AP Psychology review terms

2. absolute threshold- smallest amount of stimulus detected

3. achievement vs. aptitude tests – Achievement (past knowledge) Aptitude (future success)

4. action vs. resting potential- sending messages vs. at rest

5. acuity-vision- clearness of vision

6. Ainsworth Strange Situation (Paradigm)- parent/child attachment 

7. Albert Bandura: major view on learning and Bobo Doll experiment ( Modelling)

8. Albert Ellis - Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)- uncovering irrational beliefs

9. Alfred Adler - inferiority complex---based on birth order

10. all-or-nothing law (all-or-none) of neural firing – cells fire nor not

11. altruism- self concern for others

12. American Psychological Association (APA)- largest association of psychologists

13. amnesia (anteriograde & retrograde)---A- after / R- before

14. apparent motion- illusion of movement

15. arousal- response to a stimulus

16. Asch's conformity study (line segments)--- go along with group’s answers

17. attachment--- parent/ child relationship

18. attribution theory—how people explain things

19. aversive conditioning (good or bad?)—unpleasant stimulus

20. aversive conditions—nail bitter???

21. Babinsky response--- feet prepare to walk (Spread toes)

22. behavior as being adaptive – needed for survival

23. bell curve (normal distribution)—34.1%--13.6%--2.1%--.1% 

24. Benjamin Worf's theory of linguistic relativism (determinism)- thinking based on Language of the Speaker. 

25. binocular disparity- two eyes work together  

 26. blind spot—no sight where nerve meets retina 

27. blood brain barrier—protects brain from chemicals in blood 

28. brain: what part do we share with animals? Neocortex How do we differ? Problem solving strategies

29. brainstorming-- ideas

30. Broca's aphasia (expressive) located in left frontal lobe--- cannot speak 

31. bystander intervention: factors that influence it---situation, cost, gender, similarity,  Mood, diffusion of responsibility 

32. Cannon's critique of James-Lange theory—different emotions have same physiological state

 33. Carl Rogers: person (client) centered therapy—respectful relationship 

34. Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory--- gender and moral development 

35. chaining—linking to previous behavior 

36. character disorders : major ones (paranoid, schizoid, antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant

37. chunking ( 5+9 av. 7)

38. classical conditioning v. operant conditioning—C- association / O- consequences

39. Clever Hans experiment – horse math

 40. cognitive dissonance—thoughts and actions do not match 

41. color blindness: kinds—red/green; acquired ; transcient

42. complementary colors—red, white, blue / yellow, black, green 

43. conflicts: four kinds—approach / avoidance

44. control group—does not receive treatment

45. correlation coefficients – strength of statistics and probability

 46. cortexes of the brain : major ones—prefrontal , cerebral, motor, visual 

47. cross cultural studies—compare many cultures 

48. cross sectional studies--- many people at one time

49. crystallized intelligence: acquired and usually does not decline with age (skills)

50. CS-CR-UCS-UCR--- classical conditioning

51.Daniel Goleman's views on emotional intelligence- self-awareness, mood managements, self-motivation, impulse control, people skills

52. David McClelland's achievement motivation studies- stories from  pictures (fantasies reflect concern for       achievement.)

53. defense mechanisms: major ones- denial, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, repression,Regression…

54. deindividuation- loss of self-awareness (free to act on impulse)

55.deinstitutionalization—move care and treatment to local community

56. dendrite (purpose of) – input process of cell

57. depression: trycyclic antidepressants are most widely used to treat it – sadness and despair

58. descriptive (number that summarizes a set of data) vs. inferential statistics ( procedure that produces a measure of how likely it is that results by chance)

59. determinism—everything has a cause (nature v. nurture)

60. developmental psychology—changes through life span

61. Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( purpose and limits) – classification  (too broad; everyone fits..)

