• Celtic conjugation

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

INDICATIVE MOOD

Present *CeCū(mi) *CeCūr (Welsh, Irish and Gaulish)

*CeCes(i) *CeCeseter

*CeCet(i) *CeCer ~ *CeCetor

*CeComū *CeCommor

*CeCetes *CeCetu̯e

*CeCont *CeContor

Imperfect *CeCemnū(mi) *CeCeti̯ū(mi) (in Welsh and Irish)

(Irish) *CeCesū (tū) *CeCeti̯es

(Welsh) *CeC-eto *CeC-eti̯et

*CeC-(e)mmets *CeC-(e)timmets

*CeC-(e)tes (swīs) *CeC-(e)tites

*CeC-(e)ntets *CeC-(e)tints

Future *CeC-sā-m *CeC-sār (in Gaulish axat)

*CeC-sā-s *CeC-sāser

*CeC-sā-t *CeC-sātor

*CeC-sā-mū *CeC-sāmmor

*CeC-sā-tes *CeC-sātwe

*CeC-sā-nt *CeC-sāntor

Future *(Ci-)CeC-sū (mi) *(Ci-)CeC-sūr (in Irish)

*(Ci-)CeC-ses *(Ci-)CeC-sser

*(Ci-)CeC-st *(Ci-)CeC-ster

*(Ci)CeC-somū- *(Ci-)CeC-sommor

*(Ci)CeC-sete *(Ci-)CeC-setwe

*(Ci)CeC-sont *(Ci-)CeC-sontor

Future *CeC-ī/ābā-m *CeC-ī/ābā-r (in Irish and similar to Italic)

*CeC-ī/ābā-s *CeC-ī/ābā-ser

*CeC-ī/ābā-t *CeC-ī/ābā-tor

*CeC-ī/ābā-mon- *CeC-ī/ābā-mmor

*CeC-ī/ābuā-te *CeC-ī/ābuā-twe

*CeC-ī/ābā-nt *CeC-ī/ābā-ntor

Perfect *(Ce-)CeC-ām *(Ce-)CeC-ār (in Irish)

*(Ce-)CeC-ās *(Ce-)CeC-āser

*(Ce-)CeC-ū *(Ce-)CeC-ātor

*(Ce-)CeC-āmū *(Ce-)CeC-āmmor

*(Ce-)CeC-āte *(Ce-)CeC-ātwe

*(Ce-)CeC-ānt *(Ce-)CeC-āntor

Perfect *Ce-CeC-ū *Ce-CeC-ūr (found in Irish)

*Ce-CeC-es *Ce-CeC-eser

*Ce-CeC-et *Ce-CeC-etor

*Ce-CeC-omū *Ce-CeC-ommor

*Ce-CeC-ete *Ce-CeC-etwe

*Ce-CeC-ont *Ce-CeC-ontor

Pluperfect *CeC-atsomnū (mi) *CeC-atstjū (mi) (found in Welsh)

*CeC-atsesū (tū) *CeC-atstjes (tū)

*CeC-atsto (sosin) *CeC-atstjet

*CeC-atsemets *CeC-atstimmets

*CeC-atsete (swīs) *CeC-atstites

*CeC-atsentits *CeC-atstints

Preterite *CeC-tū (mi) *CeC-(e)tūr (found in Old Irish and similar to Germanic)

*CeC-tes *CeC-(e)teser

*CeC-(e)t(ū) *CeC-(e)tor

*CeC-tomū *CeC-(o)tommor

*CeC-tete *CeC-(e)tetwe

*CeC-tont *CeC-(e)tontor

Preterite *CeC-atsū (mi) *CeC-atsūr (widespread in Welsh and Irish)

*CeC-atsīs (tū) *CeC-atsser

*CeC-atst *CeC-atstor

*CeC-atso-mmū (snīs) *CeC-atsommor

*CeC-ats(e)tes (swīs) *CeC-ats(e)twe

*CeC-atsent *CeC-atsontor

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Present *CeC-ām *CeC-ār (recoverable from Middle Welsh and Old Irish)

*CeC-ās *CeC-āso(to)r

*CeC-āt *CeC-ātor

*CeC-āmū *CeC-āmmor

*CeC-āte *CeC-ātwe

*CeC-ānt *CeC-āntor

Present *CeCsū *CeCsūr (recoverable from Middle Welsh and Old Irish)

