Hirofumi Miwa is a Professor at the Department of Political Studies, Faculty of Law, Gakushuin University. He received his Ph.D. in political science from the University of Tokyo in 2018. His primary research interests lie in political behavior (especially voter ideology, partisanship, and government approval) and ideal point estimation. Additionally, he conducts quantitative research on a variety of issues related to contemporary Japanese politics. His work has been published in journals such as Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, Journal of Politics, Party Politics, Political Behavior, Political Communication, Political Studies, and Public Opinion Quarterly.