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palmetto rehab center

Palmetto Drug Rehabilitation Solutions.

Medication Rehab in Palmetto Specialist medicine dependency therapy center developed in Palmetto, FL Lighthouse Addiction Services is a specialist facility for dealing with addiction within clients who have a hard time from drug and alcohol misuse and also rehabilitation center that offers several services.

This Palmetto medicine rehab works on philosophically regular techniques where specialists use behavioral studies for counseling sessions.

They proceed with various psychological treatments intended to increase people' understanding of their addiction as well as to discover the inspiration to cut down bad practices.

Besides, there are psychoeducational groups programs where therapists talk about the troubles and also help to recognize the proper treatment.

In addition to that, after completing these group therapies, an individual can concentrate on healthy skills as well as boost his life for good.

The personnel of a facility is specialist in medical and psychological areas.

There are experts in youngster psychology for those that will undertake household therapy as well as dependency physicians who recognize just how to conquer abuse and also end up being a liable member of the community and culture.

Lighthouse Solutions for Addiction Lighthouse Palmetto Center Rehabilitation provides such solutions as Outpatient Recovery, Outpatient Day treatment, or partial a hospital stay for those that can not handle the therapy on their own.

For couples as well as families, there are likewise marked programs where they can undergo all the actions to sobriety together.

Various other solutions: Temper Monitoring.

Discover how to change your aggressive habits right into positive feelings.

It lasts for 16 weeks aimed to determine the temper activates and also deal with the repercussions of such actions.

Tuesday 5:00 pm; Slip back Prevention.

Also after finishing the treatment at Palmetto Drug Rehabilitation, there is always sustain for individuals who might really feel to quit the sober life; Aftercare/Continuing treatment; Situation Administration; Drug abuse analysis.

For all kinds of controlled medications or narcotics and also alcoholic abuse.

There are individual as well as team treatments.

Monday 5:30 pm, as well as Tuesday at 7:00 pm; Batterers Treatment program.

26 weeks for determining and also fighting the companion's violence or rage.

It aids to avoid domestic violence.

Monday 6:30 pm; Shoplifting Avoidances.

Saturdays from 9 am to 2:30 pm; Medication or Alcohol Pee screening; Release preparation; Social Skills Development; Family psychoeducation.

For busy individuals that are still anxious to repair their lives, a center uses a one-day course that will consist of numerous programs.

They will certainly be held in the academic layout to deal with the trouble as well as locate a perfect option.

The patients leave Palmetto Medication Rehabilitation only after they can accomplish full as well as long lasting sobriety from their dependencies.

Financial Matter of Medicine Recovery Facility in Palmetto Medication Addiction Expert in Palmetto Or Medication Addiction Professional in Palmetto, FL Lighthouse Palmetto Medication Rehab accepts significant insurance policy plans, or there is cash or self-payment.

Fees are primarily based on the earnings of a candidate as well as other variables discussed in person.

Those that do not have insurance coverage or have reduced paying capability can still rely on the rehab center for assistance.

For signing up in among the programs or treatment, there will be an analysis procedure required to produce an individual tailored plan.

If needed, an individual will pass testing or evaluating to detect the materials in his body.

Besides, for admission to the center, an orientation group session will be organized to obtain acquainted with the actions and philosophy of drug rehabilitation.

List of hospitals in Florida

This is a list of hospitals in the U.S.

state of Florida.

According to the American Hospital Directory, there were 325 hospitals in Florida in 2020.[1][2]

List of university hospitals

A university hospital is an institution which combines the services of a hospital with the education of medical students and with medical research.

These hospitals are typically affiliated with a medical school or university.

The following is a list of such hospitals.

Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Lower Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Upper Austria Wien Note: Centre hospitalier universitaire is often abbreviated CHU.

The following hospitals in Bologna are not strictly “university hospitals” but home at least one university department for research and teaching: There are six university hospitals in Switzerland: Damascus university runs eight hospitals in the city of Damascus: Currently, the university runs 5 hospitals in the city of Aleppo:[35] Assad

Baltimore

Baltimore (/ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or, locally: /ˈbɔːlmər/) is the most populous city in the U.S.

state of Maryland, as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 593,490 in 2019.

Baltimore is the largest independent city in the country and was established by the Constitution of Maryland[10] in 1851.

As of 2017, the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million, making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country.[11] Baltimore is located about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Washington, D.C.,[12] making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area (CSA), the fourth-largest CSA in the nation, with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063.[13] The city's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States.

In addition, Baltimore was a major manufacturing center.[14] After a decline in major manufacturing, heavy industry, and restructuring of the rail industry, Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy.

Johns Hopkins Hospital (founded 1889) and Johns Hopkins University (founded 1876) are the city's top two employers.[15] With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a "city of neighborhoods." Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe, Edith Hamilton, Frederick Douglass, W.E.B.

Du Bois, Ogden Nash, Gertrude Stein, F.

Scott Fitzgerald, Dashiell Hammett, Upton Sinclair, Tom Clancy, Ta-Nehisi Coates, and H.

Mencken; musicians James "Eubie" Blake, Billie Holiday, Cab Calloway, Tori Amos, Frank Zappa, Tupac Shakur, Dan Deacon, Robbie Basho, Bill Frisell, Philip Glass, Cass Elliot, and Ric Ocasek; actors and filmmakers John Waters, Barry Levinson, Divine, David Hasselhoff, Don Messick, John Kassir, Jada Pinkett Smith, Edith Massey[16] and Mo'Nique; artist Jeff Koons; baseball player Babe Ruth; swimmer Michael Phelps; radio host Ira Glass; television host Mike Rowe; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson.

During the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry.

His poem was set to music and popularized as a song; in 1931 it was designated as the American national anthem.[17] Baltimore has more public statues and monuments per capita than any other city in the country,[18] and is home to some of the earliest National Register Historic Districts in the nation, including Fell's Point, Federal Hill, and Mount Vernon.

These were added to the National Register between 1969 and 1971, soon after historic preservation legislation was passed.

Nearly one third of the city's buildings (over 65,000) are designated as historic in the National Register, which is more than any other U.S.

city.[19][20] The city has 66 National Register Historic Districts and 33 local historic districts.

Over 65,000 properties are designated as historic buildings and listed in the NRHP, more than any other U.S.

city.[19] The historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives.

The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore[21] of the Irish House of Lords and founding proprietor of the Province of Maryland.[22][23] Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland.[23][24] Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, meaning "town of the big house."[23] The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, when Paleo-Indians first settled in the region.[25] One Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period.[25] During the Late Woodland period, the archaeological culture that is called the "Potomac Creek complex" resided in the area from Baltimore south to the Rappahannock River in present-day Virginia.[26] In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was sparsely populated, if at all, by Native Americans.

The Baltimore County area northward was used as hunting grounds by the Susquehannock living in the lower Susquehanna River valley.

This Iroquoian-speaking people "controlled all of the upper tributaries of the Chesapeake" but "refrained from much contact with Powhatan in the Potomac region" and south into Virginia.[27] Pressured by the Susquehannock, the Piscataway tribe, an Algonquian-speaking people, stayed well south of the Baltimore area and inhabited primarily the north bank of the Potomac River in what are now Charles and southern Prince George's counties in the coastal areas south of the Fall Line.[28][29][30] European colonization of Maryland began with the arrival of an English ship at St.

Clement's Island in the Potomac River on March 25, 1634.[31] Europeans began to settle the area further north, beginning to populate the area of Baltimore County.[32] The original county seat, known today as "Old Baltimore", was located on Bush River within the present-day Aberdeen Proving Ground.[33][34][35] The colonists engaged in sporadic warfare with the Susquehanna, whose numbers dwindled primarily from new infectious diseases, such as smallpox, endemic among the Europeans.[32] In 1661 David Jones claimed the area known today as Jonestown on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream.[36] The colonial General Assembly of Maryland created the Port of Baltimore at old Whetstone Point (now Locust Point) in 1706 for the tobacco trade.

The Town of Baltimore, on the west side of the Jones Falls, was founded and laid out on July 30, 1729.

By 1752 the town had just 27 homes, including a church and two taverns.[37] Jonestown and Fells Point had been settled to the east.

The three settlements, covering 60 acres (24 ha), became a commercial hub, and in 1768 were designated as the county seat.[38] Being a colony, the Baltimore street names were laid out to demonstrate loyalty to the mother country.

For example, King George, King, Queen, and Caroline streets.[37] Baltimore grew swiftly in the 18th century, its plantations producing grain and tobacco for sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean.

The profit from sugar encouraged the cultivation of cane in the Caribbean and the importation of food by planters there.[39] As noted, Baltimore was as the county seat, and in 1768 a courthouse was built to serve both the city and county.

Its square was a center of community meetings and discussions.

Baltimore established its public market system in 1763.[40] Lexington Market, founded in 1782, is known as one of the oldest continuously operating public markets in the United States today.[41] Lexington Market was also a center of slave trading.

Slaves were sold at numerous sites through the downtown area, with sales advertised in the Baltimore Sun.[42] Both tobacco and sugar cane were labor-intensive crops.

Baltimore in 1774 established the first Post Office system in what became the United States,[43] and the first water company chartered in the newly independent nation (Baltimore Water Company, 1792).[44][45] Baltimore played a key part in events leading to and including the American Revolution.

City leaders such as Jonathan Plowman Jr.

led many residents in joining the resistance to British taxes, and merchants signed agreements to refuse to trade with Britain.[46] The Second Continental Congress met in the Henry Fite House from December 1776 to February 1777, effectively making the city the capital of the United States during this period.[47] The Town of Baltimore, Jonestown, and Fells Point were incorporated as the City of Baltimore in 1796–1797.

The city remained a part of surrounding Baltimore County and continued to serve as its county seat from 1768 to 1851, after which it became an independent city.[48] The Battle of Baltimore against the British in 1814 inspired the composition of the USA's national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner," and the construction of the Battle Monument which became the city's official emblem.

A distinctive local culture started to take shape, and a unique skyline peppered with churches and monuments developed.

Baltimore acquired its moniker "The Monumental City" after an 1827 visit to Baltimore by President John Quincy Adams.

At an evening function Adams gave the following toast: "Baltimore: the Monumental City—May the days of her safety be as prosperous and happy, as the days of her dangers have been trying and triumphant."[50][51] Baltimore pioneered the use of gas lighting in 1816, and its population grew rapidly in the following decades, with concomitant development of culture and infrastructure.

The construction of the federally funded National Road (which later became part of U.S.

Route 40) and the private Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B.

& O.) made Baltimore a major shipping and manufacturing center by linking the city with major markets in the Midwest.

By 1820 its population had reached 60,000, and its economy had shifted from its base in tobacco plantations to sawmilling, shipbuilding, and textile production.

These industries benefited from war but successfully shifted into infrastructure development during peacetime.[52] Baltimore suffered one of the worst riots of the antebellum South in 1835, when bad investments led to the Baltimore bank riot.[53] Soon after the city created the world's first dental college, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, in 1840, and shared in the world's first telegraph line, between Baltimore and Washington DC in 1844.

Maryland, a slave state with abundant popular support for secession in some areas, remained part of the Union during the American Civil War, due in part to the Union's strategic occupation of the city in 1861.[55][56] Another factor was the fact that the Union's capitol, Washington, was in the state of Maryland (geographically if not politically), and well situated to impede Baltimore and Maryland's communication or commerce with the Confederacy.

Baltimore saw the first casualties of the war on April 19, 1861, when Union Soldiers en route from the President Street Station to Camden Yards clashed with a secessionist mob in the Pratt Street riot.

In the midst of the Long Depression which followed the Panic of 1873, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad company attempted to lower its workers' wages, leading to strikes and riots in the city and beyond.

Strikers clashed with the National Guard, leaving 10 dead and 25 wounded.[57] On February 7, 1904, the Great Baltimore Fire destroyed over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours, leaving more than 70 blocks of the downtown area burned to the ground.

Damages were estimated at $150 million—in 1904 dollars.[58] As the city rebuilt during the next two years, lessons learned from the fire led to improvements in firefighting equipment standards.[59] Baltimore lawyer Milton Dashiell advocated for an ordinance to bar African-Americans from moving into the Eutaw Place neighborhood in northwest Baltimore.

He proposed to recognize majority white residential blocks and majority black residential blocks, and to prevent people from moving into housing on such blocks where they would be a minority.

The Baltimore Council passed the ordinance, and it became law on December 20, 1910, with Democratic Mayor J.

Barry Mahool's signature.[60] The Baltimore segregation ordinance was the first of its kind in the United States.

Many other southern cities followed with their own segregation ordinances, though the US Supreme Court ruled against them in Buchanan v.

Warley (1917).[61] The city grew in area by annexing new suburbs from the surrounding counties through 1918, when the city acquired portions of Baltimore County and Anne Arundel County.[62] A state constitutional amendment, approved in 1948, required a special vote of the citizens in any proposed annexation area, effectively preventing any future expansion of the city's boundaries.[63] Streetcars enabled the development of distant neighborhoods areas such as Edmonson Village whose residents could easily commute to work downtown.[64] Driven by migration from the deep South and by white suburbanization, the relative size of the city's black population grew from 23.8% in 1950 to 46.4% in 1970.[65] Encouraged by real estate blockbusting techniques, recently settled white areas rapidly became all-black neighborhoods, in a rapid process which was nearly total by 1970.[66] The Baltimore riot of 1968, coinciding with riots in other cities, followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

on April 4, 1968.

Public order was not restored until April 12, 1968.

The Baltimore riot cost the city an estimated $10 million (US$ 74 million in 2020).

A total of 11,000 Maryland National Guard and federal troops were ordered into the city.[67] The city experienced challenges again in 1974 when teachers, municipal workers, and police officers conducted strikes.[68] Following the death of Freddie Gray in April 2015, the city experienced major protests and international media attention, as well as a clash between local youth and police which resulted in a state of emergency declaration and curfew.[69] Baltimore has suffered from a high homicide rate for several decades, peaking in 1993, and again in 2015.[70][71] These deaths have taken a severe toll, especially within the local black community.[72] By the beginning of the 1970s, Baltimore's downtown area known as the Inner Harbor had been neglected and was occupied by a collection of abandoned warehouses.

The nickname "Charm City" came from a 1975 meeting of advertisers seeking to improve the city's reputation.[73][74] Efforts to redevelop the area started with the construction of the Maryland Science Center, which opened in 1976, the Baltimore World Trade Center (1977), and the Baltimore Convention Center (1979).

