Values and Economics (/site/normativefoundationsofscarcity/)
PRIVATE PROPERTY REFERENCES:Dragun, A. K. (1987), “Property Rights in Economic Theory,” Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 859-868.SurveyKogl, Alexandra (2005) "Enclosure and Exclusion ...
Values and Economics (/site/normativefoundationsofscarcity/)
[see section 3.1 for references on private property]The Cherokee Constitution of 1839 states that “The lands of the Cherokee Nation shall remain common property.” In a society where ...
Values and Economics (/site/normativefoundationsofscarcity/)
205k — on page Kogl
Values and Economics (/site/normativefoundationsofscarcity/)
149k — on page Sait & Lim
Values and Economics (/site/normativefoundationsofscarcity/)
Sait, Siraj and Lim, Hilary (2006) Land, Law and Islam: Property and Human Rights in the Muslim World, London: Zed.The concept of dual ownership [human being–God] is one ... tenure and rights in Islamic theory, as well as to key economic principles promoting private ownership and their present and potential role in promoting access to land. Furthermore, it outlines ...
Values and Economics (/site/normativefoundationsofscarcity/)
ENCLOSURE AND EXCLUSION: THE INVENTION OF PRIVATE PROPERTYAlexandra KoglPolitical Science DepartmentUniversity of Northern Iowaana.kogl@uni.eduprepared for presentation at the 2005 annual meeting of ...
Values and Economics (/site/normativefoundationsofscarcity/)
276k — on page Dragun
Values and Economics (/site/normativefoundationsofscarcity/)
Dragun, A. K. (1987), “Property Rights in Economic Theory,” Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 859-868.Survey
Islamic Banking and Finance (/site/islamiceconomicssurvey/)
Property From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation <#column-one>, search <#searchInput> /This article is about the legal or moral ownership rights. For other uses, see Property(disambiguation) ./ *Property ... relationship between people and things, but a relationship between people with /regard to things/. /Private property/ is sometimes used synonymously with /individual ownership/, but the term may also be used ...
Dragun, A. K. (1987), “Property Rights in Economic Theory,” Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 859-868.
Survey
Kogl, Alexandra (2005) "Enclosure and Exclusion: The Invention of Private Property"
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Midwest Political Science Association,
Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois, Apr 07, 2005 Online <PDF>. 2010-01-21
<http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p85670_index.html>
Sait, Siraj and Lim, Hilary (2006) Land, Law and Islam: Property and Human Rights in the Muslim World, London: Zed.
Gulaid, Mahmoud A. "Land Ownership in Islam." Jeddah: Islamic Research and Training Institute (1991).
The book traces out distributive and proprietary functions of the Islamic law of inheritance. It further assesses the effects of this law on the structure of land ownership and on the tenure modalities in some Muslim countries
Abdus Salam Daud Mohammad Al-Ebadi: Private Property in Islam
DOWNLOAD from http://gen.lib.rus.ec/
The institution of private property is taken for granted, and alternatives do not receive serious discussion in most economics textbooks. Neoclassical models describe an abstract economy where all agents possess certain endowments. Common ownership and shared resources create ‘externalities’ and are ruled out ab initio in simpler models. How agents came into possession of their endowments, and whether the society can or should pool resources to solve economic problems does not receive any discussion. We sketch some key historical developments which led to the emergence of current widespread social norms regarding private property. More recently, the extension of these concepts beyond the paradigmatic ‘land’ has led to renewed interest among economists. See Dragun (1987) for a survey.
Philosopher John Locke was among the leading architects of modern thought. Locke’s theories of property are his most important contribution to political thought. Variants of these theories continue to provide the philosophical basis for capitalist economies to this day. One of the key ideas is that private property exists as a natural right of human beings prior to the formation of governments. Furthermore, legitimate governments are created by mutual consent of citizens so as to protect the natural rights of the citizens. For example, Locke (1690) writes that "The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property."
One of the main goals of secular political thought is to allow people with different religions to coexist peacefully under a common rule of law. An essential ingredient in achieving this goal is the idea of individual freedom. To make room for diverse religious rules, we allow for maximum possible freedom compatible with a social order. Thus the social contract in general is not subject to a priori constraints. Any set of rules that all people agree to will serve. So this move of providing privilege to property so that it is not subject to the social contract is a bit odd. When we negotiate among ourselves to create common rules to live by, we may not discuss the idea of private property. Locke (1690) writes that those entering into a social contract “cannot intend to give any one or more an absolute arbitrary power over their persons and estates, and put a force into the magistrate's hand to execute his unlimited will arbitrarily upon them.” Locke requires both "persons and estates" to be protected from the arbitrary power of any magistrate, inclusive of the "power and will of a legislator." Depredations against an estate are just as plausible a justification for resistance and revolution as are those against persons.
Why did Locke’s theory of property emerge as the dominant one in England, eventually removing all alternatives from view? History provides important clues. Battles among monarchs were common, and taking property from the losers and awarding them to supporters was extremely common. Cromwell’s rebellion was a watershed event in British history. Even though monarchy was eventually restored, the power of the landed aristocracy against the monarchs was firmly established and continued to increase after this time. Secure property rights for landowners, not subject to the arbitrary will of monarchs, supported this power configuration and therefore emerged as the dominant theory. Tawney (1926) provides details of how political and religious upheavals in the post-Cromwell world made possible the social revolution created by the movement of “enclosures,” or the privatization of public property. Kogl (2005) summarizes how “enclosures” of common lands in the post-Cromwell period led to the emergence of modern notions of private property. This political commitment to private property is an essential ingredient in the emergence of scarcity as a central economic problem of a society.