Philosophy of Psychiatry

Printable Syllabus

ISSUES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY:

MENTAL ILLNESS, SCIENCE, AND SOCIETY

History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Science (HIPS) 29403

Instructor: Jonathan Tsou

Tuesdays, 5:00 - 7:20 pm, Cobb 301, University of Chicago

(Off Hrs: Wednesdays, 11:00 am - 12:30 pm, SS 205)

Course Description:

This course will be a lecture-seminar course focusing on the topic of mental illness within the context of 20th century clinical psychology and psychiatry. The first half of the course will focus on issues pertaining to the scientific adequacy of concepts employed in clinical discourse, while the second half will focus on ethical issues. Scientific issues to be addressed in the course include the problem of defining "mental illness" or "mental disorder," criticisms of disease explanations of abnormal behavior and the medical model of deviance, evolutionary explanations of abnormal behavior, cross-cultural issues, and problems in classifying different "disorders." Ethical issues to be addressed in the course include the social implications of clinical categories, what the aims of clinical discourse and practices should be, and the prospects of alternative models (besides the medical model) for addressing the problem of abnormal behaviors. Students will read a variety of perspectives including writings by Thomas Szasz, R.D. Laing, Christopher Boorse, Peter Sedgwick, Jerome Wakefield, Arthur Kleinman, Carl Rogers, B.F. Skinner, Hobart Mowrer, and Michel Foucault.

Texts for the Course: (Required)

Packet of photocopied readings; for sale in SS 205 for $12.

(Recommended)

Miller, Ronald B. (ed.) (1992). The Restoration of Dialogue: Readings in the Philosophy of Clinical Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Course Requirements:

Students will be expected to have read the weekly readings carefully and be prepared to discuss them critically in class. Students will be required to give one short presentation (20 minutes) on one of the readings. Evaluation for the course will be based the following criteria:

1. Midterm Paper (6-8 pages) due in week 6: . . . . . . . . 35%

2. Final Paper (12-15 pages) due in week 11: . . . . . . . . 45%

3. Class Participation (including presentation): . . . . . . . 20%

Papers can be on any topic covered in the course. For the final paper, students may choose to expand on issues developed in their shorter midterm paper.

Course Schedule:

I. Introduction: Mental Health in Question

• No Assigned Readings

II. Thomas Szasz and the Anti-Psychiatry Movement

• APA (2000). "DSM-IV-TR: Introduction." In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (pp. xxiii-xxxvii). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Szasz, T.S. (1960). "The Myth of Mental Illness." American Psychologist, 15: 113-118. (in Miller, 1992)
• Laing, R.D. (1964). "Is Schizophrenia a Disease?" International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 10: 184-193.
• Scheff, T.J. (1963). "The Role of the Mentally Ill and the Dynamics of Disorder." Reprinted in S. Traub & C. Little (eds.), Theories of Deviance, 3rd edition (pp. 297-313). Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock.

III. Critics of Szasz: Some Issues Regarding Disease Explanations of Abnormal Behavior

• Sedgwick, P. (1973). "Illness-Mental and Otherwise." Reprinted in R.B. Edwards (ed.), Psychiatry and Ethics: Insanity, Rational Autonomy and Mental Health Care (pp. 49-60). Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.
• Kendell, R.E. (1975). "The Concept of Disease and its Implications for Psychiatry." British Journal of Psychiatry, 127: 305-315.
• Boorse, C. (1976). "What a Theory of Mental Health Should Be." Reprinted in R.B. Edwards (ed.), Psychiatry and Ethics: Insanity, Rational Autonomy and Mental Health Care (pp. 29-48). Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.

IV. Contemporary Approaches to Psychopathology: Jerome Wakefield's Evolutionary Definition of "Mental Disorder"

• Wakefield, J.C. (1992). "The Concept of Mental Disorder: On the Boundary between Biological Facts and Social Values," American Psychologist, 47: 373-388.
• Lilienfeld, S. & Marino, L. (1995). "Mental Disorder as a Roschian Concept: A Critique of Wakefield's 'Harmful Dysfunction' Analysis," Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104: 411-420.
• Wakefield, J.C. (1999). "Evolutionary Versus Prototype Analyses of the Concept of Mental Disorder," Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108: 374-399.

V. Critics of Wakefield: On the Scientific Legitimacy of Evolutionary Biological Explanations of Abnormal Behavior

• Gould, S. & Lewontin, R. (1979). "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme." Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B205: 581-598.
• Lilienfeld, S. & Marino, L. (1999) "Essentialism Revisited: Evolutionary Theory and the Concept of Mental Disorder." Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108: 400-411.
• Klein, D.F. (1999), "Harmful Dysfunction, Disorder, Disease, Illness, and Evolution." Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108: 421-429.

