Different pollutants have different physical and chemical properties, so they require different treatment approaches. For example, benzene has low water solubility and can be effectively adsorbed by hydrophobic wax made of long-chain fatty acids. In contrast, trimethylamine (TMA), which is highly water-soluble, is better adsorbed by hydrophilic wax containing short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, biomaterials with different structures can have different abilities to remove specific pollutants.

The use of biomaterials for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is particularly interesting. In a pilot-scale study, modified plant materials and agricultural waste were developed into packing beads, with glucose syrup added to support microbial growth. These materials were designed to reduce pressure drop in the system, improve pollutant removal efficiency, and eliminate the need for external nutrient supply.

The biofilter system was then tested in a controlled chamber to remove benzene, demonstrating its potential for effective VOC treatment.