Moisture Sensor
• 5 V input from Arduino
• 4.2 V max output (100% soil moisture content)
• 100% = 860 on Arduino Serial Monitor
• 80.0% = 687
• 0.00% = 0.00
3D Model of Geotextile Filter Housing
This is an exploded view of the geotextile filter housing. This would have been 3D printed if the project budget allowed for it. The purpose of the filter housing is to prevent roof sediments from being collected in the rainwater collection tank. The filter housing consists of 4 components plus a geotextile fabric. The geotextile will be placed in the basket in the upper left of this picture. The basket will be be placed inside of the filter box along with a lid to cover the top of the box. The box has float switch located in the bottom of the box in order to allow the system to determine when the box is filling up with water due to a clogged filter. The box will have a 4 in. overflow pipe attached to it to provide a runoff when the filter becomes obstructed. A drain valve will be implemented on the left side of the box to allow the float to be lowered after a clog. A flexible hose can be attached to the lid to allow for easy removal and access to the filter.
Custom-Made Filter Housing
A geotextile filter housing was constructed using parts bought at hardware store. This was necessary because the cost for printing the housing using the 3D printer at Drexel’s main campus would have put the project severely over budget. The filter housing was made using: bucket with lid, traffic cone, shower drain, basket sieve, ball valve, float switch, and PVC pipe. A hole was cut into the lid so a corrugated downspout could be inserted into the filter housing. The bucket had holes cut in it for the overflow pipe, float drain, and an outlet to the water storage tank. A cone was inserted into the bucket in an inverted orientation to simulate the inner wall of the filter. A float switch was attached to the bottom of the bucket between the cone and the wall of the bucket. Geotextile fabric was placed in a sieve and used as the primary filter for the system. It is easily removable and can be quickly cleaned or swapped out with a new geotextile. The sieve is similar in shape to the basket in Figure 5. The shower drain was wrapped in geotextile fabric to act as a secondary filter in case any particulates pass through a torn primary filter. The shower drain with geotextile was also used to prevent debris from entering the tank as the filter basket is being removed for cleaning. The ball valve drains the water trapped between the inner wall of bucket and the cone. The water released lowers the float in which turns off LED #2. The cone is connected to a 4 inch PVC pipe to pass water into the collection tank. A 1.5 inch elbow and 2 feet of 1.5 inch PVC pipe were used as an overflow pipe. This overflow pipe drained into a larger bucket, which is used to disperse the water away from the house’s foundation using a 4 inch PVC pipe.
User Interface
The user interface is encased in a plastic box. It contains the Arduino micro-controller and 5 LEDs. Each LED indicates a different function of the system. A blue LED lights to show that the system is being watered. A green LED lights up when the rainwater collection tank contains enough water to irrigate the lawn. The user is notified that the tank is empty when the yellow LED is lit. One red LED lights to indicate that the filter is obstructed. Another red LED will be lit when a system error, such as a leak occurs. When both green and blue LEDs are on the system is watering with recycled rainwater. When green and yellow LEDs are on the system is watering with house water.
Micro-controller & Clock
A view of the micro-controller, LEDs, and clock without the lid of the display case covering them.
Greenhouse (Data Analysis)
The greenhouse was used to simulate hot, dry summer conditions during testing in the spring. This was necessary because it will rain too much in the spring and the lawn will never need watering. The greenhouse is 5 X 5 X 5 ft and is made up of 2 X 3s. It is covered with sheets of clear vinyl. Two moisture sensors are utilized to record the moisture content of the soil at two different depths. One sensor is located at the surface and the other is located 2 in. underground. A temperature and humidity sensor is used to monitor the conditions inside the greenhouse. Temperature and humidity have an effect on soil moisture. A popup sprinkler with quarter radius spray is located in the corner of the greenhouse for watering the grass.
Rainwater Collection Tank
The collection tank stores rainwater that runs off the roof and into a downspout connected to the filter housing. The tank contains a float switch to allow the system to indicate whether the system needs to use rainwater or public water when the grass requires watering. An overflow pipe is connected to the storage tank to allow excess rainwater to leave the system when the tank is full.
Pump
The pump delivers harvested rainwater from the storage tank to the sprinkler at the same pressure as the house water. A 55 psi, 3 GPM SHURflow diaphragm pump is used with this system. The pump runs off of a 12 V DC power supply. The pump is very resourceful running at only 90 W, saving both electricity and money. The pump is located next to the collection tank in a gray pump box.
House Line Connection
When the storage tank runs out via float switch, a 24 V AC solenoid valve at the top switches the water source to house water. Therefore, insufficient rainfall will not hinder health of the grass. The next rainfall will fill the storage tank causing the float to rise and the solenoid valve will switch back to free rainwater. A check valve at the bottom prevents the system from pumping collected rainwater into the house.
Relays and Power Supplies
• 12 V Transformer
• 12 V DC Bridge Rectifier
• 24 V Transformer
• Solid State Relays
• 1st Switches Solenoid Valve
• 2nd Switches Heavy Duty Relay
• Heavy Duty Relay
• Switches Pump