Imaging the present-day physical state, temperature and composition, of the lithosphere asthenosphere is crucial to understand the dynamics of the lithosphere. Given the highly coupled nature of processes operating in solid Earth and implied non-uniqueness, originating either from the scarce datasets or the differential sensitivity of these datasets to the physical properties, images of the Earth's interior are often a non-unique solution. Integrating multiple datasets where they complement each other in an internally self-consistent manner significantly helps a) to narrow down the solution space and b) to have an integrated view of the Earth's interior. Integrated geophysical-petrological modelling to derive the physical state of the lithosphere explaining multi-disciplinary datasets in a self-consistent thermodynamic framework has been introduced in an approach called LitMod (Afonso et al. 2008). However, incorporating anomalies, e.g., subducting slabs, mantle upwelling, and delaminated lithosphere, in the sublithospheric mantle has been challenging. We recently improved this approach (LitMod2D_2.0, Kumar et al. 2020), allowing us to quantitatively model the thermochemical nature of such anomalies in the sublithospheric mantle. LitMod2D_2.0 is open and free to use for the community (https://github.com/ajay6763/LitMod2D_2.0_package_dist_users).
Using this method, we studied the lithosphere and upper mantle structure in the Western Mediterranean to discuss the role of the proposed geodynamic models in shaping the present-day physical state (Kumar et al. 2021). We found that subducted slabs beneath Eastern Betics in Southern Spain and Kabylies in Northern Africa, are of fertile chemical composition compared to the foreland lithospheres. The apparent orientation of these slabs allowed us to infer that the evolution of this region was governed by the subduction of the opposite dipping and retreating lithosphere of fertile composition similar to that of present-day oceanic lithosphere. Further, we found that at present these slabs are not attached to the overlying lithosphere and could have produced ~1000 m uplift during break-off.
Kumar et al. (2020)
Kumar et al. (2021)