Harborplace, an urban retail and restaurant complex, opened on the waterfront in 1980, followed by the National Aquarium, Maryland's largest tourist destination, and the Baltimore Museum of Industry in 1981.

In 1995, the city opened the American Visionary Art Museum on Federal Hill.

During the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the United States, Baltimore City Health Department official Robert Mehl persuaded the city's mayor to form a committee to address food problems; the Baltimore-based charity Moveable Feast grew out of this initiative in 1990.[75][76][77] By 2010, the organization's region of service had expanded from merely Baltimore to include all of the Eastern Shore of Maryland.[78] In 1992, the Baltimore Orioles baseball team moved from Memorial Stadium to Oriole Park at Camden Yards, located downtown near the harbor.

Pope John Paul II held an open-air mass at Camden Yards during his papal visit to the United States in October 1995.

Three years later the Baltimore Ravens football team moved into M&T Bank Stadium next to Camden Yards.[79] Baltimore has seen the reopening of the Hippodrome Theatre in 2004,[80] the opening of the Reginald F.

Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture in 2005, and the establishment of the National Slavic Museum in 2012.

On April 12, 2012, Johns Hopkins held a dedication ceremony to mark the completion of one of the United States' largest medical complexes – the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore – which features the Sheikh Zayed Cardiovascular and Critical Care Tower and The Charlotte R.

Bloomberg Children's Center.

The event, held at the entrance to the $1.1 billion 1.6 million-square-foot-facility, honored the many donors including Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, first president of the United Arab Emirates, and Michael Bloomberg.[81][82] On September 19, 2016 the Baltimore City Council approved a $660 million bond deal for the $5.5 billion Port Covington redevelopment project championed by Under Armour founder Kevin Plank and his real estate company Sagamore Development.

Port Covington surpassed the Harbor Point development as the largest tax-increment financing deal in Baltimore's history and among the largest urban redevelopment projects in the country.[83] The waterfront development that includes the new headquarters for Under Armour, as well as shops, housing, offices, and manufacturing spaces is projected to create 26,500 permanent jobs with a $4.3 billion annual economic impact.[84] Goldman Sachs invested $233 million into the redevelopment project.[85] Baltimore is in north-central Maryland on the Patapsco River close to where it empties into the Chesapeake Bay.

The city is also located on the fall line between the Piedmont Plateau and the Atlantic coastal plain, which divides Baltimore into "lower city" and "upper city".

The city's elevation ranges from sea level at the harbor to 480 feet (150 m) in the northwest corner near Pimlico.[6] According to the 2010 Census, the city has a total area of 92.1 square miles (239 km2), of which 80.9 sq mi (210 km2) is land and 11.1 sq mi (29 km2) is water.[86] The total area is 12.1 percent water.

Baltimore is almost completely surrounded by Baltimore County, but is politically independent of it.

It is bordered by Anne Arundel County to the south.

Baltimore exhibits examples from each period of architecture over more than two centuries, and work from architects such as Benjamin Latrobe, George A.

Frederick, John Russell Pope, Mies van der Rohe and I.

Pei.

The city is rich in architecturally significant buildings in a variety of styles.

The Baltimore Basilica (1806–1821) is a neoclassical design by Benjamin Latrobe, and also the oldest Catholic cathedral in the United States.

In 1813 Robert Cary Long, Sr., built for Rembrandt Peale the first substantial structure in the United States designed expressly as a museum.

Restored, it is now the Municipal Museum of Baltimore, or popularly the Peale Museum.

The McKim Free School was founded and endowed by John McKim, although the building was erected by his son Isaac in 1822 after a design by William Howard and William Small.

It reflects the popular interest in Greece when the nation was securing its independence, as well as a scholarly interest in recently published drawings of Athenian antiquities.

The Phoenix Shot Tower (1828), at 234.25 feet (71.40 m) tall, was the tallest building in the United States until the time of the Civil War, and is one of few remaining structures of its kind.[87] It was constructed without the use of exterior scaffolding.

The Sun Iron Building, designed by R.C.

Hatfield in 1851, was the city's first iron-front building and was a model for a whole generation of downtown buildings.

Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, built in 1870 in memory of financier George Brown, has stained glass windows by Louis Comfort Tiffany and has been called "one of the most significant buildings in this city, a treasure of art and architecture" by Baltimore Magazine.[88][89] The 1845 Greek Revival-style Lloyd Street Synagogue is one of the oldest synagogues in the United States.

The Johns Hopkins Hospital, designed by Lt.

Col.

John S.

Billings in 1876, was a considerable achievement for its day in functional arrangement and fireproofing.

I.M.

Pei's World Trade Center (1977) is the tallest equilateral pentagonal building in the world at 405 feet (123 m) tall.

The Harbor East area has seen the addition of two new towers which have completed construction: a 24-floor tower that is the new world headquarters of Legg Mason, and a 21-floor Four Seasons Hotel complex.

The streets of Baltimore are organized in a grid pattern, lined with tens of thousands of brick and formstone-faced rowhouses.

In The Baltimore Rowhouse, Mary Ellen Hayward and Charles Belfoure considered the rowhouse as the architectural form defining Baltimore as "perhaps no other American city."[90] In the mid-1790s, developers began building entire neighborhoods of the British-style rowhouses, which became the dominant house type of the city early in the 19th century.[91] Formstone facings, now a common feature on Baltimore rowhouses, were an addition patented in 1937 by Albert Knight.

John Waters characterized formstone as "the polyester of brick" in a 30-minute documentary film, Little Castles: A Formstone Phenomenon.[92] Oriole Park at Camden Yards is a Major League Baseball park, opened in 1992, which was built as a retro style baseball park.

Camden Yards, along with the National Aquarium, have helped revive the Inner Harbor from what once was an industrial district full of dilapidated warehouses into a bustling commercial district full of bars, restaurants and retail establishments.

Today, the Inner Harbor has some of the most desirable real estate in the Mid-Atlantic.[93] After an international competition, the University of Baltimore School of Law awarded the German firm Behnisch Architekten 1st prize for its design, which was selected for the school's new home.

After the building's opening in 2013, the design won additional honors including an ENR National "Best of the Best" Award.[94] Baltimore's newly rehabilitated Everyman Theatre was honored by the Baltimore Heritage at the 2013 Preservation Awards Celebration in 2013.

Everyman Theatre will receive an Adaptive Reuse and Compatible Design Award as part of Baltimore Heritage's 2013 historic preservation awards ceremony.

Baltimore Heritage is Baltimore's nonprofit historic and architectural preservation organization, which works to preserve and promote Baltimore's historic buildings and neighborhoods.[95] Baltimore is officially divided into nine geographical regions: North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, and Central, with each district patrolled by a respective Baltimore Police Department.

Interstate 83 and Charles Street down to Hanover Street and Ritchie Highway serve as the east–west dividing line and Eastern Avenue to Route 40 as the north–south dividing line; however, Baltimore Street is north–south dividing line for the U.S.

Postal Service.[107] It is not uncommon for locals to divide the city simply by East or West Baltimore, using Charles Street or I-83 as a dividing line or into North and South using Baltimore Street as a dividing line.[citation needed] Central Baltimore, originally called the Middle District,[108] stretches north of the Inner Harbor up to the edge of Druid Hill Park.

Downtown Baltimore has mainly served as a commercial district with limited residential opportunities; however, between 2000 and 2010, the downtown population grew 130 percent as old commercial properties have been replaced by residential property.[109] Still the city's main commercial area and business district, it includes Baltimore's sports complexes: Oriole Park at Camden Yards, M&T Bank Stadium, and the Royal Farms Arena; and the shops and attractions in the Inner Harbor: Harborplace, the Baltimore Convention Center, the National Aquarium, Maryland Science Center, Pier Six Pavilion, and Power Plant Live.[107] The University of Maryland, Baltimore, the University of Maryland Medical Center, and Lexington Market are also in the central district, as well as the Hippodrome and many nightclubs, bars, restaurants, shopping centers and various other attractions.[107][108] The northern portion of Central Baltimore, between downtown and the Druid Hill Park, is home to many of the city's cultural opportunities.

Maryland Institute College of Art, the Peabody Institute (music conservatory), George Peabody Library, Enoch Pratt Free Library – Central Library, the Lyric Opera House, the Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, the Walters Art Museum, the Maryland Historical Society and its Enoch Pratt Mansion, and several galleries are located in this region.[110] North Baltimore lies directly north of Central Baltimore and is bounded on the east by The Alameda and on the west by Pimlico Road.

Loyola University Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Homewood Campus, St.

Mary's Seminary and University and Notre Dame of Maryland University are located in this district.

Baltimore Polytechnic Institute high school for mathematics, science and engineering, and adjacent Western High School, the oldest remaining public girls secondary school in America, share a joint campus at West Cold Spring Lane and Falls Road.[citation needed] Several historic and notable neighborhoods are in this district: Govans (1755), Roland Park (1891), Guilford (1913), Homeland (1924), Hampden, Woodberry, Old Goucher (the original campus of Goucher College), and Jones Falls.

Along the York Road corridor going north are the large neighborhoods of Charles Village, Waverly, and Mount Washington.

The Station North Arts and Entertainment District is also located in North Baltimore.[111] South Baltimore, a mixed industrial and residential area, consists of the "Old South Baltimore" peninsula below the Inner Harbor and east of the old B&O Railroad's Camden line tracks and Russell Street downtown.

It is a culturally, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse waterfront area with neighborhoods such as Locust Point and Riverside around a large park of the same name.[112] Just south of the Inner Harbor, the historic Federal Hill neighborhood, is home to many working professionals, pubs and restaurants.

At the end of the peninsula is historic Fort McHenry, a National Park since the end of World War I, when the old U.S.

Army Hospital surrounding the 1798 star-shaped battlements was torn down.[113] The area south of the Vietnam Veterans (Hanover Street) Bridge and the Patapsco River was annexed to the city in 1919 from being independent towns in Anne Arundel County.[citation needed] Across the Hanover Street Bridge are residential areas such as Cherry Hill,[114] Brooklyn, and Curtis Bay, with Fort Armistead bordering the city's south side from Anne Arundel County.[citation needed] Northeast is primarily a residential neighborhood, home to Morgan State University, bounded by the city line of 1919 on its northern and eastern boundaries, Sinclair Lane, Erdman Avenue, and Pulaski Highway to the south and The Alameda on to the west.

Also in this wedge of the city on 33rd Street is Baltimore City College high school, third oldest active public secondary school in the United States, founded downtown in 1839.[115] Across Loch Raven Boulevard is the former site of the old Memorial Stadium home of the Baltimore Colts, Baltimore Orioles, and Baltimore Ravens, now replaced by a YMCA athletic and housing complex.[116][117] Lake Montebello is in Northeast Baltimore.[108] Located below Sinclair Lane and Erdman Avenue, above Orleans Street, East Baltimore is mainly made up of residential neighborhoods.

This section of East Baltimore is home to Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine on Broadway.

Notable neighborhoods include: Armistead Gardens, Broadway East, Barclay, Ellwood Park, Greenmount, and McElderry Park.[108] This area was the on-site film location for Homicide: Life on the Street, The Corner and The Wire.[118] Southeast Baltimore, located below Fayette Street, bordering the Inner Harbor and the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River to the west, the city line of 1919 on its eastern boundaries and the Patapsco River to the south, is a mixed industrial and residential area.

Patterson Park, the "Best Backyard in Baltimore,"[119] as well as the Highlandtown Arts District, and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center are located in Southeast Baltimore.

The Shops at Canton Crossing opened in 2013.[120] The Canton neighborhood, is located along Baltimore's prime waterfront.

Other historic neighborhoods include: Fells Point, Patterson Park, Butchers Hill, Highlandtown, Greektown, Harbor East, Little Italy, and Upper Fell's Point.[108] Northwestern is bounded by the county line to the north and west, Gwynns Falls Parkway on the south and Pimlico Road on the east, is home to Pimlico Race Course, Sinai Hospital, and the headquarters of the NAACP.

Its neighborhoods are mostly residential and are dissected by Northern Parkway.

The area has been the center of Baltimore's Jewish community since after World War II.

Notable neighborhoods include: Pimlico, Mount Washington, and Cheswolde, and Park Heights.[121] West Baltimore is west of downtown and the Martin Luther King, Jr.

Boulevard and is bounded by Gwynns Falls Parkway, Fremont Avenue, and West Baltimore Street.

The Old West Baltimore Historic District includes the neighborhoods of Harlem Park, Sandtown-Winchester, Druid Heights, Madison Park, and Upton.[122][123] Originally a predominantly German neighborhood, by the last half of the 1800s, Old West Baltimore was home to a substantial section of the city's African American population.

It became the largest neighborhood for the city's black community and its cultural, political, and economic center.[122] Coppin State University, Mondawmin Mall, and Edmondson Village are located in this district.

The area's crime problems have provided subject material for television series, such as The Wire.[124] Local organizations, such as the Sandtown Habitat for Humanity and the Upton Planning Committee, have been steadily transforming parts of formerly blighted areas of West Baltimore into clean, safe communities.[125][126] Southwest Baltimore is bound by the Baltimore County line to the west, West Baltimore Street to the north, and Martin Luther King Jr.

Boulevard and Russell Street/Baltimore-Washington Parkway (Maryland Route 295) to the east.

Notable neighborhoods in Southwest Baltimore include: Pigtown, Carrolton Ridge, Ridgely's Delight, Leakin Park, Violetville, Lakeland, and Morrell Park.[108] St.

Agnes Hospital on Wilkens and Caton[108] avenues is located in this district with the neighboring Cardinal Gibbons High School, which is the former site of Babe Ruth's alma mater, St.

Mary's Industrial School.[citation needed] Also through this segment of Baltimore ran the beginnings of the historic National Road, which was constructed beginning in 1806 along Old Frederick Road and continuing into the county on Frederick Road into Ellicott City, Maryland.[citation needed] Other sides in this district are: Carroll Park, one of the city's largest parks, the colonial Mount Clare Mansion, and Washington Boulevard, which dates to pre-Revolutionary War days as the prime route out of the city to Alexandria, Virginia, and Georgetown on the Potomac River.[citation needed] Belair-Edison Woodberry Reservoir Hill Station North Fells Point Roland Park Mount Vernon The City of Baltimore is bordered by the following communities, all unincorporated census-designated places.

