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Leaves and petals are fundame ntally similar organs andshow little divergence in their developmental processes, sug-gesting that similar volatile compounds may occur in theiremissions (Caissard et al. 2004). For example the aliphaticgreen-leaf volatile compounds classically employed in plantdefence are also often released by flowers (Pare´& Tumlinson1999). However, the odour bouquet emitted from flowers isusually more complex and richer in volatiles than vegetat ivescents (Dudareva & Pichersky 2006b; Knudsen, Eriksson &Gershenzon 2006). Flower sc ents can not only be rich in ali-phatic compounds but also often contain many aromatics andterpenoids (Knudsen, Eriksson & Gershenzon 2006), and thesethree major categories of volatile compounds are usuallysimultaneously present in the flower blends of generalist polli-nation systems (Dudareva & Pichersky 2006a). Since the pitch-ers of Nepenthes plants are, like flowers, modified leaves, andsince they already show various similarities with flowers (Joel,Juniper & Dafni 1985) in the mechanisms used to attractinsects [nectar (Juniper, Robins & Joel 1989; Merbach et al.2001) and visual cues (Moran 1996; Moran, Booth & Charles1999; Schaefer & Ruxton 2008)], we ask whether they couldalso chemically mimic flowers using insect-attracting volatiles.

However, because upper pitchers ofN. rafflesiana also attracted a gre ater richness of insects thanlower pitchers when they were cut longitudinally and placed atground level, the inner face – of similar colour patterns forlower and upper pitch ers – exposed to insects (Di Giusto et al.2008), we hypothesize that odour delivered by the pitcher has greate r effect on insect capture than its visual characte ristics orits position on the plant.

ウツボカズラNepenthes rafflesianaは植物体の低い位置に着ける袋（下位袋, lower pitcher）と高い位置に着ける袋（上位袋, upper pitcher）で形態が著しく異なる上、発する匂い成分にも違いが見つかっている。

Joel 1988; Jaffe´et al. 1995; Moran 1996

In the carniv-orous Nepenthes genus, the use of volatile compounds could besuspected in Nepenthes albomarginata since this species attractstermites, virtually blind insects, in mass (Merbach et al. 2002).

Bruno Di Giusto, Jean-Marie Bessière, Michaël Guéroult, Linda B. L. Lim, David J. Marshall, Martine Hossaert-McKey and Laurence Gaume. Flower-scent mimicry masks a deadly trap in the carnivorous plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. J Ecol. Volume 98, Issue 4, pages 845–856, July 2010

Andreas Jürgens, Ashraf M. El-Sayed and D. Max Suckling. Do carnivorous plants use volatiles for attracting prey insects?. Functional Ecology. Volume 23, Issue 5, pages 875–887, October 2009

Giusto BD, Grosbois V, Fargeas E, Marshall DJ, Gaume L. Contribution of pitcher fragrance and fluid viscosity to high prey diversity in a Nepenthes carnivorous plant from borneo. J Biosci. 2008 Mar;33(1):121-36.

Kreuzwieser J, Scheerer U, Kruse J, Burzlaff T, Honsel A, Alfarraj S, Georgiev P, Schnitzler JP, Ghirardo A, Kreuzer I, Hedrich R, Rennenberg H.The Venus flytrap attracts insects by the release of volatile organic compounds. J Exp Bot. 2014 Feb;65(2):755-66. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert455.