Publications

Kramer, R. S. S., Ritchie, K. L., Flack, T. R., Mireku, M. O., & Jones, A. L. (in press). The psychometrics of rating facial attractiveness using different response scales. Perception.

Kramer, R. S. S., & McIntosh, R. D. (in press). Face matching and self-insight: A Registered Report investigating individual differences in metacognitive sensitivity, efficiency, and bias. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.

Kramer, R. S. S. (2024). Considerations when investigating metacognitive sensitivity: Regarding Miller et al. (2023). Psychological Science. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Tree, J. J. (2023). Investigating people's metacognitive insight into their own face abilities. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Advance online publication. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Jarvis, J.-L., Green, M., & Jones, A. L. (2023). The relationship between facial attractiveness and perceived guilt across types of crime. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Advance online publication. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Flanagan, E., Jones, A. L., & Gous, G. (2023). Wisdom of the inner crowd benefits both face and voice matching. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 37(6), 1409-1417. [PDF]

Ritchie, K. L., Cartledge, C., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2023). Investigating the other race effect: Human and computer face matching and similarity judgements. Visual Cognition, 31(4), 314-325. [PDF]

Flack, T. R., Ritchie, K. L., Cartledge, C., Fuller, E. A., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2023). Improving face morph detection with the pairs training effect. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 37(6), 1158-1166. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., McIntosh, R. D., & Nuhfer, E. B. (2023). The (mis)use of performance quartiles in metacognition and face perception: A comment on Zhou and Jenkins (2020) and Estudillo and Wong (2021). Psychological Reports. Advance online publication. [PDF]

Groves, V., Ridley, B. J., Cornelissen, P. L., Maalin, N., Mohamed, S., Kramer, R. S. S., McCarty, K., Tovée, M. J., & Cornelissen, K. K. (2023). Men's perception of current and ideal body composition and the influence of media internalization on body judgements. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1116686. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Jones, A. L. (2023). Wanting or having children predicts age preferences in online dating. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 17(1), 16-30. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S. (2023). Face matching and metacognition: Investigating individual differences and a training intervention. PeerJ, 11, e14821. [PDF]

Gous, G., Azoui, M., Kramer, R. S. S., & Harris, A. (2022). The effects of witness mental illness and use of special measures in court on individual mock juror decision-making. Psychology, Crime & Law. Advance online publication. [PDF]

Ridley, B. J., Cornelissen, P. L., Maalin, N., Mohamed, S., Kramer, R. S. S., McCarty, K., & Tovée, M. J. (2022). The degree to which the cultural ideal is internalized predicts judgments of male and female physical attractiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 980277. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Jones, A. L. (2022). Incomplete faces are completed using a more average face. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 7, 79. [PDF]

Ritchie, K. L., Flack, T. R., Fuller, E. A., Cartledge, C., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2022). The pairs training effect in unfamiliar face matching. Perception, 51(7), 477-495. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Gosling, S. D. (2022). What is personality? Frontiers for Young Minds, 10, 719561. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Gous, G., Mireku, M. O., & Ward, R. (2022). Metacognition during unfamiliar face matching. British Journal of Psychology, 113(3), 696-717. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Pustelnik, L. R. (2021). Sequential effects in facial attractiveness judgments: Separating perceptual and response biases. Visual Cognition, 29(10), 679-688. [PDF]

Ritchie, K. L., Cartledge, C., Growns, B., Yan, A., Wang, Y., Guo, K., Kramer, R. S. S., Edmond, G., Martire, K. A., San Roque, M., & White, D. (2021). Public attitudes towards the use of automatic facial recognition technology in criminal justice systems around the world. PLoS ONE, 16(10), e0258241. [PDF]

Davis, A. M. B., Coleman, C., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2021). Parenting styles and types: Breastfeeding attitudes in a large sample of mothers. Midwifery, 103, 103142. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S. (2021). Forgetting faces over a week: Investigating self-reported face recognition ability and personality. PeerJ, 9, e11828. [PDF]

Mohamed, S., Kramer, R. S. S., Thornborrow, T., Pollet, T. V., Tovée, M. J., & Cornelissen, P. L. (2021). 3D visualisation of psychometric estimates for the ideal male body. Body Image, 38, 295-305. [PDF]