Baltimore lies in the humid subtropical climate in the Köppen climate classification, with long hot summers, cool to mild winters, and summer peak to annual precipitation.[127][128] Baltimore is part of USDA plant hardiness zones 7b and 8a.[129] Summers are normally hot, with occasional late day thunderstorms.

July the hottest month, has a mean temperature of 80.3 °F (26.8 °C).

Winters are chilly to mild but variable, with sporadic snowfall: January has a daily average of 35.8 °F (2.1 °C),[130] though temperatures reach 50 °F (10 °C) rather often, but can drop below 20 °F (−7 °C) when Arctic air masses affect the area.[130] Spring and autumn are warm, with spring being the wettest season in terms of the number of precipitation days.

Summers are hot and humid with a daily average in July of 80.7 °F (27.1 °C),[130] and the combination of heat and humidity leads to rather frequent thunderstorms.

A southeasterly bay breeze off the Chesapeake often occurs on summer afternoons when hot air rises over inland areas; prevailing winds from the southwest interacting with this breeze as well as the city proper's UHI can seriously exacerbate air quality.[131][132] In late summer and early autumn the track of hurricanes or their remnants may cause flooding in downtown Baltimore, despite the city being far removed from the typical coastal storm surge areas.[133] The average seasonal snowfall is 20.1 inches (51 cm),[134] but it varies greatly depending on the winter, with some seasons seeing minimal snow while others see several major Nor'easters.

[a] Due to lessened urban heat island (UHI) as compared to the city proper and distance from the moderating Chesapeake Bay, the outlying and inland parts of the Baltimore metro area are usually cooler, especially at night, than the city proper and the coastal towns.

Thus, in the northern and western suburbs, winter snowfall is more significant, and some areas average more than 30 in (76 cm) of snow per winter.[136] It is by no means uncommon for the rain-snow line to set up in the metro area.[137] Freezing rain and sleet occurs a few times each winter in the area, as warm air overrides cold air at the low to mid-levels of the atmosphere.

When the wind blows from the east, the cold air gets dammed against the mountains to the west and the result is freezing rain or sleet.

Extreme temperatures range from −7 °F (−22 °C) on February 9, 1934, and February 10, 1899,[b] up to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 2011.[138][139] On average, 100 °F (38 °C)+ temperatures occur on 0.9 days annually, 90 °F (32 °C)+ on 37 days, and there are 10 days where the high fails to reach the freezing mark.[130] According to the United States Census, there were 593,490 people living in Baltimore City in 238,436 households as of July 1, 2019.

The population decreased by 4.4% since the 2010 Census.

[150]Baltimore's population has declined at each census since its peak in 1950.[109] In 2011, then-Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said her main goal was to increase the city's population by improving city services to reduce the number of people leaving the city and by passing legislation protecting immigrants' rights to stimulate growth.[151] For the first time in decades, in July 2012, the U.S.

Census Bureau's census estimate showed the population grew by 1,100 residents, a 0.2% increase from the previous year.[152] Baltimore is sometimes identified as a sanctuary city.[153] Mayor Jack Young said in 2019 that Baltimore will not assist ICE agents with immigration raids.[154] Gentrification has increased since the 2000 census, primarily in East Baltimore, downtown, and Central Baltimore.[155] Downtown Baltimore and its surrounding neighborhoods are seeing a resurgence of young professionals and immigrants, mirroring major cities across the country.[152] After New York City, Baltimore was the second city in the United States to reach a population of 100,000.[156][157] From the 1830 through 1850 U.S.

censuses, Baltimore was the second most-populous city,[157][158] before being surpassed by Philadelphia in 1860.[159] It was among the top 10 cities in population in the United States in every census up to the 1980 census,[160] and after World War II had a population of nearly 1 million.

According to the 2010 Census[update], Baltimore's population is 63.7% Black, 29.6% White, 2.3% Asian, and 0.4%, American Indian and Alaska Native.

Across races, 4.2% of the population are of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin.[149] Females made up 53.4% of the population.

The median age was 35 years old, with 22.4% under 18 years old, 65.8% from 18 to 64 years old, and 11.8% 65 or older.[149] In 2005, approximately 30,778 people (6.5%) identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[164] In 2012, same-sex marriage in Maryland was legalized, going into effect January 1, 2013.[165] In 2009, the median household income was $42,241 and the median income per capita was $25,707, compared to the national median income of $53,889 per household and $28,930 per capita.

In Baltimore, 23.7% of the population lived below the poverty line, compared to 13.5% nationwide.[149] Housing in Baltimore is relatively inexpensive for large, coastal cities of its size.

The median sale price for homes in Baltimore in 2012 was $95,000.[166] Despite the housing collapse, and along with the national trends, Baltimore residents still face slowly increasing rent (up 3% in the summer of 2010).[167] The homeless population in Baltimore is steadily increasing; it exceeded 4,000 people in 2011.

The increase in the number of young homeless people was particularly severe.[168] As of 2015, life expectancy in Baltimore was 74 to 75 years, compared to the U.S.

average of 78 to 80.

Fourteen neighborhoods had lower life expectancies than North Korea.

The life expectancy in Downtown/Seton Hill was comparable to that of Yemen.[169] A little under half (47%) of people in Baltimore report affiliating with a religion.

Catholicism is the largest religious affiliation, comprising 12% percent of the population, followed by the Baptist Church (7%), then Judaism (4.3%).

Around 11.4% identify with other Christian denominations.[170][171] As of 2010[update], 91% (526,705) of Baltimore residents five years old and older spoke only English at home.

Close to 4% (21,661) spoke Spanish.

Other languages, such as African languages, French, and Chinese are spoken by less than 1% of the population.[172] Crime in Baltimore, generally concentrated in areas high in poverty, has been far above the national average for many years.

Overall reported crime has dropped by 60% from the mid 1990s to the mid 2010s, but homicide rates remain high and exceed the national average.

The worst years for crime in Baltimore overall were from 1993 to 1996; with 96,243 crimes reported in 1995.

Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015 represented the highest homicide rate in the city's recorded history—52.5 per 100,000 people, surpassing the record set in 1993—and the second-highest for U.S.

cities behind St.

Louis and ahead of Detroit.

To put that in perspective, New York City, a city with a 2015 population of 8,491,079, recorded a total of 339 homicides in 2015.

Baltimore had a 2015 population of 621,849; which means that in 2015

Claws (TV series)

Claws is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on TNT on June 11, 2017.[1] The series was ordered for a first season containing 10 episodes on December 13, 2016, and was originally developed as a half-hour, single-camera comedy for HBO.[2] Set in Palmetto, Florida, the series is mostly filmed in New Orleans.[3] On July 12, 2017, TNT renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on June 10, 2018.[4][5] On July 2, 2018, TNT renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on June 9, 2019.[6][7] On October 1, 2019, TNT renewed the series for a fourth and final season.[8] On March 12, 2020, Warner Bros.

Television shut down production on the series' fourth and final season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[9] Five manicurists at the Nail Artisans salon of Manatee County, Florida enter the traditionally male world of organized crime when they begin laundering money for a neighboring pain clinic and eventually work their way up to controlling their own criminal empire.[10] The first season of Claws has received mostly positive reviews.

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 81% based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 6.69/10.

The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-acted, visually impressive, and energetically paced, Claws leaves a mark with a strong first season that hints at even greater potential."[47] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 64 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[48] Variety described the show as aesthetically captivating but with weak storytelling.[49] Season 2 has an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 8.6/10 based on 8 reviews.[50]

Lastings Milledge

Lastings Darnell Milledge (born April 5, 1985) is an American former professional baseball outfielder.

He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Washington Nationals, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Chicago White Sox.

He was the youngest player in MLB's National League during his rookie season in 2006.[1] Milledge was born in Bradenton, Florida.[2] At the age of twelve, he pitched and played third base and hit third for the Manatee East Little League team that was the national runner-up in the 1997 Little League World Series.

He received the win on the mound in the semi-final game of the regional, giving up only one run on a solo home run to Matt Rigney in a win against Mississippi.[3] In 2001, he led Team USA to a Gold Medal game victory over Venezuela in the International Baseball Federation's AA World Youth Championships.

Later that year, Baseball America named Milledge the best 16-year-old player in the United States.

He graduated from Lakewood Ranch High School in Bradenton, Florida in 2003 after leading his team to the state 5A title his senior year.

Prior to the 2003 amateur draft, he was expected to be among the top three selections, but as draft day approached, press reports from 2002 resurfaced regarding Milledge's expulsion from Northside Christian School after his junior year for allegedly having sex with a minor.[4][5] He subsequently transferred to Lakewood Ranch High School where he finished his education and amateur baseball career.

As a result of the incident, Milledge was passed over in the 2003 amateur draft until the Mets selected him as the twelfth overall pick in the first round.

The Mets began contract negotiations with Milledge, but the talks were interrupted in early August 2003, when the Mets learned of allegations of additional sexual misconduct against Milledge during his time at Northside.

The Mets completed a private investigation of the matter and, satisfied with the results, signed Milledge to a contract with a $2.2 million signing bonus.

The delay in signing Milledge prevented him from beginning his professional career until shortly before the end of the minor league season in 2003.

He appeared in only seven games, hitting .231 for the Kingsport Mets of the Appalachian League.

In 2004, he was slated to start the year with the class A Capital City Bombers, but he suffered a fractured metacarpal on his right hand in spring training, missing the first six weeks of the season.

In 65 games with the Bombers, he hit .337 with 13 home runs, 58 RBI and 23 stolen bases, earning him a promotion to the St.

Lucie Mets in August.

In 2005, he continued his minor league success hitting .302 with St.

Lucie in the first half of the season and .337 with the AA Binghamton Mets in the second half.

He began the 2006 season leading off and playing right field for the AAA Norfolk Tides.

Milledge made his major league debut on May 30, 2006, as the starting right fielder for the Mets in a 7–2 loss to the Arizona Diamondbacks.

He went 1 for 4 with a double off Arizona pitcher Miguel Batista.

Milledge was 21 years, 55 days old on the day of his debut - exactly the same age as former Met Darryl Strawberry when he made his 1983 debut.

In his three separate stints in the majors in 2006, Milledge hit .241 with 4 HR and 22 RBI in 56 games.

On June 4, 2006 against the San Francisco Giants, Milledge hit a solo home run – his first major league career homer – off Giants closer Armando Benítez to tie up the game 6–6 in the bottom of the tenth inning.

When the Mets returned to the field the following inning, Milledge, still excited, high-fived the home fans in attendance at Shea as he returned to his position, inciting the ire of his manager and some teammates, not to mention the national sports media.[6] In late September, one of Milledge's Mets teammates placed a sign on his locker which read, "Know Your Place, Rook!"[7] The sign-placer was identified in published reports as then-Mets closer Billy Wagner.[8] After having an impressive spring training both on and off the field, Milledge was named to the Mets' opening day roster.

He saw very limited game action, and was subsequently optioned down to AAA New Orleans after the game on April 12 to create room on the roster so that starting pitcher Mike Pelfrey could be called up and make his season debut in the following day's game.

In May, it was reported that Milledge appeared in a rap song, "Bend Ya Knees", by Manny D, a childhood friend.

The song contained the words "bitch", "ho", and "nigga".

The Mets organization responded by saying, "We disapprove of the content, language, and message of this recording, which does not represent the views of the New York Mets."[5] Upon his recovery from a foot injury, Milledge was called up to the major leagues after the All-Star break on July 12.

Veteran Julio Franco was designated for assignment to make room for Milledge.

On November 30, 2007, Milledge was traded to the Washington Nationals for Ryan Church and Brian Schneider.[9] Milledge served as the everyday starting center fielder for the Nationals.

Up until the end of June, he had been batting third in the lineup in place of the injured Ryan Zimmerman, posting a .245 average, 7 home runs, and 32 RBI for the season.

However, on June 28, he suffered a groin strain, and he was placed on the disabled list the next day.

Roger Bernadina was called up to take his place.

On July 24, the Nationals activated Milledge from the DL and designated Johnny Estrada for assignment.

Milledge went 2 for 18 in his first five games after his return.

However, in the month of August, he batted .336 with 6 HR and 16 RBI.

On February 19, Milledge willingly gave up his uniform number, 44 for Adam Dunn, wearing #85 as his birthyear.[10] Milledge began the season as the Nationals' leadoff hitter.

Because of his slow start where he batted .167 with 1 RBI and no extra base hits in 24 at-bats, he was optioned down to AAA Syracuse on April 15, 2009.

On June 30, 2009, the Nationals traded Milledge and Joel Hanrahan to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Nyjer Morgan and Sean Burnett.[11] Milledge, still rehabbing from an injury that occurred at AAA Syracuse when the trade was made, was assigned to the Pirates' Gulf Coast League team in Bradenton, Florida to complete his rehab, and then moved to the Pirates' AAA affiliate, the Indianapolis Indians, with a short stint at the Lynchburg Hillcats during the AAA all-star break.

After recovering from his injury he became the Pirates' everyday left fielder.

He showed growth in his work ethic and his glove work improved.

He finished a below par 2009 with 11 doubles, 0 triples, 4 home runs, 21 runs batted in, was walked 13 times, struck out 47 times, stole 7 bases, those went along with .276 average, a .323 on-base percentage, a .373 slugging percentage, in 244 at-bats.

In the May 6 game against the Chicago Cubs, Milledge appeared to have hit his first home run of the season in the 4th inning.

However, the ball actually hit the top of the left field wall in PNC Park and bounced back into play.

As Milledge rounded first base, the stadium fireworks were set off and the celebration music began to play.

Chicago outfielder Alfonso Soriano picked up the ball and threw it into the infield where Milledge was tagged out.

Milledge was officially credited with a double on the play.

On December 2, 2010, Milledge became a free agent when the Pirates elected not to tender a contract offer to him for 2011.[12] On February 3, 2011, the Chicago White Sox signed Milledge to a minor league deal.[13] On March 30, 2011, the White Sox bought Milledge's minor league contract from the Charlotte Knights, and it was announced that he had made the Sox's 25-man opening day roster.[14][15] However, on April 7, 2011, the Sox designated Milledge for assignment.[16] He cleared waivers and accepted an outright assignment to Triple-A Charlotte.[17] After the 2011 season, he elected free agency.[18] Milledge signed a one-year contract with a club option for a second year with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows on December 27, 2011.[19] Milledge played in 125 games for the Swallows in 2012, hitting .300 with 21 HR and 65 RBI.

