The GAV Dictionary
abandon あきらめる、見捨てる abandonment 放棄
to leave something or someone; to stop doing something before it is finished; to give up
abandon the broken-down car, abandon the sinking ship, abandon the project, abandon the idea
Parents seldom abandon their children.
Because of the flood, the people had to abandon their homes.
The writer abandoned her novel when it was only half finished.
Because he didn’t have enough money, Rick abandoned the idea of going to Hawaii for vacation.
ability 能力 able －できる inability 不能 unable できない disability 身体障害，無力 disable 能力を失わせる
the power and skill to do something, capability, capacity
the ability to walk, the ability to use a computer, the ability to read English
Swimming lessons will give you the ability to swim.
Children develop the ability to walk when they are about one year old.
abnormal 特異な、異常な abnormality 異常 normal 普通の
different from what is usual or normal in a way that causes worry or may be harmful; irregular, strange, peculiar
abnormal weather, abnormal behavior, abnormal test results, abnormal fear
Warm weather is abnormal during the winter.
The boy’s abnormal behavior worried his teacher.
The doctor was worried by the abnormal test results.
absence 不在 absent 不在の
not present, gone when expected to be there, missing, a lack
absence from school, absence from work, long absence, frequent absences
The reasons for the girl’s absence from class was that she was sick.
Tom’s long absence from home was a result of his overseas business trip.
In the president’s absence, the vice president is responsible for his duties.
absolute 絶対の absolutely 絶対に
total, complete, to the greatest degree possible
an absolute success, absolute certainty, absolute secrecy, absolute power, absolute nonsense, absolute zero (temperature)
I have absolute confidence in your ability to succeed.
No one can predict the future with absolute certainty.
The king had absolute power in the country.
Gerald’s opinions about politics were absolute nonsense.
absorb 吸収する absorption 吸収
to take something in, to soak up, to understand, to assimilate
absorb information, absorb water, absorb energy, absorb impact
It is difficult to absorb a lot of new information at one time.
The dry ground quickly absorbed the rain.
The United States absorbed people from many different countries.
If you have a car accident, the air bag should absorb some of the impact.
abstract 抽象的な abstraction 抽象概念、抽象すること
far away from material things or specific examples, existing in the mind, theoretical, ideal, in principle
an abstract principle, abstract thinking, abstract ideas, abstract art
Truth and justice are abstract ideals.
It is difficult to understand the abstract ideas of physics and math.
Abstract art presents images rather than recognizable people or landscapes.
academic 学術的な academy 高等教育機関
educational, relating to school or formal studying, not practical
academic study, academic writing, academic background, academic life, academic standards, academic achievement, academic year
Academic study in university is harder than in high school.
Oxford University has high academic standards and requires high academic achievement to attend.
accelerate 加速する acceleration 加速
to go faster, to speed up, to happen sooner, to increase
accelerate learning, the car accelerated, accelerate growth, accelerate speed
The teacher accelerated her talk in order to finish on time.
The declining economy will accelerate job losses.
Carl is taking an accelerated math class; he will finish two terms of study in just one term.
accept 受け入れる acceptance 受諾 acceptable 受け入れられる unacceptable 受け入れがたい
to agree to something, to take something that is offered, to receive, to believe,
accept a gift, accept an explanation, accept an idea, accept a decision, accept an award, accept a job
Please accept this small gift.
I accept your apology.
The girl accepted the boy’s invitation to go the movie.
I can’t accept the idea that people are poor because they are lazy.
access v. アクセスする n. 接近方法、入手の権利 accessible 接近できる、入手可能な accessibility 接近できること、入手可能なこと inaccessible 近づきにくい、得がたい
be able to get somewhere, the ability to see or use something, admittance, the right to use
access the database, access to information, access the road,
You can access the road from the parking lot.
You cannot access the website without a password.
Public buildings must allow access to people in wheelchairs.
accident 事故，偶然 accidental 偶然の accidentally 偶然に，思いがけず
something that is not planned, not expected, or unintentional; a crash; a misfortune or disaster
a car accident, a traffic accident, a fatal accident, to meet by accident
The girl was injured in the traffic accident.
There was a fatal accident on the highway and two people were killed.
Yesterday I met my old friend by accident in a department store.
The old city was discovered by accident; no one guessed it was even there.
accommodate 適応させる、収容する accommodation 便宜、収容設備
to allow, to provide for or take care of, to provide a place to stay and to sleep
The hotel accommodates 500 guests.
Foreign student will be accommodated in the school dormitory.
The concert hall accommodates 1,000 people.