62. difference threshold (jnd)—just noticeable difference

63. discrimination (in learning theory and race relations)--- distinguish between stimuli

64. displacement—emotion is transferred to something less harmful

65. dissociative disorders—break down in memory, identity and perception

66. dominant responses (aided by social facilitation)— what we do well, we do better in fron to other people;what is difficult is impossible in front of other people

67. Down's syndrome—extra chromosome # 21 (Mental R)

68. dream analysis—Freud …(What do dreams really mean? Content / latent analysis)

69. drives – need or urge that motivates an organism

70. Ebbinhaus' research on memory—nonsense syllables (learning and memory curves)

71.echoic memory ---sensory memory of auditory input

72. effects of marijuana – hallucinations, hypnotic, sedative

73. eidetic memory—vivid and persistent

74. electroconvulsive shock therapy—ECT

75. Elizabeth Loftus' research on eyewitness testimony ---“creditable” suggestions influence memory(parents and college students…)

76. endocrine organs and hormones secreted by them—Thyroxin, Epinephrine,  insulin, Estrogen

77. endorphins—morphene-like peptides

78. engram—biochemical  change resulting from external stimulation

79. episodic memory (a.k.a. flashbulb)--- personal experience

80. equity theory of relationships – receive in proportion to giving

81. Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (trust/mistrust; Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt ; Initiative vs. Guilt; Industry vs. Inferiority; Identity vs. Role Confusion; Intimacy vs. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Ego Integrity vs. Despair)

82. ethics of testing – informed concent, no harm, confidential, explain after

83.experiment: be able to design one- hypothesis, test ( operational definition, control, ex. Group) analyze,

      evaluate

84. false consensus effect—overestimate degress one’s opinions are shared with others

85. feature (signal) detector cells: Hubel & Wisel's research on visual processing ---( line/edge detectors)

86. feature analysis --- we recognize objects by assembling their "features" to determine what the object is

87. feral children—raised in the wild or in isolation

88. fetal alcohol syndrome: characteristics --- mental R, underweight, premature, brain malfunction

89. figure - ground – phenomenon--- figures have contours and ground is seemless

90. foot-in-the-door phenomenon—small commitment leads to obedience

91. formal operations--- Piaget (reasoning, abstraction, & symbolism)

92. fovea--- depression in retina (clearest vision)—concentration of cones

93. Francis Galton's research—mental tests for measuring differences

94. free association—say anything that comes to mind

95. frequency polygon—frequency distribution of occurances

96. Freudian dream analysis: two levels of interpretation  (latent and manifest content)

97. Freud's stage of psychosexual development  (oral anal, phallic, latent, genital)

98. frustration-aggression hypothesis--- occurs without frustration; based on previous experiences

99. functional fixedness—cannot perceive an unusual function for an object

100. fundamental attribution error- underestimate influences of external factors (blame victim?)

101. galvanic skin response (GRS)—Lie detector (skin conducts more elect when nervous)  

102. ganglia--- cluster of cell bodies

103. Gansfeld Procedure--- “receiver listens to hissing sounds in earphones, and sees red light through

       goggles to be more sensitive to telepathy.

104. Gate Control Theory of Pain- gates to spinal cord and brain

105. generalizability of a study --- apply to similar situations

106. genotype & phenotype--- G- genetic structure / P- manifestation of trait

107. Gestalt theory--- see whole ( fill in blanks)

108. glial cells --- bind neurons together

109. group therapy (advantages of )- time, money, empathy

110. groupthink--- isolate self from outside sources of information

111. gustatory sense: detects only sweet, sour, salty, bitter  (taste)

112. habituation--- gradual adaptation to stimulus

113. Hans Seyle's General Adaptation Response--- Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

114. Harry Harlow's research with surrogate mothers- comfort vs, food

115. Hawthorne Effect--- anything new, works

116. heuristics: major types--- availability ( avail. Info) and representative ( how well represent. Prototype)

117. hierarchy of needs (Maslow) can you put them in order? Physiological, safety, love, self-esteem,    

       actualization

118. high (attention to situation cues and adapt behavior) vs. low self-monitors ( act in terms of own beliefs

       and attitudes)

119. hindsight bias—looking back, I ‘knew” that would happen

120. histogram- bar graph

121. homeostasis--- consistency (balance)

122. Howard Gardner's view of multiple intelligence--- linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical, visual-

       spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, interpersonal, intrapersonal.

 123. hue: (British term for color)--- wavelength of color

124. hybrid--- offspring of different species

125. hypnosis: major theories of --- Trance (altered), neo-dissociation (divided), social role ( norms), task

        (pay attention)

126. hypothalamus- regulates body processes and glands

127. id, ego, superego--- I (devil) S (angel) E (reality)

128. IDEAL (strategy for solving problems) --- Identify the problem, Define the problem, Explore the

        possibilities, Act on the possibilities, Look for desired results.

