• Celtic conjugation
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD
Present *CeCū(mi) *CeCūr (Welsh, Irish and Gaulish)
*CeCes(i) *CeCeseter
*CeCet(i) *CeCer ~ *CeCetor
*CeComū *CeCommor
*CeCetes *CeCetu̯e
*CeCont *CeContor
Imperfect *CeCemnū(mi) *CeCeti̯ū(mi) (in Welsh and Irish)
(Irish) *CeCesū (tū) *CeCeti̯es
(Welsh) *CeC-eto *CeC-eti̯et
*CeC-(e)mmets *CeC-(e)timmets
*CeC-(e)tes (swīs) *CeC-(e)tites
*CeC-(e)ntets *CeC-(e)tints
Future *CeC-sā-m *CeC-sār (in Gaulish axat)
*CeC-sā-s *CeC-sāser
*CeC-sā-t *CeC-sātor
*CeC-sā-mū *CeC-sāmmor
*CeC-sā-tes *CeC-sātwe
*CeC-sā-nt *CeC-sāntor
Future *(Ci-)CeC-sū (mi) *(Ci-)CeC-sūr (in Irish)
*(Ci-)CeC-ses *(Ci-)CeC-sser
*(Ci-)CeC-st *(Ci-)CeC-ster
*(Ci)CeC-somū- *(Ci-)CeC-sommor
*(Ci)CeC-sete *(Ci-)CeC-setwe
*(Ci)CeC-sont *(Ci-)CeC-sontor
Future *CeC-ī/ābā-m *CeC-ī/ābā-r (in Irish and similar to Italic)
*CeC-ī/ābā-s *CeC-ī/ābā-ser
*CeC-ī/ābā-t *CeC-ī/ābā-tor
*CeC-ī/ābā-mon- *CeC-ī/ābā-mmor
*CeC-ī/ābuā-te *CeC-ī/ābuā-twe
*CeC-ī/ābā-nt *CeC-ī/ābā-ntor
Perfect *(Ce-)CeC-ām *(Ce-)CeC-ār (in Irish)
*(Ce-)CeC-ās *(Ce-)CeC-āser
*(Ce-)CeC-ū *(Ce-)CeC-ātor
*(Ce-)CeC-āmū *(Ce-)CeC-āmmor
*(Ce-)CeC-āte *(Ce-)CeC-ātwe
*(Ce-)CeC-ānt *(Ce-)CeC-āntor
Perfect *Ce-CeC-ū *Ce-CeC-ūr (found in Irish)
*Ce-CeC-es *Ce-CeC-eser
*Ce-CeC-et *Ce-CeC-etor
*Ce-CeC-omū *Ce-CeC-ommor
*Ce-CeC-ete *Ce-CeC-etwe
*Ce-CeC-ont *Ce-CeC-ontor
Pluperfect *CeC-atsomnū (mi) *CeC-atstjū (mi) (found in Welsh)
*CeC-atsesū (tū) *CeC-atstjes (tū)
*CeC-atsto (sosin) *CeC-atstjet
*CeC-atsemets *CeC-atstimmets
*CeC-atsete (swīs) *CeC-atstites
*CeC-atsentits *CeC-atstints
Preterite *CeC-tū (mi) *CeC-(e)tūr (found in Old Irish and similar to Germanic)
*CeC-tes *CeC-(e)teser
*CeC-(e)t(ū) *CeC-(e)tor
*CeC-tomū *CeC-(o)tommor
*CeC-tete *CeC-(e)tetwe
*CeC-tont *CeC-(e)tontor
Preterite *CeC-atsū (mi) *CeC-atsūr (widespread in Welsh and Irish)
*CeC-atsīs (tū) *CeC-atsser
*CeC-atst *CeC-atstor
*CeC-atso-mmū (snīs) *CeC-atsommor
*CeC-ats(e)tes (swīs) *CeC-ats(e)twe
*CeC-atsent *CeC-atsontor
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present *CeC-ām *CeC-ār (recoverable from Middle Welsh and Old Irish)
*CeC-ās *CeC-āso(to)r
*CeC-āt *CeC-ātor
*CeC-āmū *CeC-āmmor
*CeC-āte *CeC-ātwe
*CeC-ānt *CeC-āntor
