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Modern Christian Thought Review Sheet
Modern Christian Thought Review Sheet
decade 1
decade 1
1601 Shakespeare's central character in Hamlet expresses both the ideals of the Renaissance and the disillusion of a less confident age
1603 The accession of James I and VI to the throne of England brings the union of the crowns of England and Scotland
1604 James I commissions the Authorized version of the Bible, which is completed by forty-seven scholars in seven years
1605 Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes publishes the first part of his satirically romantic novel Don Quixote
1607 Colonists establish the first lasting British settlement in the new world, at Jamestown
1608 The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens completes an altarpiece in Rome which is an early masterpiece of the baroque
1609 Johannes Kepler, in Prague, puts forward the radical proposition that the planets move in elliptical rather than circular orbit
1609 The Blue Mosque, commissioned by Ahmed I, begins to rise in Istanbul like a twin to the nearby Santa Sophia
1609 A law is passed expelling the Moriscos from Spain, with the result that some 300,000 are shipped to north Africa
decade 2
decade 2
c. 1610 A flintlock designed in France (possibly by Marin Le Bourgeoys) becomes the standard firing mechanism for muskets
1610 Galileo, with his new powerful telescope, observes the moons of Jupiter and spots moving on the surface of the sun
1612 The establishment of a Baptist church in London is a defining moment for the Baptist sect within Christianity
1614 An edict is passed expelling Jesuit missionaries from Japan, and ordering their converts to revert to Buddhism
1620 September 16 The Pilgrims (or Pilgrim Fathers), a group of 102 English settlers, sail in the Mayflower to the new world
1620 In his Novum Organum Francis Bacon introduces a modern philosophy of experimental science
1622 Bernini's youthful Pluto and Proserpina, suggesting soft flesh in cold marble, introduces the lively tradition of baroque sculpture
1624 The Japanese are forbidden to leave their country, or foreigners to enter, at the start of more than two centuries of almost total isolation
c. 1625 Ordnance factories in Sweden begin producing light but powerful field artillery, easy to move on the battlefield
1628 William Harvey publishes a short book, De Motu Cordis, proving the circulation of the blood
1629 The sculptor and architect Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini is given the task of adding the drama of baroque to the newly completed St Peter's in Rome
decade 3
1630 John Winthrop selects the site of Boston for the first Massachusetts settlement
1631 Rembrandt moves from his home town of Leiden to set up a studio in Amsterdam
1632 The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture
1632 Maryland is granted to Lord Baltimore as a haven for English Roman Catholics
1633 Williamsburg, first known as Middle Plantation, is founded in Virginia
1633 The four years of tulip mania in Holland provide the first example of speculative frenzy in a capitalist market
1634 A Passion play is performed for the first time at Oberammergau, in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation
1636 North America's first university is founded at Cambridge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and soon receives a large bequest from John Harvard
1637 The first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice
1637 War between English colonists and Pequot Indians brings disaster to the Pequots but safeguards the settlement of Connecticut
decade 4
decade 4
1640 The first book published in England's American colonies is Bay Psalm Book, a revised translation of the psalms
1642 The Mongols depose the ruling dynasty of Tibet and offer the country to the Dalai Lama, to be ruled by him with Mongol military support
1643 Evangelista Torricelli, observing variations in a column of mercury, discovers the principle of the barometer
1644 In his Principles of Philosophy Descartes gives priority to reason, summed up in his famous phrase cogito ergo sum
1646 Charles I puts himself in the hands of a Scottish army, opposed at the time to the English parliament
1646 With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude
1647 Charles I is held at his palace of Hampton Court, as a prisoner of Cromwell and parliament
1648 Iroquois raids drive the Huron west to the Great Lakes
1648 The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases
1648 The Peace of Westphalia finally brings to an end the Thirty Years' War (destruction of central Europe)
1649 Charles I is beheaded on a scaffold erected in the street in London's Whitehall
1649 Parliament in London abolishes the monarchy in England, as 'unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous'
1649 The Russian empire, expanding eastwards through Siberia, reaches the Pacific coast
decade 5
decade 5
1650 James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, calculates that creation began on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC
c. 1650 A German burgomaster, Otto von Guericke, devises an air pump capable of creating a vacuum
1652 The first coffee house opens In London and Londoners soon find such places useful to meet in and do business
