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Analytical instruments provide information on the composition of a sample of matter. They are employed, in some instances, to obtain qualitative information about the presence or absence of one or more components of the sample, whereas in other instances they provide quantitative data.
Analytical instruments are a large class of instruments used for analytical applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, clinical, food-processing laboratories, and oil refineries.
The instruments help in analyzing materials and establishing the composition. Among the most common types of analytical equipment are spectrophotometer, refractometer, calorimeter, electrochemical Instrument, conductivity meter, automatic density meter, automatic titrators, colony counter, demagnetizers, fiberscopes, and several others.
Analytical instrumentation is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of certain components in the substance
Analytical instruments :
Analytical instruments provide information on the composition of a sample of matter.
They are employed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information about the presence or absence of one or more components of a given sample.
It comprises the four basic elements viz. chemical information source, transducers, signal conditioners and display system.
The first two elements constitute the characteristic module whereas the last two constitute the processing module.
Molecules possess three types of internal energy – electronic, vibrational and rotational.
Electronic transitions correspond to the UV and visible regions, vibrational transitions to the near IR and IR regions and rotational transitions to the IR , far IR or even microwave regions.
When a beam of radiant energy strikes a surface, the radiation interacts with the atoms and molecules of the substance.
The radiation may be then transmitted, absorbed, scattered, deflected, refracted or reflected or it may excite fluorescence depending on the property of the substance.
Importance of composition analysis in process industries :
Compositional analysis and material identification methods can be used to determine the components of an unknown material, to confirm the identity of a suspect material and to identify differences between similar materials. An unknown component can often be the underlying cause of difficult problems so identifying the presence of unexpected material is very important.
Once we determine the chemical nature of the material, it may become important to gain a better understanding of the composition through further material characterization.
Accurate analysis of the chemical composition of a material will provide invaluable information, assisting chemical problem solving, supporting R&D and ensuring the quality of a chemical formulation or product.
Chemical composition analysis can require the application of a combination of analytical methods in order to achieve a full picture of the chemical structures and concentrations of the components in a sample. To aid product development, the concentration of specific components, such as an active ingredient which impart a unique function to the product, should be determined in order to understand the product's performance or quality.
Obtaining reliable impurity profiles can also assist with product development and resolve manufacturing issues. Unknown substances can be very difficult to identify.
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