VI. Cross-Cultural Issues and the 'Co-Morbidity' of Mental Illnesses

• Kleinman, A. (1988). "Do Psychiatric Disorders Differ in Different Cultures? The Methodological Questions & The Findings". In A. Kleinman, Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience (pp. 18-52). New York: The Free Press.

(MIDTERM PAPER DUE IN CLASS)

VII. The Role of Values in Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry

• Lowe, C.M. (1959), "Value-Orientations-An Ethical Dilemma." American Psychologist, 14: 687-693.
• Rogers, C. (1955), "Persons or Science? A Philosophical Question." American Psychologist, 10: 267-278. (in Miller, 1992)
• Rogers, C. & Skinner, B.F. (1956). "Some Issues Concerning the Control of Human Behavior: A Symposium." Science, 124: 1057-1065.
• Howard, G.S. (1985). The Role of Values in the Science of Psychology", American Psychologist, 40: 255-265. (in Miller 1992)

VIII. The Politics of Clinical Discourse and Practices

• Mower, O.H. (1948), "What is Normal Behavior?" Reprinted in W.D. Nunokawa (ed.), Human Values and Abnormal Behavior (pp. 10-31). Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company.
• Szasz, T.S. (1966). "Psychiatric Classification as a Strategy of Personal Constraint." Reprinted in T.S. Szasz, Ideology and Insanity: Essays on the Psychiatric Dehumanization of Man (pp.190-217). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
• Breggin, P. (1975). "Psychiatry and Psychotherapy as a Political Process." American Journal of Psychotherapy, 29: 369-382.
• Riger, S. (1998). "Epistemological Debates, Feminist Voices: Science, Social Values, and the Study of Women." American Psychologist, 47: 730-740.

IX. Michel Foucault on Psychiatry and Madness

• Foucault, M. (1969). "Candidacy Presentation to the College de France." In P. Rabinow (ed.), Ethics, Subjectivity, and Truth (pp. 5-10). New York: The New Press.
• Foucault, M. (1969). "Psychiatric Power." In P. Rabinow (ed.), Ethics, Subjectivity, and Truth (pp. 40-50). New York: The New Press.
• Foucault, M. (1969). "The Abnormals." In P. Rabinow (ed.), Ethics, Subjectivity, and Truth (pp. 51-57). New York: The New Press.
• Foucault, M. (1970). "Madness and Society." In J. Faubion (ed.), Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology (pp. 335-342). New York: The New Press.
• Gutting, G. (1994), "Foucault and the History of Madness." In G. Gutting (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (pp. 47-70). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

X. Debates on DSM

• Schacht, T.E. (1985). "DSM-III and the Politics of Truth." American Psychologist, 40: 513-521. (in Miller, 1992)
• Spitzer, R. (1985). "DSM-III and the Politics-Science Dichotomy Syndrome: A Response to Thomas E. Schacht's 'DSM-III and the Politics of Truth'." American Psychologist, 40: 522-526. (in Miller 1992)
• Maddux, J.E. (2002). "Stopping the 'Madness': Positive Psychology and the Deconstruction of the Illness Ideology and the DSM." In C.R. Snyder (ed.), Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Wakefield, J.C. (1996). "DSM-IV: Are We Making Diagnostic Progress?" Contemporary Psychology, 41: 646-652.

(FINAL PAPER DUE IN CLASS)

Recommended Readings (Below are readings that students may wish to consult for their papers)

Contemporary Scientific Approaches to Psychopathology

• Davison, G.C. & Neale, J.M. (1996). Abnormal Psychology, 6th edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Durand, V.M. & Barlow, D.H. (2003). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology, 3rd edition. Pacific Grove: Thomson & Wadsworth.
• Milton, T. Blaney, P.H. & Davis, R.D. (eds.) (1999). Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Hardman, J.G. & Limbird, L.E. (eds.) (2001). Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. (in Crerar Reference)

Philosophy of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology Collections