Jones, A. L., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2021). Facial first impressions form two clusters representing approach-avoidance. Cognitive Psychology, 126, 101387. [PDF]

Ritchie, K. L., Kramer, R. S. S., Mileva, M., Sandford, A., & Burton, A. M. (2021). Multiple-image arrays in face matching tasks with and without memory. Cognition, 211, 104632. [PDF]

Davis, A. M. B., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2021). Does 'cry it out' really have no adverse effects on attachment? Reflections on Bilgin and Wolke (2020). The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(12), 1488-1490. [PDF] [listed in ACAMH's top 10 downloaded papers of 2021 in JCPP]

Kramer, R. S. S., Jones, A. L., & Gous, G. (2021). Individual differences in face and voice matching abilities: The relationship between accuracy and consistency. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 192-202. [PDF]

Maalin, N., Mohamed, S., Kramer, R. S. S., Cornelissen, P. L., Martin, D., & Tovée, M. J. (2021). Beyond BMI for self-estimates of body size and shape: A new method for developing stimuli correctly calibrated for body composition. Behavior Research Methods, 53, 1308-1321. [PDF]

Youngs, M. A., Lee, S. E., Mireku, M. O., Sharma, D., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2021). Mindfulness meditation improves visual short-term memory. Psychological Reports, 124(4), 1673-1686. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Jones, A. L. (2020). Sequential effects in facial attractiveness judgments using cross-classified models: Investigating perceptual and response biases. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 46(12), 1476-1489. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Berry, C. J., Jones, A. L., & Gous, G. (2020). Face familiarity and image-specific memory. Perception, 49(9), 978-987. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Gous, G. (2020). Eyewitness descriptions without memory: The (f)utility of describing faces. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(3), 605-615. [PDF]

Robertson, D. J., Sanders, J. G., Towler, A., Kramer, R. S. S., Spowage, J., Byrne, A., Burton, A. M., & Jenkins, R. (2020). Hyper-realistic face masks in a live passport-checking task. Perception, 49(3), 298-309. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Mulgrew, J., Anderson, N. C., Vasilyev, D., Kingstone, A., Reynolds, M. G., & Ward, R. (2020). Physically attractive faces attract us physically. Cognition, 198, 104193. [PDF]

Ritchie, K. L., Mireku, M. O., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2020). Face averages and multiple images in a live matching task. British Journal of Psychology, 111(1), 92-102. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Hardy, S. C., & Ritchie, K. L. (2020). Searching for faces in crowd chokepoint videos. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(2), 343-356. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Gardner, E. M. (2020). Facial trustworthiness and criminal sentencing: A comment on Wilson and Rule (2015). Psychological Reports, 123(5), 1854-1868. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Mireku, M. O., Flack, T. R., & Ritchie, K. L. (2019). Face morphing attacks: Investigating detection with humans and computers. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 4, 28. [PDF]

Mileva, M., Kramer, R. S. S., & Burton, A. M. (2019). Social evaluation of faces across gender and familiarity. Perception, 48(6), 471-486. [PDF]

Mileva, M., Young, A. W., Kramer, R. S. S., & Burton, A. M. (2019). Understanding facial impressions between and within identities. Cognition, 190, 184-198. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Mohamed, S., & Hardy, S. C. (2019). Unfamiliar face matching with driving licence and passport photographs. Perception, 48(2), 175-184. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Prior, J. Y. (2019). Colour associations in children and adults. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(8), 1977-1983. [PDF]

Ritchie, K. L., White, D., Kramer, R. S. S., Noyes, E., Jenkins, R., & Burton, A. M. (2018). Enhancing CCTV: Averages improve face identification from poor-quality images. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(6), 671-680. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Mileva, M., & Ritchie, K. L. (2018). Inter-rater agreement in trait judgements from faces. PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0202655. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Mulgrew, J., & Reynolds, M. G. (2018). Unfamiliar face matching with photographs of infants and children. PeerJ, 6, e5010. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Mulgrew, J. (2018). Displaying red and black on a first date: A field study using the "First Dates" television series. Evolutionary Psychology, 16(2), 1-7. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Reynolds, M. G. (2018). Unfamiliar face matching with frontal and profile views. Perception, 47(4), 414-431. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M. (2018). Understanding face familiarity. Cognition, 172, 46-58. [PDF]