1653 Jan Vermeer marries and begins a quiet career as a painter and art dealer in his home town of Delft
c. 1655 George Fox begins preaching in England, in a movement which develops into the Society of Friends - or Quakers
1655 The British, settling in Jamaica, soon turn the island into the major slave market of the West Indies
1655 Christiaan Huygens, using a home-made telescope, describes accurately the rings of Saturn and discovers the planet's largest moon, Titan
c. 1656 Jews return to England after Cromwell repeals the law of 1290 forbidding their residence in the country
1656 Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens constructs the first pendulum clock, on Christmas Day in the Hague
decade 6
decade 6
1661 Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi discovers the capillaries, thus completing the evidence for the circulation of the blood
1661 A banker in Sweden, Johan Palmstruch, issues Europe's first paper currency, on behalf of the Stockholm Banco
1662 British chemist Robert Boyle defines the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in any gas (subsequently known as Boyle's Law)
1662 The Act of Uniformity demands that Anglican clergy accept all the Thirty-Nine Articles, costing many their livings
1664 Louis XIV commissions a well-established team of designers to provide him with a spectacular palace and garden at Versailles
1666 New Amsterdam is renamed New York by the recently established English regime
1667 The first successful human blood transfusion is achieved in Paris by Jean Baptiste Denis, apparently saving the life of a 15-year-old boy
1667 Bernini's great curving colonnade is completed, to form the piazza in front of St Peter's
1667 Paradise Lost is published, earning its author John Milton just £10
1668 The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes
1668 England's East India Company is granted a lease on Bombay by Charles II, who has received it from his Portuguese bride
decade 7
decade 7
c. 1670 The Dutch develop a new pattern of middle-class urban life and architecture, later copied in England
1672 Isaac Newton's experiments with the prism demonstrate the link between wavelength and colour in light
1677 John Bunyan is imprisoned again, for about six months, in a new wave of persecution of Nonconformists
c. 1677 Baruch Spinoza's Ethics, dealing with God, the mind and the emotions, is published shortly after his death
1678 Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress, written during John Bunyan's two spells in Bedford Gaol, is published and is immediately popular
decade 8
decade 8
c. 1680 The English clockmaker Thomas Tompion is the first to make successful use of the hairspring in pocket watches
1680 Feudal labour laws demanding corvée (compulsory unpaid labour) are imposed by the Habsburgs on the Czech peasants of Bohemia
c. 1680 Louis XIV persecutes the Huguenots by means of dragonnades - the billetting of unruly dragoons in the homes of villagers
1680 The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico rise against the Spanish, killing 21 missionaries and some 400 colonists
1680 A comet intrigues Edmund Halley, who works out that it has been around before
1681 Charles II grants William Penn the charter for the region that becomes Pennsylvania, in settlement of a debt to Penn's father
1682 William Penn approves the Great Law, allowing complete freedom of religious belief in Pennsylvania
1683 Mennonites and other from Germany (later known as the Pennsylvania Dutch) begin to settle in Penn's liberal colony
1683 The Qing emperor orders all Chinese men to shave their heads, leaving only a long pigtail
1683 The Turks are driven from the walls of Vienna by the Polish king John Sobieski, in what proves a historic turning point
1685 James II succeeds to the throne in Britain and immediately introduces pro-Catholic policies
1685 400,000 Huguenots leave France after Louis XIV deprives them of their rights by revoking the Edict of Nantes
1686 English naturalist John Ray begins publication of his Historia Plantarum, classifying some 18,600 plants in 'mutual fertility' species
1687 Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, proving gravity to be a constant in all physical systems
1688 Aphra Behn's novel Oroonoko makes an early protest against the inhumanity of the African slave trade
1689 Parliament in Westminster makes the restrictive Bill of Rights the condition on which William III and Mary II are crowned
1689 The 17-year-old Peter the Great becomes co-tsar of Russia with his half-brother Ivan V
decade 9
decade 9
1690 The French scientist Denis Papin, while professor of mathematics at Marburg, develops the first steam engine to use a piston
1690 John Locke publishes his Essay concerning Human Understanding, arguing that all knowledge is based on experience
1692 The Massachusetts town of Salem is gripped by witch-hunting hysteria
1693 Gold is found in Brazil, launching the first great American gold rush
1694 The Bank of England is founded and soon becomes the central banker for England's many private banks
1696 Fort St William is built by the East India Company in the Ganges delta, and subsequently develops into Calcutta
1697 The Russian tsar, Peter I, studies western European technology, working as a ship's carpenter in Dutch and English shipyards
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