Milledge signed a three-year, $4.4 million contract with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows.[20] In four seasons with the Yakult Swallows through 2015, Milledge played in 255 games, batting .272 with 39 home runs and 129 RBIs.

Hampered by injuries in 2014-15, Milledge appeared in only a combined 34 games those years.

On January 24, 2017, Milledge signed with the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

He retired from professional baseball following the season.

Milledge is an advocate for increasing African-American participation in baseball.

When he was an active player, he would spend his offseasons attending youth football and basketball games in an effort to convince black children to give baseball a try.[21] Following his retirement, Milledge opened Manatee Intercity Baseball in Bradenton, Florida, whose mission is to give minority kids an opportunity to learn and play the game.

He also owns and operates 1st Round Training, a hitting and training facility in Palmetto, Florida, that aims to mentor and train young players.

In 2018, Milledge was married and was expecting his first child with his wife, DePree.[21]

Essex County, New Jersey

Essex County is a county in the northeastern part of New Jersey.

As of the 2019 Census estimate, the county's population was 798,975, making it the state's third-most populous county,[3][4][5] an increase of 3.1% from the 2010 United States Census, when its population was enumerated at 783,969,[6] in turn a decrease of 1.2% (9,664 fewer residents) from the 793,633 enumerated in the 2000 census.[7] In 2010, the county dropped down to third-largest, behind Middlesex County, and was one of only two counties in the state to see a decline between 2000 and 2010 (Cape May County being the other).[8][9] Its county seat is Newark,[2] the most populous city in the state.

It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area.

In 2015, the county had a per capita personal income of $60,030, the eighth-highest in New Jersey and ranked 153rd of 3,113 counties in the United States.[10][11] The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 94th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States (and the seventh-highest in New Jersey) as of 2009.[12] The county is named after Essex, a county in the East of England.[13] Based on data from the 2010 census, Essex County is the 14th-most densely populated county in the United States, and was ranked second in the state after Hudson County (which ranked sixth in the nation at 13,731.4 per square mile).[14] Newark, with a population density of 11,458.3 people/square mile, is the largest municipality in the county both in terms of land area (24.19 square miles) and population (277,140), while Caldwell is the smallest in terms of land area (1.17 square miles) and Essex Fells has the smallest population (2,113).[15] Many of the county's smallest municipalities have population densities that are comparable to those of many big cities, and are well above the state's average which in turn is the highest in the nation.

Like many of the counties of Northern New Jersey near New York City—which tend to have sharp divides between relatively rich suburban neighborhoods and less wealthy, more densely populated cities nearby—the eastern region of Essex County tends to be poorer and more urbanized, while the western parts tend to be more affluent and suburban.

The wide area of Eastern Essex has significant pockets of high population, high building density, high poverty, and high crime rates.

Within this general area however are many stable, mixed and middle-income areas of diverse populations.

For example, north and west sides of Newark have well-kept suburban areas such as Vailsburg and Forest Hill.

The east side of Newark is the Ironbound, a working-class Brazilian and Portuguese community.

East Orange has the Presidential Estate neighborhood full of large one family homes.

Belleville and Bloomfield are suburbs with historic Italian communities that, in spite of retaining a core Italian-American population, now have many immigrants from Latin America and Asia.

As of the 2000 Census, 36% of Nutley residents indicated that they were of Italian ancestry, the 12th-highest of any municipality in the nation and third-highest in New Jersey.[16] Beginning at about the turn of the century, this region led the state in the rebuilding and rehab of its housing stock.

In the 2000s, Newark led the state in the issuance of building permits.

Many reasons were cited: citywide incentives to encourage construction development, an improving local economy, the rising demand of low-cost housing so close to Manhattan.

Newark has since then become one of the fastest growing cities in the entire Northeast,[17][18] and reported a gain in median income and drop in poverty rate.[19] This is a turnaround from the deterioration and abandonment experienced in the post-riot 1970s, 1980s and early part of the 1990s.

Crime in this part of the county has traditionally been among the highest in the state and the country as well, but recently has also seen significant declines, mirroring its large neighbor to the east, New York City.[20] By 2006, crime in Newark had fallen 60% over the previous decade to its lowest levels in 40 years.[21][22] Neighboring East Orange has also experienced a decline in crimes, dropping 50% in the three years (2005 to 2007).[23] While crime rates have fallen significantly in these cities in recent years, they nonetheless remain high here compared to national crime statistics, as well as Irvington, and Orange.

In 2008, Newark had 67 homicides, down from 105 in 2007 and the record of 161 murders set in 1981.[20][24] In contrast, Western Essex tends to be more suburban and affluent.

Within this region are some of the most diverse and racially integrated municipalities in the state and nation, including Montclair, West Orange, South Orange and Maplewood.

Many neighborhoods are well-known magnets for people moving from New York City, such as Glen Ridge, Montclair, Verona, Cedar Grove, South Orange and West Orange.

The communities of Livingston, West Caldwell, South Orange, Maplewood, Millburn, North Caldwell, and Essex Fells are some of the wealthiest towns in the county.

Short Hills (in Millburn), South Orange and Livingston have large Jewish communities.

Short Hills has a popular upscale shopping mall, The Mall at Short Hills located near affluent communities in Morris and Union counties.[25] As the poorest place in the county, Newark has a median household income of $33,025 and a per capita income of $17,198;[26] at the other extreme, Essex Fells, one of the wealthier places in the county and the 4th wealthiest municipality in the state, has a median household income of $174,432 and a per capita income of $89,316.[27][citation needed] Essex County was the first county in the country to create a county park system (Essex County Park System), to ensure that it did not lose all its land to development.[28] Some of the county's municipalities, especially Newark, The Oranges, and The Caldwells were seen on episodes of the HBO mob drama The Sopranos, which was set in North Caldwell.[29] There are various attractions in Essex County, such as the Newark Museum, Montclair Art Museum, Turtle Back Zoo,[30] Thomas Edison National Historical Park,[31] and Grover Cleveland Birthplace.[32] Essex County is home to part of the Port Newark–Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest port on the East Coast and the third largest in the United States,[33] and two airports: Newark Liberty International Airport and Essex County Airport.[34] Essex was originally formed as one of four administrative districts within Province of East Jersey in 1675, together with Bergen, Middlesex and Monmouth districts.

Essex County was formed within East Jersey on March 7, 1683.[1] The county was named after the English county of Essex.

When the provinces of East Jersey and West Jersey were combined in 1702, the county boundaries were retained.

Portions of Essex were taken in 1741 and transferred to Somerset County.

In 1837, Passaic County was formed from portions of Essex and Bergen counties.

In 1857, Union County was created from parts of Essex County.[1] According to the United States Census Bureau, the county had an area of 129.631 square miles (335.74 km2), including 126.212 square miles (326.89 km2) of land (97.4%) and 3.419 square miles (8.86 km2) of water (2.6%).[15][35] The county rises from generally flat in the east to the twin ridges of the Watchung Mountains in the western half, beyond which the land lowers again into the Passaic River valley.

The highest elevation is found at four areas scattered between Verona, North Caldwell and Cedar Grove, reaching 660 feet (200 m) above sea level.[36] The lowest point is sea level, at Newark Bay.

All of Essex County has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) if the -3 °C isotherm is used.

If the 0 °C isotherm is used, Cfa only exists in eastern Newark and the rest of the county has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa).

However temperatures do vary in various locations.

In Newark, Eastern Essex County, and Southern/Southeastern Essex County, temperatures are relatively cool to hot, even in the winter months.

Western Essex County has similar temperatures to Eastern Essex, but the elevation increase within the Watchung Mountains allows for some minor differences.

An example would be that in January on Interstate 280 it could be raining in East Orange.

Heading west on 280 there is a large hill that elevates from 150 feet (46 m) to 650 feet (200 m), a 500 feet (150 m) difference.

At the top of the hill it could be snowing because of the 3 to 4 degree temperature differences.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Newark have ranged from a low of 24 °F (−4 °C) in January to a high of 86 °F (30 °C) in July, although a record low of −14 °F (−26 °C) was recorded in February 1934 and a record high of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded in July 1993.

Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.99 inches (76 mm) in February to 4.76 inches (121 mm) in July.[37] In Roseland, average monthly temperatures range from 29.2 °F in January to 74.6 °F in July.

[4] The 2010 United States Census counted 783,969 people, 283,712 households, and 189,235.904 families in the county.

The population density was 6,211.5 per square mile (2,398.3/km2).

There were 312,954 housing units at an average density of 2,479.6 per square mile (957.4/km2).

The racial makeup was 42.59% (333,868) White, 40.88% (320,479) Black or African American, 0.39% (3,056) Native American, 4.57% (35,789) Asian, 0.04% (286) Pacific Islander, 8.38% (65,687) from other races, and 3.16% (24,804) from two or more races.

Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.30% (159,117) of the population.[6] Of the 283,712 households, 33.2% had children under the age of 18; 40.1% were married couples living together; 20.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 33.3% were non-families.

Of all households, 27.7% were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.29.[6] 24.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older.

The median age was 36.4 years.

For every 100 females, the population had 92.1 males.

For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.6 males.[6] The non-Hispanic white population was 33.2%.

The county has a notable Jewish population, with 76,200 Jewish residents according to the 2002 results of the National Jewish Population Survey.[41] As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 793,633 people, 283,736 households, and 193,507 families residing in the county.

The population density was 6,285 people per square mile (2,427/km²).

There were 301,011 housing units at an average density of 2,384 per square mile (920/km²).

The racial makeup of the county was 44.46% White, 41.24% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 3.71% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 6.88% from other races, and 3.42% from two or more races.

15.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[7][42] Among those residents listing their ancestry, 11.6% residents were of Italian, 6.9% Irish and 5.0% West Indian ancestry.[42][43] There were 283,736 households out of which 33.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.30% were married couples living together, 20.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% were non-families.

26.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.30.[7] In the county, the population was spread out with 26.10% under the age of 18, 9.40% from 18 to 24, 31.10% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 11.90% who were 65 years of age or older.

The median age was 35 years.

For every 100 females, there were 90.70 males.

For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.40 males.[7] The median income for a household in the county was $44,944, and the median income for a family was $54,818.

Males had a median income of $41,374 versus $32,052 for females.

The per capita income for the county was $24,943.

About 12.8% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.[42][44] The county has a substantial Italian population, with significant percentages of residents (over 25%) in several communities, of the West Essex area and northeastern district, mostly in the northern half of the county, being of Italian descent.

This includes the communities of Belleville (30.9%), Bloomfield (26.4%), Caldwell (26.3%), Cedar Grove (34.8%), Fairfield (45.8%), Nutley (44.5%), Roseland (38.7%), Verona (34.3%) and West Caldwell (35.2%).[45] Based on data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Essex County had a gross domestic product (GDP) of $52.3 billion in 2018, which was ranked 4th in the state and represented an increase of 1.4% from the previous year.[46] Essex County is governed by a County Executive and a nine-member Board of Chosen Freeholders, who administer all county business.

Essex joins Atlantic, Bergen, Hudson and Mercer counties as one of the five of 21 New Jersey counties with an elected executive.[47] The County Executive is elected by a direct vote of the electorate.

Nine freeholders are elected to serve three-year concurrent terms of office.

Five of the freeholders represent districts; four are elected from the county on an at-large basis.

At an annual organization meeting, the freeholders choose a Freeholder President and Vice-President from among its members to serve one-year terms.[48] The executive's term ends on December 31, 2018.

The current freeholders are all serving terms that end concurrently on December 31, 2018.[49][50] In 2016, freeholders were paid $37,249 and the freeholder president was paid an annual salary of $38,211; freeholder salaries were the second-highest in the state, behind Hudson County.[51] the county executive was paid $161,615 in 2015.[52] As of 2018[update], the Essex County Executive is Democrat Joseph N.

DiVincenzo Jr., who is serving his fourth term in office and whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2018.[53][54] Essex County's Freeholders, all serving concurrent terms of office ending December 31, 2020, are:[55][56][57] The seat representing District 3 that had been held by Britnee Timberlake became vacant following her resignation as a freeholder in January 2018 to take office in the New Jersey General Assembly to replace Sheila Oliver.[67] The freeholders appointed Janine Bauer in March to fill the vacant seat on an interim basis until the November general election.[68] Pursuant to Article VII Section II of the New Jersey State Constitution, each county in New Jersey is required to have three elected administrative officials known as "constitutional officers." These officers are the County Clerk and County Surrogate (both elected for five-year terms of office) and the County Sheriff (elected for a three-year term).[69] Essex County's constitutional officers are:[49] The Acting Essex County Prosecutor is Theodore N.

Stephens II, who was appointed as acting prosecutor in September 2018.

Stephens previously served as Essex County Surrogate from 2012 until his appointment as Acting Prosecutor.[75] Essex County constitutes Vicinage 5 of the New Jersey Superior Court, which is seated at the Veterans' Courthouse in Newark, which also houses the Criminal Part; civil and probate cases are heard at both the historic Essex County Courthouse and at the Essex County Hall of Records, also in Newark, while family and chancery cases are heard at the Robert N.

Wilentz Court Complex, also in Newark, with additional facilities in East Orange.

The Assignment Judge for the vicinage is Sallyanne Floria.[76] Four federal Congressional Districts cover the county, including portions of the 7th, 8th, 10th and 11th Districts.[77][78] For the 116th United States Congress.

New Jersey's Seventh Congressional District is represented by Tom Malinowski (D, Ringoes).[79] For the 116th United States Congress, New Jersey's Eighth Congressional District is represented by Albio Sires (D, West New York).[80][81] For the 116th United States Congress, New Jersey's Tenth Congressional District is represented by Donald Payne Jr.

(D, Newark).[82][83] For the 116th United States Congress, New Jersey's Eleventh Congressional District is represented by Mikie Sherrill (D, Montclair).[84] The county is part of the 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 34th and 40th Districts in the New Jersey Legislature.[85] For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 26th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Joseph Pennacchio (R, Montville) and in the General Assembly by BettyLou DeCroce (R, Parsippany-Troy Hills) and Jay Webber (R, Morris Plains).[86][87] For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 27th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Richard Codey (D, Roseland) and in the General Assembly by Mila Jasey (D, South Orange) and John F.

McKeon (D, West Orange).[88][89] For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 28th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Ronald Rice (D, Newark) and in the General Assembly by Ralph R.

