religion & folklore

RELIGION AND FOLKLORE IN COLLEDIMACINE:

by Ugo Falcone

"Because the living do not give us much to talk about their field, talk, or readers of the dead who, more industrious of us, they left large tracks of their studies, and mackerel of all human passion, stan still, and did not disdain of our judgments. And we'll do the work of charity for them, and of use to us, for he many of the dead are unjustly forgotten, as much right to have the admiration and our gratitude. "

D. Domenico Mascetti Canon Sacrerdote-poet-scholar as well as' patriot of the Risorgimento.

Now that we have a duty to save and remember dallo'oblio youth scholar and certainly Domenico Mascetti educator, priest, orator, poet and martyr, and many among his disciples numeris (which are now generating so much of nice figure , the man with the gentle manners, dan large open and smiling innocently mondesta from the air, inspiring sympathy, he was loved by all who approached.

Elettissima its nature, all interwoven with humility, honesty and goodness, one of those men to whom every thought vulgar accent disappears.

From "ABRUZZESI PROFILES - Memor

Don Domenico Mascetti, canon of the Cathedral of Chieti, together with the canons of Don Godfrey Sigismondi Bomb, Big Don Serafino Fara S. Martino, and the poet of Gessopalena Giavanicenzo Pellicciotti, in the years before 1848, was part of the coterie Theatine, in which, discussing the politics of the time, Fuel Type ideals of freedom, and thus prepares the ground for events of 1860 and for the festive entrance of Vittorio Emanuele II Chiete in October of that year.

Don Domenico was born in Mascetti Colledimacine, in the Chieti, June 17, 1816 from an ancient family which claimed kinship with the Caracci in Bologna, and was polite at first, his uncle, the archpriest Mascetti, who was gallant poet and ingenious author of dialect verses still popularly remembered in Abruzzo, and then in the Seminary Theatine, and ordered the SACU, in the same seminary, was charged as a result, the teaching of grammar above.

Those who knew him report that he had ingen powerful, vivid imagination, voice, harmonica and charming person who was handsome and imposing, a researcher of the most intimate recesses of the heart, a gesture of measured and composed, so that the appearance in the pulpit, immediately won over the affection and attention of the public always large and always chosen. From all the gifts nature had had the sacred orator, who, together with its profound culture, referring to the time around him, as well as youth scholar of the Seminar, also attributed to him that the reputation of excellent deucatore.

And in the most religious solemnity, when he knew he preached Mascetti, accorrevan the temple of the most eminent individuality of every social class.

In 1848, Father Dominic, who was in his prime, he beats blazing for the future of the fatherland, he dreamed of free and united, and welcomes the Constitution bestowed by Ferdinand II, but is revealed as a result, a de more rebels to the king perjury, as to be declared "political trust". This fact costituii for him because of a series of persecutions, which then conchiusero in a political process. In the eulogy he gave at the church of St. Augustine of Chieti May 12, 1864 about the late Baron Don Francis Healthcare, a gentleman chietino of proven virtue as well as a patriot, he said that, in the years following 1848, a 'dependability policy "was such a mark of disapproval of any conduct that, as irrepresibile, would never be able to delete, and then" reach out to one of that sort unfortunate, raised from the prostration in which the ordinary man struggling with falling principle of persecution represented by a relentless force and was a fierce kpeccato, was preparing a place in the list of reprobates, was undermining their confidence. " Still, he found those who help him, and I find the Baron Don Francis Healthcare, which, as patron of the archpriest of Collemachine care, then vacant, the Commission proposed to the Archbishop of Chieti, which approves the appointment.

Don Domenico went to Collemcine? To my knowledge, he went to Collemcine without necessarily, abandon his professorship at the seminary Teatino, I went to risiedrvi intermittently time, and where to exercise his spiritual office for a few years from 1852 to 1854 damage, and the residence to the effect that ensued, he was subsequently damaged. A Colledimacine not stay idle. I there where he established a relationship with the patriots of the valley from the Aventine Lama at Palena, in Montenerodomo to Torricella there, if it is true because it tells a widespread tradition in 1854, where he clandestinely Giuseppe Garibaldi, who always according to what is said, stopping for three days in his house, in which the Patriots agreed Simone Verlengià Lama, Don Serafino Grossi Mara S. Martino, Vincent Persichetti Torricella, and Tito de Thomasis of Montenerodomo, who joined Biagio Rossi, Vito Giandolfo, Salvatore Donato di Pietrantonio and Paolantonio of Colledimacine.

The purpose of the meeting was to consider further actions to perform in the future for the Italian cause.

