Important Terms
Chapter Notes
I) Introduction
A) parts of speech are incredibly crucial to a language
B) they can be used for named entity recognition (often abbreviated as NER), information extraction, and pronunciation (note below)
note) permit can be pronounced two different ways: PERmit as a noun, but perMIT as a verb
C) two algorithms used: the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and the Maximum Entropy Markov Model (MEMM)
II) English Word Classes
A) parts of speech depend mostly on two things
1) distributional properties
def) the neighborhood of a word
2) morphological properties
def) affixes
B) two types of classes
1) closed class
def) parts of speech that are limited in number
ex) prepositions: there's relatively little of them when you compare them to other syntactic categories
note) these words typically create syntactic structure
note) used quite frequently
2) open class
def) parts of speech that have seemingly endless members
ex) nouns: it seems impossible to count the number of nouns that exist because it pretty much is
C) parts of speech
1) nouns
def) people, places, things, abstractions (love), and verb-forms (his talking was too loud)
a) you can tell a word is a noun if it can accept a determiner (a bicycle, his bicycle, Ramona's bicycle)
b) and if it can have a possessive form (Ramona --> Ramona's, IBM --> IBM's, the school --> the school's)
c) and if it can have a plural form (bicycle --> bicycles, client --> clientele, person --> people or persons)
d) two further classes:
i) proper nouns, which refer to specific people or entities, are capitalized when written, and don't usually accept determiners (Ramona -X-> *a Ramona)
ii) common nouns
1) count nouns, which have a singular AND plural form (bicycle and bicycles)
2) mass nouns, which only have a "singular" that actually refers to a "group" (snow, staff, capitalism)
2) verbs
def) actions or processes
a) can accept affixes due to different traits
ex) I jumped. [Tense: past]
ex) He jumps. [Person: 3, Tense: present]
ex) I jump. [Person: 1, Tense: present]
ex) I am jumping. [Tense: present progressive]
3) adjectives
def) properties or qualities of a noun
a) color
ex) blue, green
b) age
ex) old, young
c) value
ex) good, bad
4) adverbs
def) properties or qualities of a verb
a) directional or locative
ex) here, uphill
b) degree
ex) badly, very, extremely
c) manner
ex)