Caputo (D, Nutley) and Cleopatra Tucker (D, Newark).[90][91] For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 29th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Teresa Ruiz (D, Newark) and in the General Assembly by Eliana Pintor Marin (D, Newark) and Shanique Speight (D, Newark).[92][93] For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 34th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Nia Gill (D, Montclair) and in the General Assembly by Thomas P.

Giblin (D, Montclair) and Britnee Timberlake (D, East Orange).[94][95] Timberlake was sworn into office on January 29, 2018 to fill the seat of Sheila Oliver, who had resigned from office on January 9, 2018 to become Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey.[96][97] For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 40th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Kristin Corrado (R, Totowa) and in the General Assembly by Kevin J.

Rooney (R, Wyckoff) and Christopher DePhillips (R, Wyckoff).[98][99] In presidential elections, the county has long been Democratic and is typically the most Democratic county in the state.

It was the only county in the state to be won by Walter Mondale in 1984.[100] In the 2004 U.S.

presidential election, John Kerry carried the county by a 41.6% margin over George W.

Bush, the highest winning margin in any county in New Jersey, with Kerry carrying the state by 6.7% over Bush.[101] In each of the last six elections the Democratic candidate received 69% or more of the county's vote.[102] Law enforcement at the county level is provided by the Essex County Prosecutor's Office and the Essex County Sheriff's Office.

The Essex County Police was completely absorbed by the sheriff's office by 2007.[104] Essex County College and its satellite locations are patrolled by the Essex County College Police Department.[105] Essex County has five public and five private institutions.

Another private college closed in 1995.

As of 2010[update], the county had a total of 1,667.98 miles (2,684.35 km) of roadways, of which 1,375.06 miles (2,212.94 km) are maintained by the local municipality, 213.12 miles (342.98 km) by Essex County and 60.68 miles (97.65 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 19.12 miles (30.77 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[118] Essex County is traversed by a number of highways.

Three primary interstates and one auxiliary cross the county.

This includes two long distance main interstates, one north–south (Interstate 95) from Miami and New Brunswick, Canada signed as the New Jersey Turnpike and one east–west Interstate 80 from San Francisco and Teaneck.

East-West Interstate 78 from near Harrisburg and New York City also crosses the county.

All of these only have interchanges in one municipality in the county, Newark for I-95 and I-78 and Fairfield for I-80.

Interstate 280 passes through the county in a northeast–southwest direction and has exits in Roseland, Livingston, West Orange, Orange, East Orange and Newark, making it one of the most important roads for intracounty travel.

Essex County also has four U.S.

Routes that cross it.

Route 1/9 are concurrent and a freeway throughout their length in the county.

They pass through Newark from Elizabeth in Union County to Kearny in Hudson County.

It crosses over the Passaic River on the Pulaski Skyway, which bans trucks, so just before it leaves the county in the north Truck 1/9 splits for the traffic that is not allowed on the bridge.

Truck 1/9 is also a freeway its entire length in the county.

U.S.

Route 22 eastern terminus is in Newark the only municipality it crosses in the county.

It is a freeway along it route in Essex County.

It connects Newark with points to the east.

The last U.S.

Route in the county is U.S.

Route 46, which passes through Fairfield, where it is a major commercial road that parallels Interstate 80.

The most important state road in the county is the Garden State Parkway which passes north–south through the county, connecting Union Township in the south in Union County to Clifton in the north in Passaic County.[119] It is a toll road, a freeway, and bans trucks of more than 7,000 pounds during its entire length in the county.

It has one interchange in Irvington, one in Newark, two in East Orange, and four in Bloomfield.[120] Outside the county, it is the longest road of any kind in the state.

New Jersey Route 7 is a major arterial road in Nutley and Belleville.

It has two discontinuous sections.

The southern section starts at an overpass for Route 21 and passes over the Belleville Turnpike Bridge into border between Hudson and Bergen counties.

The northern section starts at the Newark/Belleville border passes through Belleville and Nutley until in crosses into Clifton.

Other highways in the county include: There are many buses that operate around the county, with NJ Transit (NJT) headquarters located just behind Newark Penn Station, a transit hub in the eastern part of the county.[121] There are two major bus terminals in the county, Newark Penn Station and the Irvington Bus Terminal.[122] DeCamp Bus Lines, Community Coach, and OurBus operate buses from Essex County to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City.

Some of the NJ Transit bus lines follow former streetcar lines.

Essex County has a large rail network, but most of the network is focused at commuting to Newark and New York City.

All of the passenger rail lines in the county are electrified; although, not all trains that use the lines are electric, because they connect to non-electrified track.

NJ Transit has five lines that make stops in the county.

All of them stop at either Newark Penn Station or Newark Broad Street Station.

The Northeast Corridor Line from Trenton with connections from Philadelphia's 30th Street Station, Camden, and Princeton has stops at Newark Airport and Newark Penn Stations before continuing to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station.[123] The North Jersey Coast Line from Bay Head or Long Branch also stops at Newark Airport and Newark Penn Stations before continuing to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station or Hoboken Terminal.[124] The Raritan Valley Line from High Bridge usually terminates in Newark Penn Station, but mid-day trains continue to New York and one eastbound morning train terminates at Hoboken Terminal.[125] The Montclair-Boonton Line from Hackettstown or Little Falls has six stations in Montclair, one in Glen Ridge, and two in Bloomfield before reaching Newark Broad Street Station and continuing to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station or Hoboken Terminal.[126] The Morris and Essex Lines from Hackettstown and Peapack-Gladstone has two stops in Millburn, one in Maplewood, and two each in South Orange, Orange and East Orange before reaching Newark Broad Street and continuing to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station or Hoboken Terminal.[127] The Newark Light Rail is completely contained within the county.

It has 17 stations in Newark, Belleville, and Bloomfield and also operates out of Newark Penn Station.

It is composed of two lines: the Newark City Subway and the Broad Street Extension.[128] The Newark City Subway is the only survivor of the many street car lines that once crossed New Jersey, although it no longer uses street cars.

It survived in part because it does not include street running, instead following the abandoned Morris Canal right of way before going underground.

It has one station in Bloomfield and one in Belleville on the old Orange Branch of the New York & Greenwood Lake Service of the Erie Railroad before entering Newark and turning onto the Morris Canal right of way.

From there it follows Branch Brook Park before turning into downtown Newark as a subway.

It has nine stops in Newark before terminating in Newark Penn Station.

The Broad Street Extension was built to provide connections between Newark Penn Station and Newark Broad Street Station and service to the waterfront of Newark.

Leaving Penn Station, the line comes up from the subway and runs on streets or at grade for most of its length.

It stops at NJPAC/Center Street, Atlantic Street, and Riverfront Stadium before reaching Broad Street Station.

From Broad Street it takes a different route stopping at Washington Park and NJPAC/Center Street before arriving at Penn Station.

The PATH also operates out of Newark Penn Station.

It has direct service to Harrison, Jersey City, and Lower Manhattan.

With a free transfer, the PATH also provides service to Hoboken, as well as Greenwich Village Chelsea, and Midtown Manhattan.[129] Amtrak has two stations in the county, Newark Penn Station and Newark Airport, both on the Northeast Corridor.

Newark Penn Station has service on the only high speed train in the Western Hemisphere, the Acela Express, to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C..

Newark Penn Station also offers services on the Cardinal to Chicago; Carolinian to Charlotte; Crescent to New Orleans; Keystone Service to Harrisburg; Palmetto to Charleston; Pennsylvanian to Pittsburgh; Northeast Regional to Newport News, Norfolk, and Lynchburg; Silver Star and Silver Meteor to Miami; and Vermonter to St.

Albans all with intermediate stops.

Newark Airport is served by Northeast Regional and Keystone Service trains.

Newark Liberty International Airport has a monorail called AirTrain Newark that connects the terminals, four parking areas, and the Newark Liberty International Airport Station on the Northeast Corridor.

The monorail is free except for service to and from the train station.[130] Newark Liberty International Airport is a major commercial airport located in the southeast section of the county in Newark and Elizabeth in Union County.

It is one of the New York Metropolitan airports operated by Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

It is a hub for United Airlines.

It is also a leading cargo airport and is a hub for FedEx Express and Kalitta Air.

The Essex County Airport in Fairfield is a general aviation airport.[131] Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal is a major component of the Port of New York and New Jersey.

Located on the Newark Bay it serves as the principal container ship facility for goods entering and leaving New York-Newark metropolitan area, and the northeastern quadrant of North America.

It consists of two components – Port Newark and the Elizabeth Marine Terminal (sometimes called "Port Elizabeth") – which exist side by side and are run conjointly by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

The facility is located within the boundaries of the two cities of Newark and Elizabeth, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike and Newark Liberty International Airport.[132] Several important or noteworthy bridges currently or historically exist at least partially in the county.

Most of them cross Newark Bay or the Passaic River into Hudson or Bergen counties.

The Newark Bay Bridge carries Interstate 78 over Newark Bay from Newark to Bayonne and is currently the most southern bridge crossing the bay.

The Upper Bay Bridge, a vertical-lift bridge located just north of the Newark Bay Bridge, carries a freight train line over the bay from Newark to Bayonne.

The PD Draw is an abandoned and partially dismantled railroad bridge across the Passaic River from Newark to Kearny.

The Lincoln Highway Passaic River Bridge carries Truck 1/9 across the Passaic River and is currently the southern most crossing of the river before it reaches the bay.

It is a vertical-lift bridge and was the route that the Lincoln Highway used to cross the river.

The Pulaski Skyway, the most famous bridge entirely in New Jersey, carries Route 1/9 across the Passaic River, Kearny Point, and the Hackensack River from Newark through Kearny to Jersey City.

The Point-No-Point Bridge is a railroad swing bridge that carries a freight line across the Passaic River between Newark and Kearny.

The Jackson Street Bridge is a historic vehicular swing bridge across the Passaic from Newark to Harrison.

The Dock Bridge, listed on the National Register of Historic Places carries four tracks of the Northeast Corridor rail line and two tracks of the PATH on two vertical lift spans from Newark Penn Station to Harrison.

The Center Street Bridge is a former railroad, rapid transit, and road bridge connecting Newark and Harrison.

The Bridge Street Bridge is another vehicular swing bridge across the Passaic from Newark to Harrison, as is the Clay Street Bridge, a swing bridge that connects Newark and East Newark.

Municipalities in Essex County (with 2010 Census data for population, housing units and area in square miles) are:[133] Other, unincorporated communities in the county are listed next to their parent municipality.

Most of these areas are census-designated places that have been created by the United States Census Bureau for enumeration purposes within a Township.

Other communities and enclaves that exist within a municipality are marked as non-CDP next to the name.

The municipalities of western Essex County have discussed secession from the county, to create a new county or be annexed to Morris County, spurred mainly by a belief that tax policy benefits the poorer, urban, eastern portions of the county at the expense of the wealthier, more suburban municipalities in the west of the county.

From 2001 to 2003, Millburn, Montclair and Roseland all held nonbinding ballot referendums on the issue.

Then-Montclair mayor Robert J.

Russo gave a statement in 2003 about secession, "I've watched Essex County burden our people, with very little to show for it.

We're fiscally conservative here and socially progressive -- and we're finally rebelling."[134] West Essex Regional School district takes up four towns.

Roseland, Essex Fells, North Caldwell, and Fairfield.

The district makes up the middle and high school; the elementary schools are in the four separate towns and include grades Pre-K to 6.

West Essex Middle School (WEMS) hold grades 7–8, and the high school hold grades 9-12.

The other schools districts in Essex County is the same as a regular district.

The elementary, middle, and high schools are in the same town.

Essex county was the first county in the United States to have its own parks department.[135] It is called the Essex County Park System.

Kansas City Royals minor league players

Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department

The Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department (MDFR) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the unincorporated parts of Miami-Dade County, Florida along with 30 municipalities located within the county.[2] In all the department is responsible for 1,883 square miles (4,880 km2) of land.

The Miami-Dade Fire Rescue (MDFR) Air Rescue Bureau provides regional air medical services, search and rescue, aerial firefighting and tactical support to MDFR operations, to those of local municipalities and government agencies at the state and federal level.

MDFR helicopters transport severely injured trauma patients to state approved Level I trauma centers.

Flight crews are trained in additional tactical disciplines necessary to deploy personnel and equipment in search and rescue missions, firefighting operations and reconnaissance on large incidents such as wildland fires and catastrophic events.

Air Rescue operates four Bell Helicopter 412s (BH 412 EPs).

Each aircraft is equipped with the following: During the dry season, each aircraft can be configured with a Bambi Bucket for firefighting / water-operations.

All four helicopters are housed at MDFR fire stations located at both Miami Executive Airport and Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport.[4] The Miami-Dade Fire Department is the founding member of one of Florida's two FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force.[5] Florida Task Force 1 (FL-TF1) is available to respond to natural or man-made disasters around the county and world and assist with search and rescue, medical support, damage assessment and communications.[6] History[7] In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue (at that time known as Metro-Dade Fire Rescue) and the Fairfax County Fire & Rescue Department, operated under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) of the U.S.

State Department to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster.

During these early years, assistance was provided to the countries of Mexico, Philippines and Soviet Armenia.

In 1991, FEMA incorporated a US&R team concept into a federal response plan.

Over 20 teams were geographically chosen throughout the country, with local public safety departments as sponsoring agencies.

Today, under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) there are 28 national task forces staffed and equipped to provide 24-hour search and rescue operations following earthquakes, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes and other natural or human-caused disasters.

Responses The MDFR has 71 stations split up in 14 battalions.[1] Rescue 202 Central Operations Division Chief ARFF Foam 1, 2, & 3 Terminal EMS Cart South Maintenance Yard Coms/Ops support vehicles Rescue 72 Fire Boat 21 Air Rescue South Air Rescue North Platform 34 Rehab Canteen RHIB EMS 48 West Operations Division Chief Gardens Quick Response Vehicle(QRV) 59, Airport Operations Division Chief HazMat 69 “Heavy 1” (Rotator) HazMat Battalion 11 Coordinates: 25°46′N 80°12′W / 25.767°N 80.200°W / 25.767; -80.200

Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign

On February 10, 2007, Barack Obama, then-junior United States Senator from Illinois, announced his candidacy for the presidency of the United States in Springfield, Illinois.

Obama announced his candidacy at the Old State Capitol building, where Abraham Lincoln had delivered his "House Divided" speech.[1] Obama was the main challenger, along with John Edwards, to front-runner Hillary Clinton for much of 2007.

He had only recently emerged as a national figure in Democratic politics, having delivered the DNC keynote address just three years prior and won his Senate election shortly thereafter.

