?
Searches and search elements
Spotlight attention, visual search, distractors, target, set size, selective attention, feature search, serial vs parallel search, reaction, serial self terminating,
Efficient search vs inefficient search
Repetition blindness and attentional blink
feature integration theory (define and example of)
how do neurons respond during response enhancement?
Neglect: what it is, what are the symptoms and what tests are used?
Balint syndrome; what is it and what are the symptoms? (make sure you watch the video on the powerpoint)
Areas of the brain that are used attention and scene perception (i.e: FFA, EBA, parahippocampal place area, striate cortex)
What are the three ways the response of a cell can be changed by attention?
What is spatial layout and covert attentional shift?
Chapter 8 Study Guide: Motion Perception [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Vocab: First order motion, second order motion, apparent motion, aperture problem, correspondence problem, biological motion, interocular transfer.
Know about motion after effect.
What are the waterfall illusion and the barber shop pole illusion and what do they demonstrate?
What is Tau? What does it tell you?
What parts of the brain are responsible for perceiving motion? In individuals who cannot perceive motion, what part of the brain is often damaged?
What is the comparator? What is its purpose?
How do you use motion information to navigate? Optic array and optic flow?
What is the “focus of expansion”? What is its purpose? Why is this important?
What does Warren’s lab (in the section labeled “using motion information) find in regards to humans estimating their direction of heading?
What is saccadic suppression?
Types of eye movements(what they are and when you use them): Saccades, smooth pursuit, vergence, microsaccades.
What is the comparator? How does it work?
Chapter 9 Study Guide: Hearing [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Components of sound: amplitude, loudness, period, frequency, pitch, sine wave, tone, complex tones, resonance frequency, masking, acoustic reflex, harmonics, threshold tuning curve, two tone suppression, rate saturation, temporal integration.
What happens when you strike a tuning fork?
Know the anatomy of the ear (including all of the little parts/auditory pathway) and the purpose of the parts (ear canal, inner, middle, outer ear, ect)
How the cochlear works?
What causes hearing loss? How does age affect hearing?
Chapter 10 Study Guide: Hearing in the Environment [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Interaural time difference, interaural level difference, sound localization, sound shadow, cone of confusion, perceptual restoration, good continuation, spectral composition, Head related transfer function.
Know the parts of the brain that are involved with hearing and what they do (auditory stream).
Sound components: Harmonics, missing fundamentals, fundamental frequencies, Timbre, Pitch, Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release, Octave, Continuity effects, perceptual restoration, Doppler effect.
What is source segregation and what does it involve?
What is auditory stream segregation and what contributes to it? What is an example of this?
What are the different ways you can group sounds? (grouping by onset, timbre, continuity effect, decay, ect)
Chapter 11 Study Guide: Music and Speech Perception [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Key terms- pitch, octave, tone height, tone chroma, chord, melody, tempo, syncopation, vocal tract, phonation, articulation, formant, spectrogram, coarticulation, categorical perception, encephalogram.
How is speech sounds produced?
How does culture affect perception of music?
components of articulatory dimension
Theories involving speech?
Know about the chimpanzee experiments that attempted to teach them language (e.g. Vicki and Washoe)
Broca’s and Wernicke's area
Study the "Musical pitch" slides
How do infants react to sounds and sentences? Think about the studies done with infants.
Watch the youtube video on monkeys (Robert Seyfarth: Can Monkeys Talk”)
Chapter 12 Study Guide: Spatial Orientation and the Vestibular System [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Know the parts of the ear that contribute to the vestibular system and how they work.
Vocab: angular motion, linear motion, tilt, angular acceleration, linear acceleration, vection, motion sickness, habituation, acceleration, velocity, receptor potential, mechanoreceptor, otoconia, oscillatory, sensory integration, sinusoidal.
Know the pathways used by the vestibular system
Know the 3 different reflexes/responses used in vestibular response (they all start with “vestibulo-”) and what they do.
Know how caloric stimulation works.
How do cameras try to mimic the human vestibular system/
Chapter 13 Study Guide: Touch [Jenn's study guide; slides]
What are the field size, rate and function of the four mechanoreceptor (SA1, SA2, FA1, FA2)
What do each receptor/fiber responds to (i.e. Tactile, Kinesthetic, Thermal, Nociceptors)
Know the pathway for touch from the skin to the brain
Know the areas of the brain that perceive pain and pleasant/unpleasant touch
Vocab: Body image, haptic, neural plasticity, gate control theory, homunculus, egocenter, propriocenter, somatotopic, kinesthetic, endogenous opiate, analgesia.
What is tactile agnosia and what causes it?
Phantom Limb syndrome.
What is important about fingerprints in regards to touch
Chapter 14 Study Guide: Olfaction [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Key terms: Odor, odorant, nasal dominance, anosmia, cross adaptation, cognitive habituation, odor imagery, pheromones, odor hedonics, receptor adaptation,
Binaural rivalry
Know the olfactory system of an animal
Why is olfaction a “mute sense”?
