Laws of Chemistry
Avogadro's Law
Equal volumes of gases under identical temperature and pressure conditions will contain equal numbers of particles (atoms, ion, molecules, electrons, etc.).
Boyle's Law
At constant temperature, the volume of a confined gas is inversely proportional to the pressure to which it is subjected.
PV = k
Charles' Law
At constant pressure, the volume of a confined gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
V = kT
Combining Volumes
Refer to Gay-Lussac's Law
Conservation of Energy
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed; the energy of the universe is constant. This is the First Law of Thermodynamics.
Conservation of Mass
Also known as Conservation of Matter. Matter can be neither created nor destroyed, though it can be rearranged. Mass remains constant in an ordinary chemical change.
Dalton's Law
The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
Definite Composition
A compound is composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a defined ratio by weight.
Dulong & Petit's Law
Most metals require 6.2 cal of heat in order to raise the temperature of 1 gram-atomic mass of the metal by 1°C.
Faraday's Law
The weight of any element liberated during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electricity passing through the cell and also to the equivalent weight of the element.
Gay-Lussac's Law
The ratio between the combining volumes of gases and the product (if gaseous) can be expressed in small whole numbers.
Graham's Law
The rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass.
Henry's Law
The solubility of a gas (unless it is highly soluble) is directly proportional to the pressure applied to the gas.
Ideal Gas Law
The state of an ideal gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature according to the equation:
PV = nRT, where
P is the absolute pressure
V is the volume of the vessel
n is the number of moles of gas
R is the ideal gas constant
T is the absolute temperature
Multiple Proportions
When elements combine, they do so in the ratio of small whole numbers. The mass of one element combines with a fixed mass of another element according to this ratio.
Periodic Law
The chemical properties of the elements vary periodically according to their atomic numbers.
Thermodynamic laws
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with one another.
First law of thermodynamics
The change in energy dU in a system is accounted for entirely by the heat δQ absorbed by the system and the work δW done by the system:
Second law of thermodynamics
Third law of thermodynamics
As the temperature T of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy S approaches a minimum value C: as T → 0, S → C.
Onsager reciprocal relations - sometimes called the Fourth Law of Thermodynamics
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