• Miller, R.B. (ed.) (1992). The Restoration of Dialogue: Readings in the Philosophy of Clinical Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Radden, J. (ed.) (2004). Philosophy of Psychiatry: A Companion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Sadler, J. et al. (eds.) (1994). Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Classification. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Edwards, R.B. (ed.) (1982). Psychiatry and Ethics: Insanity, Rational Autonomy, and Mental Care. New York: Prometheus.
• Edwards, R.B. (ed.) (1997). Ethics of Psychiatry: Insanity, Rational Autonomy, and Mental Health Care, Second Edition. New York: Prometheus.
• Graham, G. & and Stephens, L. (eds.) (1994). Philosophical Psychopathology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Lilienfeld, S.O. (ed.) (1995). Seeing Both Sides: Classic Controversies in Abnormal Psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
• Kirk, S. & Einbinder, S. (eds.) (1995). Controversial Issues in Mental Health. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
• Millon, T. & Klerman, G.L. (eds.) (1986). Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology: Toward the DSM-IV. New York: Guilford.
• Helzer, J.E. & Hudziak, J.J. (eds.) (2002). Defining psychopathology in the 21st century: DSM-V and beyond. Washinton, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Nunokawa, W.D. (ed.) (1956). Human Values and Abnormal Behavior. Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Thomas Szasz & Anti-Psychiatry

• Szasz, T.S. ([1961] 1974). The Myth of Mental Illness, revised edition. New York: Harper & Row.
• Szasz, T.S. (1970). The Manufacture of Madness. New York: Harper & Row.
• Szasz, T.S. (1970). Ideology and Insanity. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
• Szasz, T.S. (1974). Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual Persecution of Drugs, Addicts, and Pushers. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
• Szasz, T.S. (1984). The Therapeutic State. New York: Prometheus.
• Szasz, T.S. (1987). Insanity: The Idea and Its Consequences. New York: John Wiley.
• Szasz, T.S. (2001). Pharmacracy: Medicine and Politics in America. Wesport, CT: Praeger.
• Laing, R.D. (1960). The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Baltimore, MA: Penguin.
• Laing, R.D. (1967). The Politics of Experience. New York: Ballantine.
• Laing, R.D. & Cooper, D. (1964). Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy, 1950-1960. New York: Pantheon.
• Cooper, D. (1967). Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry. London: Tavistock.
• Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
• Scheff, T.J. (1967). Mental Illness and Social Process. New York: Harper & Row.
• Sarbin, T.R. (1967). "On the Futility of the Proposition that Some People be Labeled 'Mentally Ill'." Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31: 447-453.
• Sarbin, T.R. (1969). "The Scientific Status of the Mental Illness Metaphor." In S.C. Plog & R.B. Edgerton (eds.), Changing Perspectives on Mental Illness (pp. 9-31). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
• Rosenhan, D. (1973). "On Being Sane in Insane Places." Science, 179: 250-258.
• Schaler, J.A. (ed.) (2004). Szasz Under Fire: The Psychiatric Abolitionist Faces His Critics. Chicago: Open Court.

For a comprehensive bibliography of Szasz, click here

Jerome Wakefield on Harmful Dysfunction and Mental Disorder

• Wakefield, J.C. (1992). "Disorder as Harmful Dysfunction: A Conceptual Critique of DSM-III-R's Definition of Mental Disorder." Psychological Review, 99: 237-247.
• (1993). "Limits of Operationalization: A Critique of Spitzer and Endicott's (1978) Proposed Operational Criteria for Mental Disorder." Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102: 160-172.
• (1994). "Is the Concept of Mental Disorder Culturally Relative?" In S. Kirk & S. Einbinder (eds.), Controversial Issues in Mental Health (pp. 11-17). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
• (1995). "Dysfunction as a Value-Free Concept: A Reply to Sadler and Agich." Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology, 2: 233-246.
• (1997). "Diagnosing DSM-IV, part I: DSM-IV and the Concept of Mental Disorder." Behavioral Research and Therapy, 35: 633-650.
• (1997). "Diagnosing DSM-IV, part II: Eysenck (1986) and the Essentialist Fallacy." Behavioral Research and Therapy, 35: 651-666.
• (1998). "Meaning and Melancholia: Why DSM Cannot (Entirely) Ignore the Intentional System." In J. Barron (ed.), Making Diagnosis Meaningful: Enhancing Evaluation and Treatment of Psychological Disorders (pp. 29-72). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Scientific and Philosophical Issues