Obama's initial victory in the Iowa caucus in January 2008 helped bring him to national prominence from a crowded field of Democratic challengers.

Obama benefited from early support from prominent Democrats including Tom Daschle and Ted Kennedy, and his campaign began to trade a series of hard-fought state wins with Clinton through Super Tuesday, in which Obama had great success in large rural states and Clinton was nearly as dominant in high-population coastal areas.

Obama continued to have success in small donor fundraising,[2] and continued winning a greater number of contests than Clinton through April.

In early May, after Obama won the North Carolina primary and narrowly lost the Indiana primary, superdelegates began to endorse Obama in greater numbers.

Obama's win in Oregon gave him an absolute majority of the pledged delegates.

After a rush of support for Obama from superdelegates on June 3, the day of the final primary contests of Montana and South Dakota, Obama was estimated to surpass the 2,118 delegates required for the Democratic nomination.[3] On June 7, Clinton formally ended her candidacy and endorsed Obama, making him the party's presumptive nominee.[4] On August 27, 2008, at the Democratic National Convention, the Democratic Party formally nominated Barack Obama to run for the office of the President of the United States of America.

Obama would go on to win the presidential election against Republican nominee John McCain.

A warmly received keynote address by Obama before the 2004 Democratic National Convention sparked expectations that he would run for the presidency.[5] They intensified after Obama's decisive victory in the race for senator in November 2004, even though he told reporters then that "I can unequivocally say I will not be running for national office in four years."[6] In September 2006, though, Obama was the featured speaker at Iowa Senator Tom Harkin's annual steak fry, a political event traditionally attended by presidential hopefuls in the lead-up to the Iowa caucuses.[7] And in an October 2006 interview on the television program Meet the Press, the senator seemed to entertain the possibility of a 2008 presidential bid.[8] Illinois Senator Richard Durbin and State Comptroller Daniel Hynes were early advocates for such a run.[9] Many people in the entertainment community expressed readiness to campaign for an Obama presidency, including celebrity television show host Oprah Winfrey, singer Macy Gray, rap artist Common, and film actors George Clooney, Halle Berry, and Will Smith.[10] In December 2006, Obama spoke at a New Hampshire event celebrating Democratic Party midterm election victories in the first-in-the-nation U.S.

presidential primary state, drawing 1500 people.

Speaking at a Democratic National Committee meeting one week before the February announcement, Obama called for putting an end to negative campaigning.

"This can't be about who digs up more skeletons on who, who makes the fewest slip-ups on the campaign trail," he said.

"We owe it to the American people to do more than that."[11] On January 16, 2007, Obama announced via a video on his website that he had formed a presidential exploratory committee,[13] and on February 10 he formally announced his candidacy with these words: It was here, in Springfield, where North, South, East, and West come together that I was reminded of the essential decency of the American people—where I came to believe that through this decency, we can build a more hopeful America.

And that is why, in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Lincoln once called on a divided house to stand together, where common hopes and common dreams still live, I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for President of the United States.[14]On January 14, 2007, the Chicago Tribune reported that Obama had begun assembling his 2008 presidential campaign team, to be headquartered in Chicago.[15] His team included campaign manager David Plouffe and media consultant David Axelrod, who were partners at the Chicago-based political consulting firm AKP&D Message and Media.[16] Communications director Robert Gibbs was previously press secretary for John Kerry's 2004 presidential campaign.[17] Penny Pritzker headed the campaign's finance team.

Other members of the campaign staff included Deputy National Campaign Director Steve Hildebrand,[18] New Media Director Joe Rospars,[19] speechwriter Jon Favreau,[20] national press secretary Bill Burton, traveling press secretary Dan Pfeiffer, policy development Cassandra Butts, finance director Julianna Smoot, research director Devorah Adler, and pollsters Paul Harstad and Cornell Belcher.[21] A number of Obama's top aides have backgrounds with former Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle,[22] who left the Senate due to re-election defeat at the same time Obama was entering it.

Obama's economic advisors included chief Austan Goolsbee, who has worked with him since his U.S.

Senate campaign, Paul Volcker, Warren Buffett,[23] health economist David Cutler and Jeffrey Leibman.[24] His foreign policy advisors included a core of nine people: Greg Craig, Richard Danzig, Scott Gration, Anthony Lake, Denis McDonough, Samantha Power, Ben Rhodes, Susan Rice, and Daniel Shapiro[25] until March 2008 when Samantha Power stepped down.

A larger group of 250 advisers is divided into subgroups of about 20 people, each focusing on a specific area or topic.[26] His legal affairs advisors include Martha Minow, Ronald S.

Sullivan Jr., Christopher Edley Jr., Eric Holder, and Cassandra Butts.[27] Among his field staff, Paul Tewes and Mitch Stewart led Obama's winning Iowa caucus campaign, and one or the other of them directed field operations in many other crucial states, including Nevada, Minnesota, Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.

Obama's campaign was notable for extensive use of a logo consisting of the letter O, with the center suggesting a sun rising over fields in the colors of the American flag.

It was designed by a team at Chicago design firm Sender LLC.[28] In March 2007, the Obama campaign posted a question on Yahoo! Answers, entitled: "How can we engage more people in the democratic process?" which ultimately drew in over 17,000 responses.[29] The same month, Obama traveled to Selma, Alabama, along with Hillary Clinton, coinciding with the 42nd anniversary of the Selma to Montgomery marches.[30] Also in March 2007, Hillary 1984, a mashup of Apple's 1984 launch commercial for the Macintosh with footage of Hillary Clinton used in the place of Big Brother, went viral in the early stages of the race for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination.

The video was produced in support of Obama by Phil de Vellis, an employee of Blue State Digital, but was made without the knowledge of either Obama's campaign, or de Vellis' employer: de Vellis stated that he made the video in one afternoon at home using a Mac and some software.

Political commentators including Carla Marinucci and Arianna Huffington, as well as de Vellis himself, suggested that the video demonstrated the way technology had created new opportunities for individuals to make an impact on politics.[31][32][33] On May 3, 2007, citing no specific threat but motivated by the large volume of hate mail directed at the candidate, Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff announced that the United States Secret Service would provide protection for the campaign, including bodyguards for Obama and other services/resources similar to those employed for the safety of the President of the United States, albeit on a proportionally smaller level.

Normally, presidential candidates are not offered Secret Service protection until early February of election year; this was the earliest protection had ever been granted.[34] On August 1 when making his foreign policy speech Obama created controversy by declaring that the United States must be willing to strike al Qaeda targets inside Pakistan, with or without the consent of the Pakistani government.

He stated that if elected, "If we have actionable intelligence about high value terrorist targets and President Musharraf won't act, we will."[35] ABC News described the policy speech as "counterintuitive" and commented on how "one of the more liberal candidates in the race, is proposing a geopolitical posture that is more aggressive than that of President Bush"[36] Obama ultimately followed through on this statement of policy four years later when, as President, he ordered the operation to enter Pakistan and kill Osama bin Laden.

After weeks of discourse surrounding the policy, Obama said there was "misreporting" of his comments, stating that, "I never called for an invasion of Pakistan or Afghanistan." He clarified that rather than a surge in the number of troops in Iraq, there needed to be a "diplomatic surge" and that if there were "actionable intelligence reports" showing al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, the U.S.

troops as a last resort should enter and try to capture terrorists.

That would happen, he added, only if "the Pakistani government was unable or unwilling" to go after the terrorists.[38] As Democratic debates took place during the summer, Obama received at best mixed notices for his efforts.

Democratic strategist Bob Shrum said, "He slips into this tendency, which he probably learned as president of the Harvard Law Review, to overstate his premises before he states his position.

In politics, you do the opposite of what you do in the Law Review—you state your position, then say your premises—if you ever get to them."[39] Commentator Eleanor Clift said that, "Obama is almost too cerebral for the sound-bite world of modern politics, but that's part of his appeal."[39] During a campaign stop in October 2007, a reporter inquired as to why Obama had stopped wearing a lapel pin of the American flag, which he had started wearing after the September 11, 2001 attacks, and his response was that it had come to feel like "a substitute for true patriotism." This led to discussion on the cable news channels and was covered by satirists such as Stephen Colbert, who had an ongoing disagreement with the Fox & Friends assertion that "this is America, and if you want to be president of America, it might be [sic] behoove him to wear an American flag." Commentator Bill Maher, who was highly critical of such questions about Obama's patriotism and called it a "non-story" nonetheless referred to the incident as "[t]he first genuine controversy of the presidential campaign."[40] In mid-late October 2007, Obama came under fire from the Human Rights Campaign and others for a South Carolina gospel music campaign tour[further explanation needed] that featured singer Donnie McClurkin, who states that he is ex-gay and that homosexuality is a "curse [that runs against] the intention of God."[41][42] Obama said in response that, "I strongly believe that African Americans and the LGBT community must stand together in the fight for equal rights.

And so I strongly disagree with Reverend McClurkin's views."[42] While not replacing McClurkin, the campaign added a gay minister to the tour.[41] As fall 2007 continued, Obama fell further behind Clinton in national polls.[43] In late October 2007, two months before the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary, Obama began directly charging his top rival with failing to clearly state her political positions.[44] This shift in approach attracted much media commentary; The New York Times' Adam Nagourney wrote that, "Obama has appeared to struggle from the start of this campaign with how to marry what he has promised to be a new approach to politics—free of the partisan bitterness that has marked presidential campaigns for so long—with what it takes to actually win a presidential race."[43] In an early-anticipated October 30 Democratic debate at Drexel University in Philadelphia,[43] Clinton suffered a poor debate performance under cross-examination from her Democratic rivals and the moderator.[45] Obama's campaign was reinvigorated, and he began to climb again in the polls.

Campaigning in November 2007, Obama told The Washington Post that as the Democratic nominee he would draw more support from independent and Republican voters in the general election than Clinton.[46] At Iowa's Jefferson-Jackson fundraising dinner Obama expanded the theme, saying that his presidency would "bring the country together in a new majority" to seek solutions to long-standing problems.[47] On November 21, Obama announced that Oprah Winfrey would be campaigning for him in the early primary states,[48] setting off speculation that, although celebrity endorsements typically have little effect on voter opinions, Oprah's participation would supply Obama with a large, receptive audience.[49] As word spread that Oprah's first appearance would be in Iowa, polls released in early December revealed Obama taking the lead in that decisive state.[50] Then, on December 8, Oprah kicked off a three-state tour supporting Obama's campaign,[51] where she drew record-setting crowds in Iowa, New Hampshire,[52] and South Carolina and was described as "more cogent, more effective, more convincing" than anyone on the campaign trail.[53][54] The Oprah-Obama tour dominated political news headlines[55] and cast doubts over Clinton's ability to recover her recently lost lead in Iowa caucus polls.[56] Later in December, there was controversy regarding Obama's admissions of drug use as a teen.

Obama first publicly acknowledged the issue in his 1995 book, Dreams from My Father.

In the book, Obama said "Pot had helped, and booze.

Maybe a little blow when you could afford it."[57][58] The issue was revived on the campaign trail after a November 2007 speech at a New Hampshire high school.

Obama told the students, "I've made some bad decisions that I've actually written about," noting that his "drinking and experimenting with drugs" accounted for a lot of "wasted time" in high school.[59] Some, including Republican candidate Mitt Romney, criticized Obama for discussing these examples with students.

Romney said that "in order to leave the best possible example for our kids, we're probably wisest not to talk about our own indiscretions in great detail."[60] However, fellow GOP candidate Rudy Giuliani and Partnership for a Drug-Free America president Stephen J.

Pasierb praised Obama's candor.

"I respect his honesty," Giuliani said.[59] Pasierb told CNN that "really the truth works best" when discussing drug use with kids.[60][61] Bill Shaheen, the co-chairman of Clinton's campaign in New Hampshire, mentioned the drug use in a December 12 conference call with reporters.[62] Shaheen said that if Obama were to win the nomination, Republicans would use Obama's admissions against him in a general election.

He suggested that in such a scenario, Republicans would ask, "'When was the last time? Did you ever give drugs to anyone? Did you sell them to anyone?'" He added that such "Republican dirty tricks" would be difficult to overcome.

The comments immediately caused controversy, and Shaheen resigned the next day.[63] Clinton denounced the comments and personally apologized to Obama.

Her spokesman said that she "made it clear that this kind of negative personal statement has no part in this campaign." Appearing on Hardball with Chris Matthews, Axelrod accused the Clinton campaign of giving a "wink and a nod" to negative tactics.

He criticized Clinton's December 3 statement[64] in which she signaled a more aggressive approach and called it the "fun part" of the campaign.

Axelrod said that the signal should come "from the top" that the campaigns will not be waged "in the gutter."[65] When the close proximity of the first contests to the holidays prompted many candidates to release Christmas videos—allowing them to continue presenting their messages, but in more seasonal settings[66]—Obama chose one that gave speaking parts to his wife and daughters and emphasized a message of thanks and unity.[66] "Fired up! Ready to go!" became a rallying cry ubiquitous to Obama's campaign.

According to The New York Times,[67] the chant originated during a rainy, early morning campaign stop during the summer in Greenwood, South Carolina.

Obama was feeling fatigued among a small group of supporters.

When out of the blue, as Obama recounts:[68] A little woman, about 5'3", 65 years old, in a big church hat, with big glasses, she’s smiling right at me.

She says, ‘Fired up!’ I jumped, but everyone acted like this was normal.

They all said, ‘Fired up!’ We hear the same voice saying, ‘Ready to go!’ And the people, they all say, ‘Ready to go!’This story is frequently recalled during Obama's stump speeches on how "one voice can change a room." The woman in the story, Councilwoman Edith S.

Childs, appeared later with Obama at a rally in South Carolina.

She later told reporters that if he were to win the presidency, that she would want one thing: "I want an invitation to an inaugural ball!"[69] Obama won the first contest in the Democratic nomination season, the January 3, 2008 Iowa Democratic caucus.

Obama had the support of 37.6 percent of Iowa's delegates, compared to 29.7 percent for John Edwards and 29.5 percent for Hillary Clinton.[70] In his remarks to his followers that evening, he said: "On this January night, at this defining moment in history, you have done what the cynics said we couldn't do."[71] He further noted that "our time for change has come" and suggested that in the future Americans will look back on the 2008 Iowa caucuses and say, "this is the moment when it all began."[72] Obama's win in Iowa was seen as a boost to his already-improving chances in New Hampshire.