129. identical twin research  (raised apart is best for study)--- nature vs nurture

130. identification vs. internalization (Freudian terms) --- identification (self attributory characteristics of

       group)  vs. internalization (accept beliefs as own)

131. illusory correlation--- perceived association between two variables

132. imaging techniques: PET( area as process glucose), CAT (computerized technology), MRI       

        ( magnetic/radio waves), FMRI (blood flow)

133. imprinting--- Lorenz-birds follow first moving object they see

134. incentives – motivators

135. independent/dependent variables--- independent (manipulated)  /dependent (result)

136. induced motion--- perception of motion of stationary objects

137. inductive (use facts to reach conclusion) vs. deductive (conclusions from premises) reasoning

138. industrial (organizational) psychology --- work or business

139. ingroup and outgroup bias --- I (strong sense of identity---US) O (not group—THEM)

140. inner ear - vestibular sense--- balance

141. instinct--- unconscious or habitual behavior

142. instrumental - operant conditioning  (based on consequences)

143. Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) --- MA / CA X 100

144. intelligence tests (major kinds used) ---Standford-Binet and Weschslar Adult Int. Scale

145. interference (proactive vs. retroactive)  P-blocked by previous knowledge / R-blocked by new material

146. internal consistency reliability ---consistency of measurement within test itself

147. internalization---acceptance of beliefs, values and attitudes as own

148. James-Lange theory of emotions--- Stimulus + behavior + arousal = feelings

149. John Garcia's ideas on the limits of conditioning ---other factors (taste of plastic water bottle)

150. just-world phenomenon--- belief that life is fair

151. Karen Horney's views on development --- social tensions (women do Not have weaker superego)

152. kinesthetics--- body movement and position

153. Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning ---pre-conventional (self-interest), conventional ( rules and laws),

        Post-conventional ( self-defined)

154. Kubler Ross' stages of dying --- DABDA

155. L-dopa --- brain converts to dopamine ( regain muscle control)

156. learning curve--- vertical  - proficiency / Horizontal - practice

157. limbic system: structures (amygdale, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and septum) and function (Control emotion)

158. linear perspective---  monocular depth cue (RR tracks)

159. linkage analysis---  tendency for genes and other genetic factors to be inherited together

160. lithium (bi-polar disorders) --- salts used for treatment

161. localization of sound (how is it done? Why are two ears needed?) direction based on which ear gathers

         loudest sound

162. long term potentiation ---strengthen potential neuron firing over time (memories and skills)

163. longitudinal study--- same people over long period of time

164. loss of information from short term memory ---limited by time and space

165. major neurotransmitters – acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, endorphins

166. Martin Seligman's "learned helplessness" --- behavior has no effect, so person stops trying

167. measures of central tendency: mean (average), median (middle) , mode (most frequent)

168. measures of variability: range (difference between the highest and lowest score) and standard deviation

         ( difference between the scores and the mean)

169. memory: kinds ( sensory---first, short-term---working memory, long-term---storage)

170. mental age--- found by testing

171. mental set  (expectancy theory)---respond to new problem same way as old problems

172 metacognition---knowledge of what strategies to apply when, and how to use in new situations

173. method of loci ---menumonic ( items in list linked to physical location)

174. milieu therapy --- hospital where all activities are therapeutic in nature

175. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Test: use for what? T/F-Mental illness

176 misinformation effect – remember what did not happen (photos)

177. modeling --- observing and imitating others

178. monocular vs. binocular depth cues --- one eye vs. two eyes

179. motion aftereffect --- moving stimulus over time makes stationary objects appear to move

180. motion parallax --- as observer moves, visual field appears to move

181. myelin sheath: where and purpose? –axon / insolation

182. narcissism --- self love

183. nature vs. nurture controversy --- heredity vs. environment

184. nervous system: major parts (central---brain + spinal cord)—(Perepheral --- somatic + autonomic ---

         sympathetic + parasympathetic)