Chris changed his schedule to accommodate me since I could only meet him on Tuesday.
accompany 同行する accompaniment 付属物、伴奏 unaccompanied 連れのない
to go together with someone or something, to happen at the same time, to exist together, to be included
accompany children
The teacher accompanied the students on the trip.
Smoke accompanies fire.
Theresa sang and her brother accompanied her on the piano.
accomplish 達成する accomplishment 達成
to successfully finish or complete, to achieve something
accomplish a task, accomplish a goal
I have many things to accomplish today.
The student accomplished her goal of getting an “A.”
according to －によると
as said by someone, in someone’s opinion or words, following rules or expectations
according to the president, according to the newspaper, according to the rules, according to the directions
According to Mary, John is sick today.
According to the weather report, it will rain tomorrow.
The game must be played according to the rules.
If everything goes according to our plan, we will finish tomorrow.
account 説明する account for —を説明する accounting 会計 accountant 会計士
to make up, to form a part of, to be the reason for something, to explain or describe someone or something
account for 50 percent, account for your absence, account for the missing money
Water accounts for about 70 percent of the Earth’s surface.
Richard accounted for missing class by explaining that he was sick.
We have to account for every hour at work by writing down what we did.
Too much stress accounts for Robert’s abnormal behavior.
accumulate 積み上げる、蓄積する accumulation 蓄積、蓄積物
to get more and more of something, to gradually collect or come to possess things over time
accumulate money, accumulate wealth, accumulate knowledge, accumulate evidence, accumulate dust or dirt
My grandparents accumulated many things over their lifetimes.
If you study vocabulary every day, you will accumulate many words.
Since no one has cleaned the living room in a long time, a lot of dust has accumulated there.
accurate 正確な accuracy 正確さ accurately 正確に inaccurate 不正確な inaccuracy 不正確性
correct or true in every way; exact, detailed and right; not making mistakes
accurate information, an accurate measurement, an accurate prediction, an accurate account of what happened
Your math calculations are very accurate.
Please check twice to be sure your measurements are accurate.
A news article should be accurate and true.
achieve 達成する achievement 達成、成就
to accomplish something, to fulfill a goal, to get good results, to succeed after effort
achieve goals, achieve an aim, achieve success, achieve fame, achieve an effect
The new president hopes to achieve her goals.
Theresa achieved a high score on the test.
Many fine artists never achieved fame during the lifetimes; only after they died were their paintings popular.
acid n. 酸 adj. すっぱい、酸性の acidic 酸性の
a strong liquid or chemical which can burn or dissolve other substances
a strong acid, stomach acid, battery acid
The acid burned the girl’s skin.
Acid in the stomach helps us digest food.
acknowledge 認める acknowledgement 承認
to accept something, to admit something is true
acknowledge blame, acknowledge responsibility, acknowledge a problem, acknowledge an email
The girl acknowledged her mistake.
The coach acknowledged how hard the players had worked.
The company acknowledged my email by responding to it.
Your essay should acknowledge any ideas or information from other sources.
acquire 習得する acquisition 習得
to get or to buy something, to come to own, to obtain, to gain something by effort
acquire a house, acquire a language, acquire new skills
The man acquired the painting from an art shop for $50.
The girl acquired a driver’s license.
It takes a lot of study to acquire a second language.
act 行動する action 行動 active 活動的な inaction 非活動的 inactivity 怠惰
to do something for a reason, to take an action, to behave
act immediately, act strangely, act responsibly
We need to act as soon as possible.
The girl acted strangely; we wondered what was wrong with her.
We the students will act responsibly on the school trip.
actual 実際の、事実上の actually 実際に
what is real or existing in fact, real or genuine
actual facts, actual numbers, actual events
The actual population of Japan today is about 127 million.
The politician’s actual words were different from what he later said.
The movie is based upon an actual events that really happened.
adapt 適応する adaptation 適応 adaptable
to change to more easily live in a place or circumstance, to adjust to, to change something to fit a new situation
adapt yourself, adapt to new conditions, adapt to change
Plants and animals adapt to their environment.
First-year students must adapt to their new school.
We must adapt to different global conditions in the 21st century.
The writer adapted the novel to make it into a movie.
add 付け加える addition 付加 additional 付加的な additionally 付加的に
to put together with something, to combine, to increase, to say something more
add numbers, add an opinion, add a comment
If you add 2 plus 3 you will get the total 5.
You may wish to add some salt to the dish.
Cathie would like to add her opinion to the discussion.
adequate 十分な、適当な adequately 十分に inadequate 不十分な
enough to be used or accepted, a satisfactory amount or quality, sufficient but not extremely good or ideal
adequate effort, adequate money, adequate food, adequate water
Do we have adequate money to buy that?