*CeC-ses *CeC-ƨʇer

*CeC-ƨʇ *CeC-ƨʇor

*CeC-sommū *CeC-sommor

*CeCsete *CeCsetu̯e

*CeCsont *CeCsontor

Present *CeC-esim (Welsh –wyf) *CeC-osjūr (deponent Gaulish verb marcosior)

(Welsh) *CeC-esīs *CeC-osiser

*CeC-esit *CeC-esitor

*CeC-osimmū *CeC-osimmor

*CeC-osites *CeC-ositwe

*CeC-osint *CeC-osintor

CONDITIONAL MOOD

Present *CeC-sā-mnū *CeC-sā-tjū (mi) (Irish)

*CeC-sā-sū *CeC-sā-tjes (tū)

*CeC-sā-to *CeC-sā-tjet

*CeC-sā-mmets *CeC-sā-ti(o)mmets

*CeC-(e)tes *CeC-sā-ti(e)tes

*CeC-sā-ntets *CeC-sā-ti(o)nts

Present *(Ci-)CeC-semnū *(Ci-)CeC-stjū (mi) (Irish)

(Irish) *(Ci-)CeC-sesū *(Ci-)CeC-stjes (tū)

*(Ci-)CeC-sto *(Ci-)CeC-stjet

*(Ci)CeC-so-mmets- *(Ci-)CeC-sti(o)mmets

*(Ci)CeC-setes *(Ci-)CeC-sti(e)tes

*(Ci)CeC-sontets *(Ci-)CeC-sti(o)nts

Present *CeC-ī/ābā-mnū *CeC-ī/ābā-tjū (mi) (found in Irish)

*CeC-ī/ābā-sū *CeC-ī/ābā-tjes (tū)

*CeC-ī/ābā-to *CeC-ī/ābā-tjet

*CeC-ī/ābā-mmets *CeC-ī/ābā-ti(o)mmets

*CeC-ī/ābā-tes *CeC-ī/ābā-ti(e)tes

*CeC-ī/ābā-ntets *CeC-ī/ābā-ti(o)nts

IMPERATIVE MOOD

Present

*CeC-(e)! *CeC-(e)ser!

*CeC-(e)tū! *CeC-(e)r!

*CeC-(o)mū! *CeC-(o)mmor!

*CeC-(e)tes! *CeC-(e)twe!

*CeC-(e)ntū! *CeC-(o)ntor!

PARTICIPLE

Present *CeC-(o)-nt-s

Necessity *CeC-(e)tejo-s (Gaulish –te(i)os; Welsh –dwy)

Past predicative *CeC-(o/e)to-s

Past attributive *CeC-(o/e)tjo-s (Old Irish –de)

NON-PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES

*CeC-(e/o)mano-s (Gaulish)

*CeC-(e/o)mno-s (Gaulish –mna ~ –aunus)

*CeC-(e/o)no-s (Gaulish Belenus)

*CeC-āk-s

*CeC-o-s

*CeC-i-s

*CeC-jo-s

*CeC-jū

VERBAL NOUNS (It is unlikely that any one verb would have used all of these)

*CeC-(e)mā-

*CeC-(e)mo-

*CeC-(e)mos- ~ *CeC-(e)mesos (Welsh –fa ~ –feydd when this denotes a verbal action)

*CeC-(e/o)-ni-s

*CeC-(e/o)-njā

*CeC-(e/o)-njo-m

*CeC-(e/o)-njū

*CeC-(e/o)-ntjo-m

*CeC-(e/o)-nto-m

*CeC-(e/o)-nu-s

*CeC-(e/o)-ri-s

*CeC-(e/o)-sa-lā

*CeC-(e/o)-ti-s

*CeC-(e/o)-tjatu-s (Welsh –diad)

*CeC-(e/o)-tjū

*CeC-(e/o)-tu-s

*CeC-(e/o)-two-m

*CeC-(e/o)-wū ~ CeC-(e/o)wonos (Welsh –u in verbal nouns; Celtiberian infinitives in –uonei)

*CeC-jā

*CeC-ja-nto-m (Welsh –iant)

*CeC-jo-m

*CeC-jū

*CeC-o-m

*CeC-os-

AGENT NOUNS

*CeC-(e/o)tīr-

*CeC-(e/o)t-s

*CeC-(e/o)tūr-

*CeC-an-

*CeC-en-

*CeC-īs

*CeC-mū

*CeC-owir-

*CeC-s (Gaulish rix)

*CeC-ū ~