185. neuron: three basic parts ---soma + axon + dendrites

186. neurotransmitters: major kinds ---see # 165

187. newborn baby reflexes --- rooting, sucking, swallowing, blinking, breathing

188. next-in-line-effect--- in a circle, telling names, forget person before you because you are focusing in

         own performance

189. normative social influence---  result from desire to gain approval

190. norms --- standards of behavior for a given group

191. novelty preference --- people prefer something new

192. obesity (role of hypothalamus) --- Lat. (on) / Vent. (off)

193.Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD) --- thoughts + behavior

194. occipital lobe --- vision

195. Oedipal conflict  --- child attracted to opposite sex parent fears same sex parent

196. one eye problem - what you couldn't do well if you had only one eye --- depth

197. operationalizing a definition --- procedures used to define variables

198. opponent-process theory of emotions --- one emotion leads to opposite (organism needs balance)

199.opponent-process theory of visual processing (afterimages)  cones paralyze and afterimage appears

200. optic disc ---blind spot

201. optic nerve --- eye to brain

202. pancreas ---regulates blood glucose

203. panic attacks (& what's the best treatment?) intense fear / systematic desentization (relaxation)

204. paradoxical sleep: why is REM called this? Brain is most active

205. paresis--- decline in physical and psychological functioning (gate and personality) due to syphilis

206. perceptual constancy (size, color, shape) know same but appears to change

207. perceptual set --- mental predisposition

208. personal space--- distance between people

209. perspectives in psychology (major ones) ---Behavioral ( learned), Psychoanalytic (unconscious),

        cognitive ( thinking), socio-cultural (society) and biological (body)

210. phenylketonuria (PKU) --- MR- cannot metabolize phenalatine

211. phi phenomenon--- apparent movement based on flashing stimuli

 212. phonemes (sound)  vs. morphemes (unit of language)

213. photoreceptors--- cones (color)  and rods (shapes and outlines)

214. Piaget's stages of cognitive development --- Sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal

         operational

215. pineal gland (function and what makes it unique?) --- circadian rhythm (animal have too)

216. pitch--- frequency of sound

217. pituitary gland --- master gland

218.plasticity --- ability of brain to assume function from damaged part

219. positive reinforcement – increases behavior when given

220. post traumatic stress disorder --- delayed reaction

221. Premack principle --- one behavior reinforces another (more play outside if play piano now)

222. primacy effect --- remember first item in list

223. projective tests: TAT  (card to tell story) & Rorschach  (ink blot)

224. prosocial behavior: what is it and give an example --- help others (charity)

225. proximity (effects on relationships) --- relate best to people near you

226. prototype--- best example of a concept

227. punishment: why it may not be effective / might backfire (decreases behavior only if punisher present)

228 Rational Emotive Therapy--- Ellis- based on people’s reaction to events / irrational beliefs

229. reality principle (function of ego) --- chose right from wrong

230. recessive  ( only when paired with similar from other parent) vs. dominant (outwardly expressed) genes

 231. reflex arc --- sensory neuron + brain + motor neuron

232. reliability (consistency)  vs. validity  (accuracy) in testing

233. REM sleep  (dreams)

234. repression --- push out of consciousness

235. reticular formation: related to sleep, arousal, attention ---stimulation leads to attention and severing

       leads to coma!

236. retinal disparity (a.k.a. binocular disparity) --- difference between 2 retinal images (depth perception)

237. Robert Rescorla's findings on conditioning ---animals learn predictability (more predictable, stronger

          response)

238. rods and cones (structures & differences) ---( receptor cells + bipolar cells + ganglion cells = optic

        nerve) R- low light  / C- color

239. rooting reflex --- baby looking for food

240. sample--- represents target population

241. scatterplot: most often used to plot correlations --- x + y axis (positive and negative correlations)

242 schedules of reinforcement (5 kinds - which are most effective?) continuous, FR, FI. ,VI, VR (best)

243. schema --- framework for thought

244.schizophrenia --- loss of contact with reality

245. selective attention --- focus awareness on particular stimuli

246. self-efficacy ---belief that we are capable of accomplishing what we set out to do

247. self-fulfilling prophecy --- make something come true

248. self-serving bias --- in own favor

249. semantic memory--- long term (everyday)

 250. serial position effect --- primacy and recency

251. set point --- weight body tries to maintain

252. sexual characteristics ---primary (reproduction)  vs. secondary (others)