Many people in the world do not have adequate food.
Your score is adequate for a “C” grade but not for an “A” or a “B.”
Make sure that the garden gets adequate water.
adjacent
next to or near something else, right by, across from, adjoining
The bank is adjacent to the post office.
The men’s and the women’s restrooms are adjacent to each other.
adhere to 固守する、信奉する adherence 執着、信奉
to stick to, to conform to, to follow
adhere to the wall, adhere to the regulations, adhere to the rules, adhere to a belief, adhere to an agreement
This tape adheres to any surface.
Make sure the stamp adheres to the envelope and doesn’t fall off.
Students are expected adhere to the rules of the high school.
If you sign the contract you should adhere to the agreement.
adjective 形容詞
a word that describes a person, place, or thing;
In the phrase, a kind, old man, the words “kind” and “old” are adjectives.
adjust 調節する adjustment 調節
to change to fit into a new situation, to change something to make it better, to adapt
adjust to the situation, adjust your attitude, adjust the brakes, adjust your eyes
After our family moved, it took about a year to adjust to the new town.
It takes a while to adjust to a new situation.
You should adjust the bicycle seat to fit your height.
When you turn off the light, your eyes will slowly adjust to the dark.
administer 運営する、管理する administration 行政、運営、管理 administrator
to manage or control, to take responsibility for organizing or running something, to give a treatment
administer the school, administer the money, administer a test, administer medicine
The principal administers the high school.
The UN is administering the aid for the victims of the disaster.
The teachers are administering the tests to their students.
The nurse administered medicine to the sick man.
adolescent n. 青春期の人 adj. 思春期の adolescence 思春期
a teenager developing into an adult, a person between childhood and adulthood, children between 13 and 18
Adolescents often enjoy being with their friends more than with parents.
Junior and senior high school students are adolescents.
Adolescents have different problems than young children and adults.
adopt 採用する、養子にする adoption 採択、養子
to accept or approve; to decide to start using a particular plan, manner or idea; to take another person’s child into one’s own family
adopt recommendations, adopt suggestions, adopt a proposal, adopt a baby
The teacher adopted the students’ suggestions.
The president adopted the committee’s recommendations.
The Smiths adopted a baby boy.
adult n. 大人 adj. 成人した、おとならしい adulthood 成人であること
a grown-up, a fully developed person legally responsible for his or her actions; an animal or plant able to reproduce
In some countries a child legally becomes an adult at age 18, 20 or 21.
When an animal can have children, it is considered an adult.
advance 前進する advancement 前進
to move forward, to improve something, to progress
advance in age, advance toward the goal, advance of science
During the 20th century technology advanced and becomes more common and complex.
Each year students advance to the next grade.
As more rain fell, the flood waters advanced through the town.
advantage 長所、有利 advantageous 好都合な disadvantage 短所、不利 disadvantageous 不利な、不都合な
something that give you a better chance of success, a useful quality that puts you in better position than others, a benefit, a helpful lead
Tall players have an advantage in basketball.
Knowing how to use fire gave early humans an advantage over animals.
A good vocabulary give you an advantage in understanding English.
advocate v. 主張する n. 主張者、支持者
to support an idea, suggestion, plan, or action; to openly promote or be in favor of something
The teachers advocated smaller classes for students.
The business organization advocated that taxes be decreased.
The United Nations advocates world peace and respect for human rights.
aesthetic n. 美学 adj. 美的な、審美的な aethetics 美学
relating to beauty or ugliness; the appreciation of beauty, especially art
aesthetic appeal, aesthetic value
The paintings of Monet have much aesthetic appeal.
The design of the building had little aesthetic value.
affect v. 影響を与える、感動させる n．情緒、感情
to influence someone or something, to cause a change
a powerful affect
The teacher had a powerful affect on his students.
The earthquake had a terrible affect on the city.
I have made my decision and what you say will not affect it.
affiliate v. affiliate with 会員にする、合併する affiliate n. affiliation 加入、提携、合併
to connect with, to form a close relationship with, to be linked with a larger group or organization
affiliate with a company, affiliated with a political party
The university is affiliated with its high school.
The politician is affiliated with a political party
Mitsubishi Motors is affiliated with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
The University of Minnesota medical is affiliated with The University of Minnesota hospital.
affluent n. 裕福な人 adj. 裕福な、豊富な affluence 富、富裕
having a lot of money or owning expensive things, wealthy, prosperous, well-off
an affluent family,an affluent area, an affluent society, an affluent country
The rich man lived in an affluent neighborhood.
Steve’s family is affluent and can afford a summer vacation.