• Lewontin, R.C. (1979). "Sociobiology as an Adaptationist Program." Behavioral Sciences, 24: 5-14.
• Gould, S.J. & Vrba, E.S. (1982). "Exaptation: A Missing Term in the Science of Form." Paleobiology, 8: 4-15.
• Gould, S.J. (1991). "Exaptation: A crucial tool for evolutionary analysis." Journal of Social Issues, 47: 43-65.
• Lloyd, E.A. (1999). "Evolutionary Psychology: The Burdens of Proof." Biology and Philosophy, 14: 211-233.
• Robert, J.S. (2000). "Schizophrenia Epigenesis?" Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 21: 191-215.
• Clark, L.A. (ed.).(1999). "Special Section: The Concept of Disorder: Evolutionary Analysis and Critique." Journal of Abnormal Psychology, August 1999, 108: 371-472.
• Kendell, R.E. (1986). "What are Mental Disorders?" In A.M. Freedman et al. (eds.), Issues in Classification: Science, Practice, and Social Policy (pp. 23-45). New York: Human Science Press.
• Reznek, L. (1991). The Philosophical Defense of Psychiatry. New York: Routledge.
• Macklin, R. (1973). "Mental Health and Mental Illness: Some Problems of Definition and Concept Formation." Philosophy of Science, 39: 341-365.
• Symposium on Christopher Boorse. (1976). Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, volume 1 (September Issue).
• Grünbaum, A. (1986) "The Placebo Concept in Medicine and Psychiatry." Psychological Medicine, 16: 19-38.
• Cronbach, L.J. & Meehl, P.E. (1955). "Construct Validity in Psychological Tests." Psychological Bulletin, 52: 281-302.
• Meehl, P.E. (1954). Clinical versus Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
• Meehl, P.E. (1978). "Theoretical Risks and Tabular Asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the Slow Progress of Soft Psychology." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46: 806-834. (in Miller, 1992)
• Meehl, P.E. (1986). "Diagnostic Taxa as Open Concepts: Meta-Theoretical and Statistical Questions about the Reliability and Construct Validity in the Grand Strategy of Nosological Questions." In T. Millon & G.L. Klerman (eds.), Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology: Toward the DSM-IV (pp. 215-231). New York: Guilford.
• Eysenck, H.J., Wakefield, J.A. & Friedman, A.F. (1983). "Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment: The DSM-III." Annual Review of Psychology, 34: 167-193.
• Eysenck, H.J. (1986). "A Critique of Contemporary Classification and Diagnosis." In T. Millon & C.M. Franks (eds.), Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology: Towards the DSM-IV (pp. 73-98). New York: Guilford Press.
• Hacking, I. (1994). "The Looping Effects of Human Kinds." In D. Sperber, D. Premack & A.J. Premack (eds.), Causal Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Approach (pp. 351-394). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Hacking, I. (1995). Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Hacking, I. (1998). Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
• Hacking, I. (1999). "Madness: Biological or Constructed?" In I. Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (pp. 100-124). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Salmon, M.H. (1992). "Philosophy of the Social Sciences." In M.H. Salmon et al., Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (pp. 404-425). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
• Engelhardt, H.T. (ed.) (2000). The Philosophy of Medicine: Framing the Field. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
• Shaffner, K.F. (1992). "Philosophy of Medicine." In M.H. Salmon et al., Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (pp. 310-345). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
• Kleinman, A. (1987). "Anthropology and Psychiatry: The Role of Culture in Cross- Cultural Research." British Journal of Psychiatry, 151: 447-454.
• Kleinman, A. (1988). Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. New York: The Free Press.
• Tyson, K. (1995). New Foundations for Scientific Social and Behavioral Research: The Heuristic Paradigm. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
• Hartung, C.M. & Widiger, T.A. (1998). "Gender Differences in the Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: Conclusions and Controversies of the DSM-IV." Psychological Bulletin, 123: 260-278.
• Alarcon, R.D. et al. (1999). "Clinical Relevance of Contemporary Cultural Psychology." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187: 465-471.
• Carson, R.C. (1991). "Dilemmas in the Pathway of the DSM-IV." Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100: 302-307.