253 sexual identity (preference) vs. gender identity  (roles)

254. shaping --- gradual operant conditioning (animal training)

255. signal detection theory --- stimulus + setting, physical state, mood, and attitude

256. sleep disorders: major kinds --- apnea, terrors, insomnia, narcolepsy

257. sleeper effect—increase attitude over time

258. social cognitive theory --- influence of society on behavior and personality

259.social exchange theory --- behavior based on expecting something in return

260. social facilitation--- presence of other people affects behavior

261. social loafing--- less effective when working as group

262. social trap ---situation where conflicting parties are pursuing self- interests leading to the mutual destruction of both

263. somatoform disorders: major kinds --- conversion and hypocondriasis

264. somatosensory cortex: location and used for what sense? ---behind central fissure ( touch)

265. stages of learning (acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination)

266. standard deviation--- degree to which scores are clustered around norm

267. Stanley Milgram's experiement with obedience --- shocks for wrong answers

268. Stanley Schachter's Two Factor Theory --- physical arousal + cognitive label arousal

269. stereotype --- characteristic to person based on group

270. stimulus generalization --- fear of heights so fear of flying

271. stranger anxiety --- child reaches for care giver

272. systematic desensitization: a.k.a. a kind of counter conditioning (relaxation)

273. Tay-Sachs disease--- genetic / mental and physical R

274. testable hypothesis --- framing the research questions

275. thalamus (& what sense doesn't get routed through here?) ---directs message to sensory area of brain .

     (smell)

276. Thorndike's Law of Effect- rewarded behavior recurs

277. thyroid gland --- metabolism.

278. token economy --- behavior based on secondary reinforcer

279. Tourette's syndrome --- outbursts and tics

280. tragedy of the commons ---better if everyone works to a common goal

281. transduction ---sensory impulse changed to electrical impulse (sound waves to hearing)

282. Turner's syndrome (X with missing chromosome)--- women are short, no ovaries / MR

283. validity: different kinds  (content and predictive)

284. vestibular sense --- balance

285. visual cliff --- babies will not cross

286. water balance (role of hypothalamus) --- thirst and secretions by the pituitary gland

287. Weber's law --- JND- proportional to original stimulus (sugar in tea)

288. Wernicke's aphasia (receptive) located in left temporal lobe

289. Wilder Penfield's research on the brain ---mapped motor cortex using stimulation

290. Wilhelm Wundt (structualism) ---basic elements of consciousness

291. William James (functionalism) ---how mental processes help organism adapt to environment

292. Yerkes/Dodson Arousal Law ---performance decreases as arousal increases (upset---cannot drive car)

293. Zajonc's "Mere Expose Effect" ---familiarity breads fondness

294. Zimbardo's prison experiment ---guards became mean to prisoners

295. Androgyny---male and female characteristics

296. catharsis—release of tension from repression

297. Haptic memory--- touch

298. syllogism---dictionary is boring + book is dictionary = book is boring

299. expectancy theory (aka mental set)

300. Algorithm---formula

301. positive (disorganized thought, hallucinations, delusions)  and negative ( absence of pleasure, flat affect)

       symptoms (in mental disorders:schizophrenia)

302. two kinds of deafness: Conductive (bones) and nerve (cochlea)

303. intrinsic (personal) vs. extrinsic (environmental) motivation

304. divergent (generate multiple solutions) vs. convergent thinking (use logic to narrow down number of solutions to a problem

305. Flynn effect--- IQ scores in world are getting progressively higher

306. tip-of-the-tongue effect--- info is stored, but cannot be retrieved

307. primary (survival) vs. secondary (increase probability of response) reinforcers

308. Cooper's research on visual processing (using cats)--- kittens in dark all but 5 hrs day; then vertical or

        Horizontal stripes only; only saw Horizontal or vertical stripes. (Same as what they saw. Others did not

          develop)

309. agonist ( Excite) vs. antagonist (inhibit)  chemicals

310. Afferent (approach; coming toward) Neurons vs. Efferent (exit; going away) Neurons

311. Ethnocentrism--- belief that one’s culture is superior

312. Optimistic Explanatory Style---hopefulness ( control stress successfully; perceived control over life)