David Hume is one of the great modern empiricist philosophers I would like you to read about.
He has his own squashed page you'll be pleased to note!
In this seminal text, David Hume presents a radical and contrasting argument for where our ideas and indeed all knowledge comes from.
He disagreed vehemently with Descartes. He argued that, instead of being able to find knowledge through reason alone and from simply relying on the existence of a benevolent God to guarantee the truth of the world (as Descartes had done), all knowledge comes to us through our senses and from our senses alone. That is, we are born as a 'tabula rasa' a 'blank slate' upon which the experience of the world draws all our ideas.
Importantly for Hume, if there was any philosophical term that could not be traced back to experience, then it should be 'cast into the flames'! oops there goes God', there goes 'soul', there goes concepts as fundamental as 'self', 'cause' 'good' and bad'.
Hume's theories have huge implications for what we know and indeed what we don't know.
If you want to know more about this famous billiard playing scottish thinker, have a look at some powerpoints and all sorts of other resources previous King's students have created here
Tabula Rasa (from www.wisegeek.com)
Tasks and links
Have a look at the web page dedicated to Hume's enquiry
This page has powerpoints, revision guides and copies of text summaries for this important philosophical work. A grounding in this text will ensure that you have a very good grasp of the empiricist project.
The first two powerpoints on the left are related to the 'spaced learning' presentation I did.
Mind as Tabula Rasa
In philosophy, an often-debated topic is the idea of how environment affects the growth and change of one's personality, intellectual gifts, and the whole “being” of a person. This is part of the "nature vs. nurture" argument that has plagued philosophers and many in the sciences for years. We now know that certain things including aspects of our personality, intelligence level, and ability to succeed in the world may be in part genetically influenced. Yet for thousands of years, some philosophers have argued that the newborn babe is born with a tabula rasa or "blank slate," arguing that only environment influences what that child will learn and who he or she will grow up to be.
This concept is one that appears in Eastern philosophy, though clearly not in all Eastern religions. Reincarnation flies in the face of the concept of tabularasa, since people who believe in reincarnation believe they come into the world with a certain amount of Karmic debt. First mention of the idea of tabularasa in Western society is implied rather than specifically written. Aristotle writes of the mind as a slate upon which nothing has been written, which greatly differs from Plato’s concept of the soul existing prior to arriving on the earth.
Thomas Aquinas picks up Aristotle’s tabula rasa theories in the 13th century, but it is not until the 17th century that the words tabula rasa are used by John Locke to express the idea that the mind when it enters the world is nothing and contains nothing. It is merely the blank slate upon which experience begins to “write” the person. As the person matures, he is able to begin to “write” himself, expressing the freedom of the individual to construct the soul. This freedom may be impaired by the way in which early experiences have shaped the person.
It’s interesting that in the early 19th century, many of the Romantic writers discarded the concept of tabula rasa in favor of the Platonic idea of the soul coming from heaven. To William Wordsworth, the child comes into the world “trailing clouds of glory,” but as he grows, his freedom becomes limited by his experience. Romantic writers and philosophers saw children as imbued with special powers and a sense of the heaven from which they had come.
This is also a time in art in the Western World where artistic representations of children actually begin to look like children, instead of small poorly constructed adults. Its somewhat ironic that by refuting the concept of tabula rasa, Wordsworth and others like him, begin the argument that children are important and interesting, which encouraged an interest in raising them, often resulting in adults with a greater sense of Locke’s idea of freedom of the soul.
Freud in the later part of the 19th century readopts the idea of tabula rasa, suggesting that all human behavior stems from nurturance, and usually a set pattern of nurture behavior that results in things like the unresolved Oedipal complex. One of Freud’s main differences from the other important psychologist of his time, Carl Jung, is his idea of tabula rasa. To Carl Jung, people come into the world with a universal unconscious, a set of shared symbols and beliefs that exist both within and outside the person, no matter what culture he or she belongs to.
Today, even though many geneticists have set the concept of tabula rasa aside, it is still puzzling to many why some people have genetic predictors for mental or physical conditions that never emerge. Most scientists and philosophers are apt to conclude that children are not blank slates but a set of possibilities that can be affected by the way they are nurtured. Further, genetic possibilities do not account for the concept of the soul, and questions remain as to whether the soul is the tablet upon which something is already written, or the tabula rasa that is written upon by the experiences of the child. The debate still matters to many, and clearly affects the way in which parents choose to raise their children.
Download The summary of Hume's thesis
Empiricism and the Tabula Rasa.doc
Tabula Rasa.ppt
Criticising the idea of Tabula Rasa
criticising empiricism.doc
Listen to 'In our time' discussion of empiricism from radio 4
DownloadEssay proforma for Tabula Rasa