France and Germany are among the most affluent countries in Europe.
agent 代理人、働き agency 作用、代理店
a person representing or acting for a company or government, a person who does business for another, a representative
business agent, insurance agent, travel agent, secret agent
Ask your travel agent to make the plane reservations.
The writer’s agent is trying to find a publisher for his new novel.
aggregate 集める adj. 集合した aggregation 集合、集合体
things joined or combined in a larger group, a sum of small number that make up a bigger number, a whole made of various parts
aggregate income, aggregate corporation
Europe is an aggregate of a many individual countries.
The man’s aggregate possessions included his house, car, and bank savings.
aggression 攻撃 aggressive 攻撃的な aggressor
angry, violent or threatening action
Aggression is usually harmful to other people.
One affect of TV violence is aggression in children.
agitate 激しく揺り動かす、扇動する agitation 動揺、扇動
to make emotional, to bother, to argue for or advocate a particular change
Talking in class agitates the teacher.
The workers agitated for higher salaries.
agree 同意する agreement 同意 agreeable 同意可能な disagree 意見が合わない disagreement 不一致
to accept an idea, to share an opinion
I agree with your opinion.
The team members agreed to try harder.
aid v. 手伝う／ n. 救済
to help or assist
foreign aid, aid for children
My grandmother needs a lot of medical aid.
Let’s give money to aid the earthquake victims.
aim v. 目指す／ n. 目的、ねらい
to intend, to try, to plan to achieve something, to point a weapon
aim to be a millionaire, aim a gun
I aim to go to graduate school overseas. V.
We aim to finish by 5 pm. V.
My aim is to score well on the TOEFL. N.
albeit
although, even though, even if, nothwithstanding
alcohol アルコール、酒 alcoholic n. アルコール中毒患者 adj. アルコールの、アルコール中毒の alcholism アルコール中毒
a liquid that makes you drunk, a chemical compound
drink alcohol, use alcohol, contain alcohol
Most beer has about 5 percent alcohol.
You drink too much alcohol.
align 整列させる alignment 整列 misalign 誤って整列させる
to put into line, to arrange well, to support a group or organizatioin
Car tires need to be properly aligned.
The chairs were aligned in a row.
He is aligned with the liberal party.
alike 類似している／同様に unlike adj. 異なった／ prep. —とは違って unalike
very similar, almost the same, resembling or being like each other
look alike, act alike
My brother and I look alike.
allege 主張する allegation 主張 allegedly 伝えられるところでは
to claim someone has done something wrong, to accuse
The newspaper alleged the politician had broken the law.
allocate 割り当てる allocation 割り当て
to distribute, to divide something into parts and give it to people
allocate the funds, allocate the budget.
The Ministry of Education allocates money to each university..
allow 認める allowance 手当て、給与 allowable 許される unallowable 許されない
to permit, to let someone do something, to make something possible
My parents allowed me to stay out late last night.
allude ほのめかす allusion 言及
to refer to, to indirectly mention
The book’s title alluded to old, famous poem.
My brother alluded to some problems he was having but didn’t say what they were.
ally v. 同盟する n. 同盟国 alliance 同盟、同盟国 allied 同盟した、連合国側の
to join with, to support a person or group
ally oneself with a person, ally with another country
During World War II, Japan allied itself with Germany and Italy.
alter 変える alteration alterable 変更可能な unalterable 変更できない
to change something, to modify
alter the plans, alter the building
We altered our vacation plan.
alternative 二者択一の alternate 交互の、一つおきの alternation 交互、交替
another choice; a different plan, approach or method; an option
alternative plan, alternative approach, alternative route
Is there an alternative to going by train?
ambiguous あいまいな ambiguity あいまいさ unambiguous 明瞭な
not having a direct meaning, containing several possible meanings
ambiguous statement, ambiguous interpretation
The politican’s response was ambiguous.
amend 修正する amendment
to change a document, to alter a text, to modify a law
The prime minister wants to amend the Constitution.
amorphous 無定形の、あいまいな
not having a clear, definite shape or form
an amorphous shape, an amorphous cloud
The dead jelly fish was amorphous.
My plans for summer are still amorphous
amount 量、総数
how much of something, a quantity of something
amount of money, amount of time, amount of sand
They only spent a small amount of money on the repairs.
I spent a large amount of my childhood in Tokyo.
analogy 類似、類推 analogous 類似した
a comparison, something similar between situations or things
an analogy between the brain and computers
The professor made an analogy between human and monkey behavior.
analyze 分析する analysis 分析 analyses (複数形)分析 analyst
to carefully examine something, to study something in detail to understand it.
analyze the data, analyze the problem
The researcher analyzed the disease.