Ritchie, K. L., Kramer, R. S. S., & Burton, A. M. (2018). What makes a face photo a ‘good likeness’? Cognition, 170, 1-8. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Manesi, Z., Towler, A., Reynolds, M. G., & Burton, A. M. (2018). Familiarity and within-person facial variability: The importance of the internal and external features. Perception, 47(1), 3-15. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Telfer, C. G. R., & Towler, A. (2017). Visual comparison of two data sets: Do people use the means and the variability? Journal of Numerical Cognition, 3(1), 97-111. [PDF]

Mongillo, P., Scandurra, A., Kramer, R. S. S., & Marinelli, L. (2017). Recognition of human faces by dogs (Canis familiaris) requires visibility of head contour. Animal Cognition, 20(5), 881-890. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S. (2017). Sexual dimorphism of facial width-to-height ratio in human skulls and faces: A meta-analytical approach. Evolution and Human Behavior, 38(3), 414-420. [PDF]

Robertson, D. J., Kramer, R. S. S., & Burton, A. M. (2017). Fraudulent ID using face morphs: Experiments on human and automatic recognition. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0173319. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Young, A. W., Day, M. G., & Burton, A. M. (2017). Robust social categorization emerges from learning the identities of very few faces. Psychological Review, 124(2), 115-129. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S. (2017). Sequential effects in Olympic synchronized diving scores. Royal Society Open Science, 4, 160812. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Jenkins, R., & Burton, A. M. (2017). InterFace: A software package for face image warping, averaging, and principal components analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 49(6), 2002-2011. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Jenkins, R., Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M. (2017). Natural variability is essential to learning new faces. Visual Cognition, 25(4-6), 470-476. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Ritchie, K. L. (2016). Disguising Superman: How glasses affect unfamiliar face matching. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(6), 841-845. [PDF]

Jones, A. L., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2016). Facial cosmetics and attractiveness: Comparing the effect sizes of professionally-applied cosmetics and identity. PLoS ONE, 11(10), e0164218. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S. (2016). No effect of birth month or season on height in a large international sample of adults. Anthropological Review, 79(2), 211-215. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S. (2016). The red power(less) tie: Perceptions of political leaders wearing red. Evolutionary Psychology, 14(2), 1-8. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S. (2016). Within-person variability in men's facial width-to-height ratio. PeerJ, 4, e1801. [PDF]

Burton, A. M., Kramer, R. S. S., Ritchie, K. L., & Jenkins, R. (2016). Identity from variation: Representations of faces derived from multiple instances. Cognitive Science, 40(1), 202-223. [PDF] [winner of the 2017 BPS Cognitive Psychology Section Award]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Jones, A. L. (2015). Do people's first names match their faces? Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis, 12(1), 1-8. [PDF]

Robertson, D. J., Kramer, R. S. S., & Burton, A. M. (2015). Face averages enhance user recognition for smartphone security. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0119460. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Ritchie, K. L., & Burton, A. M. (2015). Viewers extract the mean from images of the same person: A route to face learning. Journal of Vision, 15(4):1, 1-9. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S. (2015). Facial width-to-height ratio in a large sample of Commonwealth Games athletes. Evolutionary Psychology, 13(1), 197-209. [PDF]

Jones, A. L., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2015). Facial cosmetics have little effect on attractiveness judgments compared with identity. Perception, 44(1), 79-86. [PDF]

Scott, N. J., Jones, A. L., Kramer, R. S. S., & Ward, R. (2015). Facial dimorphism in Autistic Quotient scores. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(2), 230-241. [PDF]

Jones, A. L., Kramer, R. S. S., & Ward, R. (2014). Miscalibrations in judgements of attractiveness with cosmetics. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(10), 2060-2068. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Jones, A. L., & Sharma, D. (2013). Sequential effects in judgements of attractiveness: The influences of face race and sex. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e82226. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Weger, U. W., & Sharma, D. (2013). The effect of mindfulness meditation on time perception. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(3), 846-852. [PDF]

Scott, N. J., Kramer, R. S. S., Jones, A. L., & Ward, R. (2013). Facial cues to depressive symptoms and their associated personality attributions. Psychiatry Research, 208(1), 47-53. [PDF]