Present *CeCsū *CeCsūr (recoverable from Middle Welsh and Old Irish)
*CeC-ses *CeC-ƨʇer
*CeC-ƨʇ *CeC-ƨʇor
*CeC-sommū *CeC-sommor
*CeCsete *CeCsetu̯e
*CeCsont *CeCsontor
Present *CeC-esim (Welsh –wyf) *CeC-osjūr (deponent Gaulish verb marcosior)
(Welsh) *CeC-esīs *CeC-osiser
*CeC-esit *CeC-esitor
*CeC-osimmū *CeC-osimmor
*CeC-osites *CeC-ositwe
*CeC-osint *CeC-osintor
CONDITIONAL MOOD
Present *CeC-sā-mnū *CeC-sā-tjū (mi) (Irish)
*CeC-sā-sū *CeC-sā-tjes (tū)
*CeC-sā-to *CeC-sā-tjet
*CeC-sā-mmets *CeC-sā-ti(o)mmets
*CeC-(e)tes *CeC-sā-ti(e)tes
*CeC-sā-ntets *CeC-sā-ti(o)nts
Present *(Ci-)CeC-semnū *(Ci-)CeC-stjū (mi) (Irish)
(Irish) *(Ci-)CeC-sesū *(Ci-)CeC-stjes (tū)
*(Ci-)CeC-sto *(Ci-)CeC-stjet
*(Ci)CeC-so-mmets- *(Ci-)CeC-sti(o)mmets
*(Ci)CeC-setes *(Ci-)CeC-sti(e)tes
*(Ci)CeC-sontets *(Ci-)CeC-sti(o)nts
Present *CeC-ī/ābā-mnū *CeC-ī/ābā-tjū (mi) (found in Irish)
*CeC-ī/ābā-sū *CeC-ī/ābā-tjes (tū)
*CeC-ī/ābā-to *CeC-ī/ābā-tjet
*CeC-ī/ābā-mmets *CeC-ī/ābā-ti(o)mmets
*CeC-ī/ābā-tes *CeC-ī/ābā-ti(e)tes
*CeC-ī/ābā-ntets *CeC-ī/ābā-ti(o)nts
IMPERATIVE MOOD
Present
*CeC-(e)! *CeC-(e)ser!
*CeC-(e)tū! *CeC-(e)r!
*CeC-(o)mū! *CeC-(o)mmor!
*CeC-(e)tes! *CeC-(e)twe!
*CeC-(e)ntū! *CeC-(o)ntor!
PARTICIPLE
Present *CeC-(o)-nt-s
Necessity *CeC-(e)tejo-s (Gaulish –te(i)os; Welsh –dwy)
Past predicative *CeC-(o/e)to-s
Past attributive *CeC-(o/e)tjo-s (Old Irish –de)
NON-PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES
*CeC-(e/o)mano-s (Gaulish)
*CeC-(e/o)mno-s (Gaulish –mna ~ –aunus)
*CeC-(e/o)no-s (Gaulish Belenus)
*CeC-āk-s
*CeC-o-s
*CeC-i-s
*CeC-jo-s
*CeC-jū
VERBAL NOUNS (It is unlikely that any one verb would have used all of these)
*CeC-(e)mā-
*CeC-(e)mo-
*CeC-(e)mos- ~ *CeC-(e)mesos (Welsh –fa ~ –feydd when this denotes a verbal action)
*CeC-(e/o)-ni-s
*CeC-(e/o)-njā
*CeC-(e/o)-njo-m
*CeC-(e/o)-njū
*CeC-(e/o)-ntjo-m
*CeC-(e/o)-nto-m
*CeC-(e/o)-nu-s
*CeC-(e/o)-ri-s
*CeC-(e/o)-sa-lā
*CeC-(e/o)-ti-s
*CeC-(e/o)-tjatu-s (Welsh –diad)
*CeC-(e/o)-tjū
*CeC-(e/o)-tu-s
*CeC-(e/o)-two-m
*CeC-(e/o)-wū ~ CeC-(e/o)wonos (Welsh –u in verbal nouns; Celtiberian infinitives in –uonei)
*CeC-jā
*CeC-ja-nto-m (Welsh –iant)
*CeC-jo-m
*CeC-jū
*CeC-o-m
*CeC-os-
AGENT NOUNS
*CeC-(e/o)tīr-
*CeC-(e/o)t-s
*CeC-(e/o)tūr-
*CeC-an-
*CeC-en-
*CeC-īs
*CeC-mū
*CeC-owir-
*CeC-s (Gaulish rix)
*CeC-ū ~