The scientist analyzed the problem.
angular 角のある
having sharp, clear lines or corners
angular structure, angular face
The new building is angular in shape.
annual 年一回の annually 年に一回
once a year, during the period of a year, yearly
an annual holiday, an annual report, an annual budget
Our class takes an annual trip.
anomaly 変則 anomalous 変則的な
something different than usual, an abnormality,
physical anomaly, statistical anomaly
The scientist analyzed the anomaly in the data.
It is still an anomaly for a woman to be the head of a country.
anonymous 匿名の anonymity 匿名、匿名性
not known by name, made or written by someone whose identity is secret
anonymous writer, anymous donor
The article was written by an anonymous author.
anthropology 人類学 anthropological 人類学的な
the academic study of human societies and cultures
the anthropology department, the field of anthropology
I’ve decided to major in anthropology.
anticipate 予想する anticipation 予想 unanticipated 予測していない
to get ready for, to prepare for, to imagine in advance something happening
We anticipate the theater will be crowded.
anywhere どこでも nowhere どこにもーない
in any place
You may sit anywhere.
This cell phone works anywere.
apart 離れて、別の
separate from, not close or next to
The university student lived apart from her parents.
apparatus 器具、装置
a piece of equipment, especially a technical device
breathing apparatus, exercise apparatus
Only health club members may use the exercise apparatus.
An x-ray appartus takes x-rays. [This medical apparatus takes x-rays.]
apparent 明白な apparently 明らかに
easy to see, obvious, appearing to be
It is apparent that you are quite tired.
appeal 訴える、求める appealing 訴えかける、魅力的な unappealing 魅力的でない、訴えかけてこない unappealing
to attract or interest, to ask to do something
The color pink doesn’t appeal to me.
The prime minister appealed to people to vote.
appear 現れる、—のように見える appearance 出現、見かけ、容貌 disappear disappearance 消滅、失踪
to become noticeable, to seem to be
The sun appeared after the rain.
Kathy appears to be sick.
appendix 付録、虫垂 append 付け加える
special information added to the end of a text, an organ next to the intestines
The texbook has an appendix with the definitions of special vocabulary.
The doctor removed my sister’s appendix.
apply 申しこむ、適用する application 適用、申込書 applicable 適用可能な
to formally request, to officially ask for something by filling out a form, to put to use
apply for a job, apply to a university, apply for a scholarship
I applied for a job yesterday.
My brother is applying to Tokyo University.
Apply the glue and then let it dry.
appraise 評価する appraisal 評価
to evaluate, to judge the good or bad aspects of something
appraise a house, appraise his job performance
Grades appraise a student’s performance.
appreciate 理解する、評価する appreciation 理解、評価
to be thankful for, to be grateful for, to rise in value
I appreciate your help.
The land appreciated in value.
approach 接近
to come near, to move towards
The bus is approaching downtown.
appropriate 適当な appropriately 適当に inappropriate 不適当な
right for that situation, correct, proper
Please wear appropriate clothes to the wedding.
approximate おおよその approximately おおよそ、約 approximation 見積もり
not exact but close to, around, about, rough
an approximate time, an approximate amount
The approximate cost is $20.
The approximate starting time for the dinner is 8 o’clock.
arbitrary 恣意的な arbitrarily 恣意的に
based upon chance or personal choice rather than reason
arbitrary decision, arbitrary regulation
The school rules seemed arbitrary to the students.
area 地域
a particular space, part of a place, a region
This area has received little rain.
argue 議論する argument 議論
to present a point with supporting reasons and evidence, to fight or disagree using words, to quarrel
The professor argued that current views were mistaken.
I often argue with my roommate.
arise 起こる、生じる arose （過去形）
to happen, to come into being
If we don’t take action, a crisis may arise.
aristocrat 貴族 aristocratic 貴族的な
a wealthy or privileged person, belonging to the highest social class
The aristocrat owned a lot of land.
The governor is an aristocrat who comes from a wealthy family.
arithmetic 算数
basic math, the academic study of numbers and mathematics, especially addition, subtration, multiplication and division
Elementary school students study arithmetic.
arouse 奮起させる arousal 奮起
to stir up, to excite, to make someone interested in something
to arouse interest, to arouse a response
Space travel arouses a lot of interest.
arrange 整える、取り決める arrangement 取り決め，準備，配列
to plan, to organize, to prepare for an event
My travel agent arranged the trip.
array n. 整列，装い v.整列させる／
a large group of, an impressive collection of people or things
an array of soldiers, an array of flowers
The restaurant had an array of food on the menu.
article 記事
a piece of writing on a particular topic
magazine article, newspaper article
Did you read the article about global warming in the newspaper?