On January 4, he told supporters in New Hampshire, "If you give me the same chance that Iowa gave me last night I truly believe that I will be the president of the United States of America."[73] The campaign received another boost when former New Jersey senator and 2000 Democratic presidential candidate Bill Bradley endorsed Obama on January 6.[74] At the Democratic debate at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown, New Hampshire, on January 5, Obama, Clinton, and Edwards all battled over who best exemplified the buzzword of the campaign, "change".[75][76] In one key exchange, Clinton said, clearly targeting Obama's rhetorical prowess, "Making change is not about what you believe; it's not about a speech you make.

...

We don't need to be raising false hopes."[76] Obama replied that "The truth is, actually, words do inspire.

Words do help people get involved."[77] Polling showed a tight race in the days leading up to the New Hampshire primary.

All of the candidates barnstormed in New Hampshire during the four days after the Iowa caucuses, targeting undecided and independent voters in the state.[78] The day before the election, polls conducted by CNN/WMUR, Rasmussen Reports and USA Today/Gallup showed Obama jumping ahead by 9, 10, and 13 points respectively.

Despite the apparent surge of momentum, Clinton defeated Obama by a margin of 39.1 percent to 36.5 percent in the New Hampshire primary on January 8, 2008.[79] Obama told supporters that he was "still fired up and ready to go", echoing a theme of his campaign.[80][81] In what has been called the "Yes We Can" speech, Obama acknowledged that he faced a fight for the nomination and that "nothing can stand in the way of the power of millions of voices calling for change".[82] The lyrics to the song in Yes We Can, an eponymous music video created by celebrity supporters of Obama, was entirely made up of pieces of this particular speech.

Meanwhile, Internet theories arose about how the vote counting itself had been suspect, due to discrepancies between machine-counted votes (which supported Clinton overall) and hand-counted votes (which supported Obama overall).[83] Fifth-place finisher Dennis Kucinich's campaign paid $25,000 to have a recount done of all Democratic ballots cast in the primary, saying "It is imperative that these questions be addressed in the interest of public confidence in the integrity of the election process and the election machinery." On January 16 the New Hampshire Secretary of State’s office began the recount.

After recounting 23 percent of the state's democratic primary votes, the Secretary of State announced that no significant difference was found in any candidate's total and that the oft-discussed discrepancy between hand-counted and machine-counted ballots was solely due to demographic factors.[84] The Nevada Caucus took place on January 19.

Obama received the endorsement of two very important unions in the state: the Culinary Workers Union (whose 60,000 members staff the casinos and resorts of Las Vegas and elsewhere) and the Nevada chapter of the SEIU.

Clinton countered by appealing to the Hispanic vote in the state, emphasizing that they were at special risk from the fallout from the subprime mortgage crisis.

Before the caucus, comments made by Obama concerning former Republican president Ronald Reagan attracted rebuke from rivals and dissection from all sections of the media.

Obama had stated in an interview that: "Ronald Reagan changed the trajectory of America in a way that Richard Nixon did not and in a way that Bill Clinton did not."[85] According to The New York Times, Hillary Clinton "ridiculed the idea that the Republicans were the party of ideas, suggesting Mr.

Obama had said that the Republicans had 'better' ideas".[86] MSNBC noted that Senator John Edwards "criticized Obama specifically for referring to Ronald Reagan as an agent of change [stating] in a newspaper interview [that] 'I would never use Ronald Reagan as an example of change.'"[87] One day after the Culinary Workers Union endorsed Obama, the Nevada State Education Association—a teachers' union that while not officially endorsing Clinton, had top officials who did—filed a lawsuit seeking to eliminate at-large caucus sites that had been set up in nine Las Vegas resorts, saying they violated equal protection and one-person-one-vote requirements.

The suit was viewed as a proxy legal battle between Clinton and Obama, as the caucus sites within the casinos would be primarily used by members of the CWU, who are more likely to vote for Obama.

This led Obama to allege that the suit was filed in order to hurt his chances at the caucuses.

"Some of the people who set up the rules apparently didn't think we'd be as competitive as we were and trying to change them last minute", he said.[88] On January 17, a federal judge ruled that the casino at-large caucus plan could go ahead.

This was seen as a win for Obama because of the Culinary Workers Union endorsement.[88] To further complicate matters, the major news and polling organizations decided to refrain from polling before the Nevada caucuses, fearing the newness of the caucus, the transient nature of Nevada's population, and more fallout from their bad experience in New Hampshire.

Clinton finished first in the state delegate count on January 19, winning 51 percent of delegates to the state convention.[89] However, Obama was projected to win the Nevada national delegate count with 13 delegates to Clinton's 12, because the apportionment of some delegates is determined by Congressional District.[90] Delegates to the national convention were determined officially at the April 19 state convention.

At the convention, one of Clinton's pledged delegates defected to Obama, giving Obama 14 delegates to Clinton's 11.[91] On January 23, the Obama campaign filed an official letter of complaint with the Nevada Democratic Party, charging the Clinton campaign with many violations of party rules during the caucuses, based upon 1,600 complaints they had received.[92] The Clinton camp said the Obama operation was "grasping at straws" and that they had their own complaints about Obama campaign actions during the caucuses.[92] Rasmussen Reports released a poll January 7 showing that Obama led by 12 points, at 42 percent to Hillary Clinton's 30 percent.

This was a substantial jump from December, when the two were tied at 33 percent, and from November when Clinton led Obama by 10 points.[93] Issues of race came to the forefront as campaigning began for the South Carolina primary, the first to feature a large African American portion in the Democratic electorate.

First, Bill Clinton referred to Obama's claim that he has been a staunch opponent of the Iraq War from the beginning as a "fairy tale," which some thought was a characterization of Obama's entire campaign.[94] The former President called in to Al Sharpton's radio show to personally clarify that he respected and believed in Obama's viability.[94] Around the same time, Hillary Clinton said regarding Martin Luther King, Jr.

in an interview with Fox News, "I would point to the fact that that Dr.

King's dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done.

That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people's lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished."[95] Some African-American leaders took this statement as a denigration of the accomplishments of King and the larger Civil Rights Movement.[94] Hillary Clinton proceeded to blame Obama for the controversy, claiming his campaign had fanned the flames, a charge which Obama dismissed as "ludicrous."[94] By shortly before, and during, a January 15 Democratic debate in Nevada, Clinton and Obama declared a truce on the matter, with both making reconciliatory statements about race, gender, and each other.[96] However, Clinton's support among African Americans was thought to be damaged,[96] with SUNY Albany's Debra Dickerson stating "The Clintons have to do something dramatic and symbolic to win back the trust of many African-Americans."[96] In part, the tension resulted from the historical coincidence of the first viable African American presidential candidate and the first viable woman candidate, running against each other in the same nomination race.[97] One South Carolina pastor lamented that he had been waiting all his life for either "first" to happen and said, "I really hate that they had to run at the same time in the same election.

It just makes what should be a wonderful situation very stressful for folk like me.

I never imagined you could have too much of a good thing."[98] After the Clinton-Obama tension on this matter, one Democrat said, "After Iowa, Obama was the post-racial candidate who appealed to all of our better natures.

Now he's a black politician, and she's a woman.

And it is back to politics as usual."[96] The January 21 CNN/Congressional Black Caucus debate in Myrtle Beach was the most heated face-to-face meeting yet between the candidates,[99] reflecting apparent personal animosity.[100] Clinton criticized Obama for voting "present" on many occasions while in the Illinois legislature.

"It's hard to have a straight up debate with you because you never take responsibility for any vote," she said.

Obama explained that Illinois had a different system than Congress and that 'present' votes had a different function and use in the Illinois Senate.[101] Obama said that he was working to help unemployed workers in Chicago while Clinton was "a corporate lawyer sitting on the board at Wal-Mart."[102] He also took issue with statements made on the campaign trail by Bill Clinton, saying "I can't tell who I'm running against sometimes."[101] The confrontation was the most-watched primary season debate in cable television news history.[100] On January 26, Obama won the South Carolina primary by a more than two-to-one margin over Clinton, gaining 55 percent of the vote to her 27 percent and Edwards' 18 percent.[103] In his victory speech that night, he said, "Tonight, the cynics who believed that what began in the snows of Iowa was just an illusion were told a different story by the good people of South Carolina."[103] Addressing the racial dust-up and the other campaign back-and-forths between himself and the Clintons, he said, "The choice in this election is not between regions or religions or genders.

It's not about rich versus poor; young versus old; and it is not about black versus white.

It's about the past versus the future."[103] The Florida and Michigan primaries were held on January 29 and 15, respectively.

However, the states were previously stripped of all their delegates to the national convention for breaking party rules by moving their primaries to before February 5.

All candidates abided by an agreement not to campaign in Florida, and all major candidates except for Hillary Clinton had removed their names from the Michigan ballot.[104] Nonetheless, Clinton celebrated the 'wins' and asserted that they gave her momentum heading to Super Tuesday.

The Obama campaign said that Clinton was "basically trying to take a victory lap when there was no race."[104] On May 31, 2008, the Democratic National Committee Rules and Bylaws Commission met to resolve questions surrounding the contentious Florida and Michigan primaries.[105] In the case of Florida, it was decided that the delegate distribution would be based on the primary results as they stood, and the delegation would be seated in full, but with each delegate receiving half a vote.

In the case of Michigan, the delegate distribution was based on an estimate that took into consideration factors such as the actual primary results, exiting polling, and surveys of voter preference among those who did not participate in the Michigan primary.

The end result rewarded Clinton with 69 delegates and Obama 59.[106] As with Florida, each delegate would be given a half vote.[107] After his win in South Carolina, Obama received the endorsement of Caroline Kennedy, daughter of former President John F.

Kennedy,[108] as well as Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, the former President's brother.[109] Ted Kennedy's endorsement was considered "the biggest Democratic endorsement Obama could possibly get short of Bill Clinton or Al Gore."[110] In particular, it gave the possibility of improving Obama's support among unions, Hispanics, and traditional base Democrats, all demographics that Clinton had been stronger in to this point.[111] Obama won 13 of 22 states on Super Tuesday (February 5, 2008): Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, and Utah.

His campaign claimed to have won more delegates.[112] On February 9, Obama won the Louisiana primary,[113] as well as caucuses in Nebraska[114] and Washington State.[115] He garnered 57 percent of the available delegates in Louisiana and 68 percent in both Nebraska and Washington.[116] On the same day, he won caucuses in Virgin Islands with 92 percent of the popular vote.[117] The next day, Obama took the Maine caucuses amid what one senior Maine Democratic official called an "incredible" turnout.[118][119] The "Potomac primary" took place on February 12.

It included the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia.

There were 168 delegates up for grabs in the three primaries.[120] Obama won all three, taking 75 percent of the popular vote in the District of Columbia, 60 percent in Maryland, and 64 percent in Virginia.

"Today, the change we seek swept through Chesapeake and over the Potomac," Obama said at a rally in Madison, Wisconsin.[121] On February 18, Michelle Obama attracted criticism when during a campaign speech in Milwaukee, Wisconsin she said, "Let me tell you, for the first time in my adult life, I am really proud of my country.

Not just because Barack is doing well, but I think people are hungry for change." Barack's response to the criticism was, "Statements like this are made, and people try to take it out of context and make a great big deal out of it, and that isn't at all what she meant.

What she meant was, this is the first time that she's been proud of the politics of America," he said.

"Because she's pretty cynical about the political process, and with good reason, and she's not alone.

But she has seen large numbers of people get involved in the process, and she's encouraged."[122] Two more primaries followed on February 19: Wisconsin and Hawaii.

Obama won both decisively, taking 58 percent of the vote in Wisconsin and 14 of the 20 available national delegates in Hawaii.[123] On February 21, Obama was announced as the winner of the week-long Democrats Abroad contest.[124] The Democratic presidential candidate defended himself and his wife February 24 against suggestions that they are insufficiently patriotic.[125] Barack Obama’s campaign accused Hillary Clinton’s team February 25 of circulating a photo of the Illinois senator donning traditional attire – clothing worn by area Muslims – as a goodwill gesture during an overseas trip.[126] Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton argued with each other over negative campaigning, health care, and free trade February 26.[127] Obama and John McCain engaged in a pointed exchange over Al-Qaeda in Iraq on February 27.[128] Obama and Clinton were in a statistical dead heat in Texas, according to a poll released February 25, 2008.[129] During Obama's sweep of February's post-Super Tuesday primaries and caucuses, the March 4 primaries of Texas and Ohio were seen as a firewall for the Clinton campaign.[130] In early polls for these states, Clinton held double digit leads in polls for those states, but by the end of February Obama had started to erode Clinton's lead in her key demographics, and her lead had been reduced to single digits in some polls.[130] In response to Obama's increases, Clinton's campaign began to increase their attacks on him, including an accusation of plagiarism due to similarities in Obama's campaign speeches and campaign speeches of Obama's campaign's national co-chair and Massachusetts governor, Deval Patrick, although Patrick specifically stated he told Obama to use it.

During the February 21, CNN-Univision debate in Austin, Texas Obama responded to the accusation by saying, "The notion that I had plagiarized from somebody who's one of my national co-chairs, who gave me the line and suggested that I use it, I think is silly." Clinton received a round of boos from the crowd when she responded, "Lifting whole passages from someone else's speeches is not change you can believe in; it's change you can Xerox."[131] On February 25, 2008, during the hotly contested primaries in Texas and Ohio, Obama appeared at rallies in both Cincinnati and—for the first time in his career—in Dayton, Ohio.

The noontime audience at the Fifth Third Arena at the University of Cincinnati was estimated at 13,000.

That evening, in Fairborn, just outside Dayton, Obama spoke before a capacity audience estimated at over 11,000 at the Nutter Center, at Wright State University.

Speaking for just under an hour, Obama charged the audience with an equal responsibility in "making things happen".

According to the Dayton Daily News, "Sen.

Barack Obama packed the Nutter Center like a rock star ...

painting himself as a man who will cut through petty partisanship and bring real change to Washington."[132] In Ohio, as part of the campaign's self proclaimed goal to knock on a million doors the weekend immediately before the primary, Patrick[133] and Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius spoke to Obama volunteers at volunteer rallies across the state on March 1 and 2, 2008.[134] Obama, who had won the eleven contests in February after Super Tuesday, claimed victory in the Vermont primary and the Texas Democratic caucuses, on March 4, 2008, but lost the primaries in Texas, Ohio, and Rhode Island.[135] On March 8, 2008, Obama won the Wyoming caucus by nineteen points.[136] The Clinton camp continued to suggest that Obama would make a good vice presidential candidate for Clinton, and former President Bill Clinton made known his support of this as a "dream ticket" which would be an "almost unstoppable force".[137] On March 10, Obama flatly rejected such suggestions.[138] Obama noted that he, not Clinton, held the lead in pledged delegates and that he had won more of the popular vote than Clinton.