Ethical and Political Issues

For a good bibliography compiled by Kenneth Gergen, click here

• Sedgwick, P. (1982). Psycho Politics. New York: Harper & Row.
• Kirk, S.A. & Kutchins, H. (1992). The Selling of DSM: The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry. New York: de Gruyter.
• Beauchamp, T.L. & Childress, J.F. (1989). Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Engelhardt, H.T. (1986). The Foundations of Bioethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Breggin, P. & Breggin, G. (1995). Talking Back to Prozac. New York: St. Martins.
• Baker, W.J. (1992). "Positivism versus People: What Should Psychology by About?" In C.W. Tolman (ed.), Positivism in Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Problems (pp. 9-16). New York: Spring-Verlag.
• Brickman, P. et al. (1982). "Models of Helping and Coping." American Psychologist, 37: 368-386.
• Chamberlain, J. (1990). "The Ex-Patients' Movement: Where We've Been and Where We're Going." Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11: 323-336.
• Cushman, P. (1995). Constructing the Self, Constructing America: A Cultural History of Psychotherapy. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.
• Dumont, M. (1990). "In Bed Together at the Market: Psychiatry and the Pharmaceutical Industry." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60: 484- 485.
• Cooper, R.V. (2004). "What is Wrong with the DSM?" History of Psychiatry, 15: 5-25.
• Brody, B.A. & Engelhardt, H.T. (eds.) (1980). Mental Illness: Law and Public Policy. Boston: D. Reidel.
• Fulford, K. W. (1993). "Value, Action, Mental Illness, and the Law." In S. Shute, J. Gardner, and J. Horder (eds.), Action and Value in Criminal Law. (pp. 279- 310). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Gove, W.R. (1980). "Labeling and Mental Illness: A Critique." In W.R. Gove (ed.), The Labeling of Deviance, 2nd edition (pp. 53-99). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
• Horwitz, A.V. (1982). The Social Control of Mental Illness. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Hesse, M. (1978). "Theory and Value in the Social Sciences." In C. Hookaway & P. Pettit (eds.), Action and Interpretation: Studies in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences (pp. 1-16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Prillentensky, I. (1997). "Values, Assumptions, and Practices: Assessing the Moral Implications of Psychological Discourse and Action." American Psychologist, 52: 517-535.
• Shaffner, K.F. (1977). "Reduction, Reductionism, Values, and Progress in the Bio-medical Sciences." In R.G. Colodny (ed.), Logic, Laws, and Life: Some Philosophical Complications (pp. 143-171). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Skinner, B.F. (1975). "The Ethics of Helping People." Criminal Law Bulletin, 11: 623-636.
• Engelhardt, H.T. (1973). "Psychotherapy as Meta-ethics." Psychiatry, 36: 440-445.
• Snyder, C.R. & Lopez, S.J. (eds.) (2002). Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Adler, M. J. ([1937] 1995). Platonism and Positivism in Psychology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Originally published as, What Man Has Made of Man: A Study of the Consequences of Platonism and Positivism in Psychology.
• Weber, M. ([1978] 1999). "Value-Judgment in Social Science." Reprinted in R. Boyd et al. (eds.), The Philosophy of Science (pp. 713-731). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Michel Foucault

• Foucault, M. ([1961] 1988). Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (R. Howard, Trans.). New York: Vintage. Abridged translation of Folie et déraison: Histoire de la folie a l'âge classique. Paris: Plon.
• Foucault, M. ([1962] 1987). Mental Illness and Psychology (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Translation of Maladie mentale et psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
• Foucault, M. ([1966] 1970). The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (A. Sheridan, trans.). New York: Random House. Translation of Les mots et les choses: Une archaeologie des sciences humaines. Paris: Gallimard.
• Foucault, M. (1972). Histoire de la folie a l'âge classique, 2nd edition, with a new preface and appendices. Paris: Gallimard.
• Stone, L. (1982, Dec 16). "Madness." New York Review of Books, 29 (20): 28-36.
• Foucault, M. & Stone, L. (1983, Mar 31). "An Exchange with Michel Foucault." New York Review of Books, 30 (5): 42-44.
• Derrida, J. ([1964] 1978). "Cogito and the History of Madness." In J. Derrida, Writing and Difference (A. Bass, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Foucault, M. ([1971] 1998). "My Body, this Paper, My Fire." Reprinted in J.M. Faubion (ed.), Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology (R. Hurley et al., Trans.). New York: The New Press.
• Derrida, J. ([1992] 1998). "'To Do Justice to Freud': The History of Madness in the Age of Psychoanalysis." Reprinted In J. Derrida, Resistances to Psychoanalysis (P. Kamuf et al., Trans). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Gordon, C. (1990). "Histoire de la Folie: An Unknown Book by Michel Foucault." History of the Human Sciences, 3: 3-26.
• Dreyfus, H. & Rabinow, P. (1983). Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Gutting, G. (1989). The Archaeology of Scientific Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hacking, I. (1986). "The Archaeology of Foucault", reprinted in D.C. Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader (pp. 27-40). Oxford: Blackwell.
• Midelfort, H.C.E. 1980. "Madness and Civilization in Early Modern Europe: A Reappraisal of Michel Foucault", in B. C. Malament (ed.), After the Reformation: Essays in Honor of J. H. Hexter (pp. 125-148). London: Pluto Press.
• Still, A. & Velody, I. (eds.) (1992). Rewriting the History of Madess: Studies on Foucault's Histoire de la Folie. London: Routledge.
• Davidson, A. (ed.) (1997). Foucault and His Interlocutors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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