Jones, A. L., Kramer, R. S. S., & Ward, R. (2012). Signals of personality and health: The contributions of facial shape, skin texture, and viewing angle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(6), 1353-1361. [PDF]

Lawrence, G. P., Gottwald, V. M., Khan, M. A., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2012). The movement kinematics and learning strategies associated with adopting different foci of attention during both acquisition and anxious performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 468. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Jones, A. L., & Ward, R. (2012). A lack of sexual dimorphism in width-to-height ratio in White European faces using 2D photographs, 3D scans, and anthropometry. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e42705. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Ward, R. (2012). Cues to personality and health in the facial appearance of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Evolutionary Psychology, 10(2), 320-337. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Gottwald, V. M., Dixon, T. A. M., & Ward, R. (2012). Different cues of personality and health from the face and gait of women. Evolutionary Psychology, 10(2), 271-295. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Ward, R. (2011). Different signals of personality and health from the two sides of the face. Perception, 40(5), 549-562. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., King, J. E., & Ward, R. (2011). Identifying personality from the static, nonexpressive face in humans and chimpanzees: Evidence of a shared system for signaling personality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(3), 179-185. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Ward, R. (2010). Internal facial features are signals of personality and health. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(11), 2273-2287. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Arend, I., & Ward, R. (2010). Perceived health from biological motion predicts voting behaviour. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(4), 625-632. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Parkinson, B. (2005). Generalization of mere exposure to faces viewed from different horizontal angles. Social Cognition, 23(2), 125-136. [PDF]

Other Publications

Kramer, R. (2024). A rare condition makes other people's faces look distorted. Why a new case is important. The Conversation. [Link] [In French: Link]

Kramer, R. (2024). Dating apps: how the order you view potential matches can affect which way you swipe. The Conversation. [Link]

Kramer, R. (2024). Halo effect: do attractive people really look less guilty? How the evidence is changing. The Conversation. [Link]

Kramer, R. (2023). AI-generated faces look just like real ones – but evidence shows your brain can tell the difference. The Conversation. [Link]

Kramer, R. (2023). How loneliness changes the way our brains process the world. The Conversation. [Link]

Kramer, R. (2023). Face pareidolia: how pregnant women could help us understand why we see faces in inanimate objects. The Conversation. [Link]

Kramer, R. (2022). Photo ID vs sequence: why order matters. The Psychologist. [Link]

Kramer, R. (2022). Meet the supervisors. PsyPAG Quarterly, 122, 48-49. [PDF]

Davis, A., & Kramer, R. (2021). How do creatures get their features? Independent Publishing Network. [Link]

Davis, A., & Kramer, R. (2021). Writing a critical commentary. PsyPAG Quarterly, 119, 40-43. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., & Davis, A. M. B. (2021). Book Review: Paul Gulino and Connie Shears. The Science of Screenwriting: The Neuroscience Behind Storytelling Strategies. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(7), 1315-1316. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. S., Flack, T. R., & Ritchie, K. L. (2020). Current issues in face recognition and photo-ID. Journal of the Homeland Defense & Security Information Analysis Center, 6(4), 28-32. [PDF]

Robertson, D. J., Towler, A., Sanders, J., & Kramer, R. (2020). Hyper-realistic masks are extremely hard to spot – as our new research shows. The Conversation. [Link]

Kramer, R. (2017). Our psychological biases mean order matters when we judge items in sequence. The Conversation. [Link]

Kramer, R., & Ritchie, K. (2016). The trouble with facial recognition technology (in the real world). The Conversation. [Link]

Ritchie, K. L., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2016). Why (and how) Superman hides behind glasses: the difficulties of face matching. Journal of Geek Studies, 3(2), 12-16. [PDF]

Kramer, R., & Ward, R. (2010). Looking healthy may win you elections. PsyPAG Quarterly, 75, 12-16. [PDF]

Kramer, R. S. (2008). Three-dimensional ant nest excavation using stigmergic rules. In B. Hardy-Vallée & N. Payette (Eds.), Beyond the Brain: Embodied, Situated and Distributed Cognition (pp. 141-157). Newcastle, U.K.: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. [PDF]