1st, 2nd and 3rd Declension Noun and Adjectives Endings
Purpose of Cases:
NOMINATIVE: subjects, predicate nominative
GENITIVE: possession; translated as “of the _____” or “the ______’s”
DATIVE: indirect objects (direct object of some verbs); translated as “to the _____” or “for the ______”
ACCUSATIVE: direct objects, object of most prepositions
ABLATIVE: object of the following prepositions: sub, in, de, sine, pro, a/ab, cum, e/ex and NIAWAP usage
VOCATIVE: calling someone; -us → -e, ius → -i (otherwise, endings are the same as nominatives.)
Rules For Conjugating Any Verb:
INFINITIVE ENDINGS: I: -are II: -ēre III: -ere III-io / IV: -ire
PERSONAL ENDINGS: -o / -m, -s, -t; -mus, -tis, -nt
TO FIND THE PERFECT STEM: Drop -i from the 3rd principal part
PERFECT ENDINGS: -i, -isti, -it; -imus, -istis, -erunt
SIGN OF THE IMPERFECT: -ba- SIGN OF THE PLUPERFECT: -era- SIGN OF THE FUTURE PERFECT: -eri-
FUTURE ENDINGS 1 & 2: -bo, -bis, -bit; -bimus, -bitis, -bunt
FUTURE ENDINGS 3 & 4: -am, -es, -et; -emus, -etis, -ent
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE VOWEL CHANGE: I: –a- to –e- II: –ē- to -ēa III: -e- to –a- III-io / IV: -i- to –ia-
PASSIVE ENDINGS: -r, -ris, -tur; -mur, -mini, -ntur
Verb Systems:
Sample Paradigm:
porto, portare, portavi, portatus – carry pono, ponere, posui, positus – put, place