Know the anatomy of the human olfactory system and the purpose of each part
Know the pathway a signal is carried from the olfactory receptor to the brain (including nerves associated with olfaction and taste)
Vibration theory vs shape pattern theory
Chapter 15 Study Guide: Taste [Jenn's study guide; slides]
Key terms: tastant, taste bud, flavor, retronasal olfactory, gustatory system, cross-modality matching
Understand the process of how food is tasted/perceived starting when you chew up the food to where in the brain the neural signal is received
Theories related to taste
What happens when you anesthetize the chorda tympani?
Know the four taste qualities and what specific thing produces them (i.e. H+)
Know the purpose of the different types of papillae
Social influence on flavor
PROP (the experiment we did in class)
Final exam study guide
Chapter 1
Thresholds (JND, two-point touch, absolute)
Anatomy of a neuron (neurotransmitters, neuron, axon, dendrites, receptor, myelin, ect)
Neuroimaging techniques (fMRI, MEG, EEG, CT, PET)
Method of (adjustment, limits, constant stimuli)
Joseph Fourier
Analogy to a pinhole camera
Chapter 2
Anatomy of the eye (lens, iris, rods, cones, pigments, fovea,cornea, ect) and where that neural signal goes in the brain
Properties of light (absorb, contrast, filter, photoactivation, reflect, scatter, transduce, transmit, wave)
Myopia vs Hyperopia ; astigmatism
Chapter 3
Dorsal and Ventral stream
simple and complex cells
Key Terms: amplitude,contrast, spatial frequency,topographical mapping, orientation tuning, phase, LGN, visual angle, spatial selection,adaptation.
Chapter 4
Balint’s syndrome, prosopagnosia, associative agnosia (know the symptoms of each)
Know all of the Gestalt group principles (Illusory Contours, good continuations, occlusion, similarity, proximity, connectedness,parallelism, common fate, ambiguous figure, accidental viewpoint, parallelism,relatable shape and non accidental figures)
What is middle vision? How is it summarized?
Entry level category
Chapter 5
Color receptors
Properties of light (how color is perceived)
Key terms: univariance, hue, illuminant, saturation, brightness, achromatopsia, color blindness, metamers, after image
Chapter 6
Stereoblindness (what causes it) and Steroscopes
Depth cues (what are they, be able to identify examples of each, and whether they are binocular or monocular depth cues)
Motion parallax, aerial perspective, linear perspective, vanishing point, accommodation, occlusion, texture gradient, relative height, size constancy, metric depth cue, nonmetric depth cue, free fusion, occlusion.
Chapter 7
Searches and search elements
Spotlight attention, visual search, distractors, target, set size, selective attention, feature search, serial vs parallel search, reaction, serial self terminating.
Disorders of attention and scene perception
Areas of the brain that are used attention and scene perception (i.e: FFA, EBA, parahippocampal place area, striate cortex)
Chapter 8
Motion after effect
Types of eye movements
What areas in the brain are important for initiating eye movement and processes motion?
Chapter 9
Causes of hearing loss
Components of sound: amplitude, loudness, period, frequency, pitch, sine wave, tone, complex tones, resonance frequency, masking, acoustic reflex, harmonics, threshold tuning curve, two tone suppression, rate saturation, temporal integration.
Structure of the ear
Chapter 10
Sound components: Harmonics, missing fundamentals, fundamental frequencies, Timbre, Pitch, Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release, Octave, Continuity effects, perceptual restoration, Doppler effect, medial superior olives, lateral superior olives, interaural time difference.
Chapter 11
Key terms- pitch, octave, tone height, tone chroma, chord, melody, tempo, syncopation, vocal tract, phonation, articulation, formant, spectrogram, coarticulation, categorical perception, encephalogram.
How is sound produced by the body?
Borca’s and Wernick’s area. Lesions to each one.
Chapter 12
Vocab: angular motion, linear motion, tilt, angular acceleration, linear acceleration, vection, motion sickness, habituation, acceleration, velocity, receptor potential, mechanoreceptor, otoconia, oscillatory, sensory integration, sinusoidal.
Chapter 13
areas of the brain that perceive pain and pleasant/unpleasant touch
Vocab: Body image, haptic, neural plasticity, gate control theory, homunculus, egocenter, propriocenter, somatotopic, kinesthetic, endogenous opiate, analgesia.
What do each receptor/fiber responds to (i.e. Tactile, Kinesthetic, Thermal, Nociceptors)
Chapter 14
Key terms: Odor, odorant, nasal dominance, anosmia, cross adaptation, cognitive habituation, odor imagery, pheromones, odor hedonics, receptor adaptation, vasonasal organ.
Know the anatomy of the nose
Two main theories of olfactory perception
Chapter 15
Anatomy of the tongue
Know the four taste qualities and what specific thing produces them (i.e. H+)
What happens when you anesthetize the chorda tympani?
PROP