"I don't know how somebody who is in second place is offering the vice presidency to somebody who is in first place", he said.[139] He told supporters in Columbus, Mississippi, that Clinton's VP suggestion was an example of what he called "the old okey-doke", further stating that the Clinton camp was trying to "bamboozle" or "hoodwink" voters.[140] Obama wondered aloud why the Clinton campaign believed him competent for the vice presidency, but said he was "not ready" to be president.[141] Obama stated that the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton, saying "I don't want anybody here thinking that 'Somehow, maybe I can get both'," by nominating Clinton as president and assuming he would be her running mate".[142][143] Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency.[144] On March 11, 2008, Obama won the Mississippi primary.[145] There, Obama won approximately 90 percent of the black vote, compared to Clinton's 70 percent majority of white voters.[146] On March 11, 2008, David Axelrod demanded that Clinton sever ties with Geraldine Ferraro, a top Clinton fundraiser and 1984 Democratic vice-presidential nominee, who said publicly that Obama was a major presidential contender only because he is a black man.[147] Obama widened his lead over Clinton in the overall delegate count when he was declared the winner of the March 4 Texas caucuses on March 12, 2008.[148] Obama and Clinton would both statistically tie McCain in a general election matchup, according to a CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll released March 18, 2008.[149] The National Archives on March 19, 2008, released more than 11,000 pages of Clinton's schedule when she was first lady.

Obama's campaign had pushed for release of the documents, arguing that their review was necessary to make a full evaluation of Clinton's experience as first lady.[150] Obama and his wife, Michelle Obama, released their tax returns from 2000 to 2006 on his campaign web site March 26, 2008, and he challenged Clinton to release hers.[151] New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, a former 2008 Democratic candidate, endorsed Obama on March 21.

Prominent Clinton advisor James Carville pointed out that the endorsement came during the week before Easter and likened Richardson's endorsement to Judas Iscariot's biblical betrayal of Jesus Christ.

Richardson had served as former President Bill Clinton's ambassador to the United Nations and Secretary of Energy.

Amid controversy,[152] a Clinton spokesman said that he would apologize had he made the comment but Carville declined to do so, further calling Richardson's decision an "egregious act".

Richardson responded by refusing to "get in the gutter" with Carville and said that certain people around Clinton feel a "sense of entitlement to the presidency".[153] On March 20, 2008, Obama gave a preview of his strategy in a potential general election campaign against McCain.

Obama blasted McCain for backing tax cuts for the wealthy without corresponding spending cuts and for his support of the Iraq war, which Obama blamed for high gasoline prices.

"John McCain seems determined to carry out a third Bush term", Obama said.

He added that McCain once opposed what Obama called the "irresponsible" Bush tax cuts, but now wants to make them permanent.

He also asserted that McCain wants a "permanent occupation in Iraq".[154] After Obama's win in Mississippi on March 11, 2008, the campaign turned its attention to Pennsylvania.

Mid March polls by Rasmussen Reports,[155] Franklin & Marshall College Poll,[156] Quinnipiac University Polling Institute[157] and Public Policy Polling[158] had Obama trailing Clinton in Pennsylvania by 12 to 16 points.

Dozens of campaign offices were opened around the state, including 8 in Philadelphia.[159] By the beginning of April, polls of Pennsylvanians showed Obama trailing Clinton by average of 5 points.[160] Speaking about small-town Pennsylvania at a private April 6 fundraising event in Kentfield, CA, a small suburb of San Francisco located in neighboring Marin County, his remarks would be widely criticized after they were reported: You go into these small towns in Pennsylvania, and like a lot of small towns in the Midwest, the jobs have been gone now for 25 years and nothing's replaced them.

And they fell through the Clinton Administration, and the Bush Administration, and each successive administration has said that somehow these communities are gonna regenerate and they have not.

And it's not surprising, then, they get bitter, they cling to guns or religion or antipathy to people who aren't like them or anti-immigrant sentiment or anti-trade sentiment as a way to explain their frustrations.[161]Hillary Clinton described the remarks as "elitist, out of touch, and frankly patronizing."[162] Noting he had not chosen his words well, Obama subsequently explained his remarks, "Lately there has been a little typical sort of political flare-up, because I said something that everybody knows is true, which is that there are a whole bunch of folks in small towns in Pennsylvania, in towns right here in Indiana, in my hometown in Illinois, who are bitter."[163] Obama had addressed similar themes in a 2004 interview with Charlie Rose,[164] and his strategists countered that Bill Clinton had made similar comments in 1991.[165] Just hours prior Obama's remarks in San Francisco, he spoke in Silicon Valley at another private event, and expressed a much more nuanced understanding of the second amendment and rural America.

He stated, We need sensible gun laws.

I just got back from Montana where just about everyone has guns.

In that culture, fathers and sons bond over hunting.

You can't take that away from rural America.

But the inner city is different, and we should tighten the laws on gun purchases and close the loopholes in gun show sales to unscrupulous buyers.

The gun control people and the right to bear arms people are talking past each other about disconnected topics.[166]That Obama's comments in San Francisco made wide media play but not the ones he spoke in Silicon Valley became a source of speculation about the media and its political coverage.[167] On Friday, April 18, 2008, Obama spoke in Independence Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a crowd of 35,000, the largest audience yet drawn during the campaign.

The crowd was nearly twice what had been projected[168] and spilled over into nearby streets.[169] The next day, Obama conducted a whistle stop train tour from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, drawing a crowd of 6,000 at a stop in Wynnewood and 3,000 at a stop in Paoli.[170] The last big event in the final week of the campaign was the April 16 debate on ABC-TV.

Many pundits gave the edge to Hillary Clinton, though many were critical of moderators Charles Gibson and George Stephanopoulos.[171] A two-month-old controversy gained more exposure when Stephanopoulos questioned Obama during the debate about Obama's contacts with Weather Underground founder Bill Ayers.[172] Polls during the debate week showed the momentum that had cut Clinton's lead by half had stalled.

Despite being outspent by three to one,[173] Clinton would win the April 22 primary election with 54.6 percent of the vote, a solid nine-point margin over Obama's 45.4 percent.[174] Although Clinton remained behind in delegates, the press soon ran cover stories about Obama's apparent trouble connecting with less educated whites and Catholics.[162][175] After Clinton's victory in Pennsylvania, the campaigns focused on the May 6 primaries in Indiana and North Carolina.

115 delegates were at stake in North Carolina,[176] and 72 in Indiana.[177] Polling suggested a close race in Indiana, while Obama enjoyed the advantage in North Carolina thanks in part to the state's large African-American population – a demographic from which Obama was receiving strong support throughout the primary season.[176] Indiana's demographic makeup appeared to favor Clinton, as the state was predominantly white, rural, and culturally conservative.

Clinton won states like Ohio and Pennsylvania largely because of just such a voter base.

However, there were positive signs for Obama as well.

Obama got a boost in Indiana when the former head of the state's Democratic party, Joe Andrew, endorsed him.

Andrew, a superdelegate, also previously served as the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1999–2001, a position he was appointed to by former President Bill Clinton.

Andrew had come out behind Hillary Clinton's candidacy when she announced in 2007, and he explained that his defection to Obama was an attempt to end the protracted primary fight.

He said that the Democrats were helping presumptive Republican nominee John McCain and "doing his [McCain's] work for him."[178] Obama won in North Carolina, capturing 56 percent of the vote, while Hillary Clinton finished with 42 percent, according to CNN.[179] The Indiana race was much closer than expected, with Clinton, winning a 51 percent to 49 percent victory.[180][181] These races were seen as Clinton's last chance to make a comeback in the nomination fight.[182] As the results came in, ABC political analyst and former top Bill Clinton aide George Stephanopoulos declared the Democratic race "over," and NBC Washington Bureau Chief Tim Russert said, "We now know who the Democratic nominee will be."[183] The day after these primaries, it appeared that superdelegates and party leaders were beginning to coalesce around Obama.

He added four superdelegate endorsements to Clinton's one, and former Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern switched his support from Clinton to Obama.[184] In the days leading up to the May 13 West Virginia primary, Obama took the lead in committed superdelegates.

He picked up seven endorsements from superdelegates the week after the May 6 primaries.[185] Clinton won West Virginia by a 41-percentage-point margin,[186] and told supporters that she was "more determined than ever to carry on in this campaign."[187] Obama continued to add to his superdelegate lead in the week before the May 20 Kentucky and Oregon primaries, and former Democratic candidate John Edwards endorsed him on May 14.[188][189] As Obama's chance at becoming the nominee increased, he decided to focus much of his attention on general election battleground states.

He planned to watch the Kentucky and Oregon results in Iowa, and he scheduled an appearance in Florida for later that week.[190] While campaigning in Oregon, Obama drew a crowd of 75,000, his largest crowd of the campaign season.[191][192] Obama won Oregon, 59 percent to Clinton's 41 percent, but lost Kentucky by a margin of 35 percent.

Delegates accrued in these two contests gave him an absolute majority among pledged delegates.

After a Clinton victory on June 1 in the Puerto Rico primary,[193] only one more day of primaries remained.

June 3 saw the final votes of the primary season in Montana, which Obama won by 58-40 percent, and South Dakota, which Clinton won by 55-45 percent.

Throughout the course of the day, a flood of superdelegates endorsed Obama, putting him over the top in terms of deleg

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If it is an inpatient facility you are considering you must check out the level of comfort and actual facilities that the place offers.

�The level of comfort and indeed luxury are not exactly pertinent to the recovery process but one may have a better chance of concentrating on the process of recovery if one�s physical comforts are looked after.

If the facility does not �feel right�, it may just be that one may find it an uncomfortable place to be in for any length of time.�Kind of Care offered: What is the philosophy of care that a particular facility offers? Is the emphasis on a religious healing, on group therapy, counseling, what exactly is the accent on? Do you agree with the philosophy of care? �What are your beliefs? Do they match with the care offered? Also find out what is the level of one on one care offered by the facility and balance this against the cost of the facility to see what is worthwhile by seeing how many personal sessions with a psychologist are included.

�Post Rehab Program: Alcoholic rehab is not just about the program at the alcohol rehab center, it is also about the care that a person receives after the program is over; in other words the follow up.

Ideally the rehab center you choose should have a recovery after care program which could prove to be the difference between a successful recovery and a relapse.

So find out the kind of aftercare offer and the duration for which it is offered.

what is drug rehab program

Before starting a drug rehab program for your loved ones, you should have sufficient information about it.

This article will help you to choose the right drug rehab program.

Drug abuse has become a serious problem these days.

If you discover drug addiction in your family then straight away look for the drug rehab center.

which is better the state rehab center or a private rehab center

There is a lot of marked difference between any private drug rehabilitation center and one that is funded by the state.

A question that comes to one�s mind is that is it worth enough to spend a great deal of money on drug addiction treatment when one could get that done free of cost.

Obviously everyone wants the best for their loved ones no matter how much it would cost them because money is a secondary issue.

the need of alcohol and drug rehab

No alcoholic can ever leave the addiction without medicinal help, who so ever you are, however you believe that you can control yourself; you can only achieve long lasting withdrawal if u join a professional rehab center.

You should not expect an alcohol addicted person to get rid of alcohol without the care of alcohol rehab specialist, it�s the only right choice you can and should make.

rehab might be the only answer

A rehab center is a place that can help a person suffering from an addiction to drugs or alcohol.

If you have a loved one that is like this, this might be the only hope for the person.

expectations to keep in mind about drug rehab

If you are addicted to drugs or alcohol then you need to find a drug rehab program that can help you to get your life back on track.

As you prepare to enter a rehab program you may be anxious and unsu...

3 therapies seek after getting into auto accident 1556318

As the debate over driverless cars rages on, automotive accidents continue to rise to become one of the leading causes for premature death worldwide.

In fact, one person is injured by them somewhere in the world every 14 seconds.

Moreover, most of these injuries require immediate surgical attention.

The trauma the body suffers internally is unaccounted for and is probably far greater.

Therefore, be ready as the odds are not in our favor; here are the three therapies you should seek in the aftermath of an automobile collision.

1.Acupuncture Feeling a little rusty following an automotive accident is normal.

The force of impact stretches muscles, rattles bones and squeezes nerves.

But just because it is expected, does not mean it is normal.

Many assume that the impaired mobility and spasms of pain will eventually go away with time.

While this is certainly true, you can expedite the process and make it more comfortable by getting acupuncture treatments designed for accidents.

Car accidents can leave a sore sensation in your neck, shoulder, back and other parts of your body as a result of whiplash.

While your body may gradually adjust itself back, you will suffer from pain and impaired functions till then.

Moreover, in several cases if the pain is left untreated, then instead of mitigating, it might actually get worse.

The sciatic nerve is vital to operations in the leg.

It can get easily disturbed because of an accident, which would create chronic pain in the leg for extensive periods of time.

Getting acupuncture treatments for neck pain, shoulder pain or any other soreness in the body following an accident is a definitive way to make sure you can recover quickly.

The Acupuncture Center in Bradenton is the gold standard to follow.

Their services are popular among the local population for overcoming the results of any injury that they suffer from.

2.Rehab Therapy Many auto-accident victims complain of their body never feeling the same again ever since the collision.

Impaired movement and permanent soreness are a common pattern.

Rehab and exercise therapy aims to reconfigure your body so that you can move it pain free once again.

By slowly easing the stressed muscles, the therapy is able to help victims fully regain control of their body and its movements.

As an added bonus, rehab therapy also carries a ton of extra health related bonuses.

3.Psychiatric Help Post traumatic stress (PTSD) following a car accident is not a particularly uncommon phenomenon.

The experience of an accident varies from person to person, but it can be harrowing for some of them.

They recall the events perfectly and can be triggered with feelings of fear and panic when confronted with those memories.

Another common problem that emerges post accident is anxiety related mental health disorders.

Seeking appropriate psychiatric therapy is vital in if you feel like you or a loved one is beginning to suffer from psychological problems.

For more information of acupuncture therapies, get in touch with Acupuncture Center of Bradenton today!

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