The effect della'ttivita policy then pursued by Don Domenico Mascetti to Colledemacine, perhaps because of the usual indicators, perhaps due to the direct supervision of the gendarmerie Bourbon, resulting in a process that took him to the prison society, where she remained for a while time together with Gianvincenzo Pellicciotti, F. Auiriti, R. Lanciano, R. de Novellis, and others of the electronic band of liberals, who then honored the Abruzzo. In the process mentioned by BeniaminoCostantini in the book "Action and reaction in the Abruzzi," along with John Sabatini of Spoleto, Michele Care of Pescara, Luigi di Giacomo di Lama, Camillo di Giacomo di Lama, Nicola Vincenzo Bomb Lama, Girberto Lettopalena Martinelli, Joseph Mascetti, Sarlo Mascetti Luigi and Sebastian Mascetti, Emidiana Mascetti and Rita of Colledimacine Giovanelli, Simon Verlengià Lama, and Raffael Reccione of Palena, is charged with "conspiracy to attack and objects to destroy and change the form of government, and excite the subjects and the inhabitants of the Kingdom to take up arms against the "real authority, dan Lama in 1852 onwards, Colledimacine and elsewhere." With the decision of April 28, 1855 Is there no place in criminal proceedings, for which he was released along with the other , and together with them, was captured, he had given to maccdhia, and that, once having returned home, and having had, immediately after, the police in hot pursuit, was hidden under the mattress of a bed, under which to disguise what was hidden below, were placed on children to play, and the exceptionally strong constitution, was found under the mattress, unconscious.

What Don Domenico Mascetti had to suffer and then you can imagine, that the umilizioni common to other patriots, were added those of dishonor, which he saw coming ecclesiastical dress, which, as a priest, sommanente TENV.

He left prison dan peaceful as I had entered, and his output was for a ver Chieti event: he was accompanied home by his friend Don Alessandro Gentile, where he lived, by a numerous crowd of admirers and various cittandini, who was accompanied by more were close to him, that his students, that made him the crown. Tanta wave of sympathy, especially from young people perte, touched him, so that, turning to them, declaimed the following sonnet, which cast a sudden, and that it portrays the emotional and moral high figure:

"Here, young man, at last I found myself

elected to study and ardent hopes:

Oh! How many times conent with sighs,

sull'ali thoughts returned to you?

What bold noccier never trembled

the burst of quivering eddies,

I do between the wrath of opposing winds

dumb themselves. . .! vacillai it.

And what vile thoughts such as low care

sviar soul that could ever hear

the dignity of misfortune?

The law of the pleasure he wrote a ria

philosopher, who svergono the human mind:

the law of the grief he wrote a god! "

His life as a result, he saw no disturbances until 1860, except for a few episodes, which makes us know what he covasse always fire under the ashes of an apparent calm.

On the day of the ashes of 1858 preaching in the pulpit of the Cathedral of Chieti debut - "Today the Church said: Memento homo quia pulvis es et PULVO reverteris, I will tell you, dear brothers, remember that you are dust, and that men must return"; onset followed by a hymn to all human dignity and the triumph of civil vertu. Ime Shortly after his descent from the pulpit, it was learned that the Archbishop Nonsi. De Marinis had imposed a puizione posted for a few weeks, the withdrawal of Orosgna.

In 1860, with the landing of Garbaldi and the coming of Vittorio Emanuele II, his figure was imposed, and he, with a clear set Canon Sigismondi, had the honor to present to the king, on the occasion of his arrival in Chieti, the large representation of clergy of the Archdiocese of Chieti. In 1863, he was one of the signatories of the petition of Father Pazzglia. later, his life took place between the cathedral and school, technical school as a teacher of the draw and, for some time as rector of the National Boarding spiritual, and perhaps that would be spent OPME calm of the ancient philosophers, if a unfortunate event, caused by his goodness, had not deeply troubled. Don Domenico was very charitable. As a tender heart, like all people feel high, helped by the poor in any width as the prenentati had. One evening, when he came home, one of these poor people came to him, and, on the pretext of having him be the usual relief, flashed the blade of a dagger. Don Domenico took home with him the false poor, old and anxious as he was, gave him all that he had not even receive another evil: but the pain got in that night, he was stricken with apoplexy. It then recovered from the illness, but then went missing from his natural energy. To hasten his downfall and moral fisca also concurred pain allowed. The brothers loved him dearly, s'ingolfarono disatrose in speculation, which led them to ruin. A great calamity could not resist quell'organimo already debilitated by the disease, and slowly declining, died 's November 11, 1870, making his soul to God that he so loved and preached.

The Second dle for Christmas 1851:

Ciccio was born, and born Ciccio

the mess comes to light

oui to speak kindly

for many years so many people

The news soon spread

tuti chiedon grna with lena

if the court was created

or was mixed in Naples

but the record Verco

is silent on that point yet.

Who does not tell us laymen

Pentra the mysteries of love

knowing that the thing

Hitherto it was difficult

of times each response

in large part is Concorto

imposnendo to superhuman

of civil and parrocchino.

Dell'orgine of Colledimacine (Collis Macinarum).

Below the results of our research sull'orgine etymology of the name of paaese Colledimacine (Collis macinarum).

The Latin phrase and clear origne:

A. Late Latin collis Collis = / is fem. sing. / Hill, height, site graded.

B. Macinaru of = / of millstones - genitive pl. the grinding / ae / with the Latin word meaning maccinario, mill. That period, from late greek-mediated mechan-e to be considered "naturalized" Latin for all purposes, so much so that the Constituent part and that the current name of the source term well understood in current Italian.

That is to say that the origin of the name and certainly Latin collis macinarum be identified in the above mentioned. If there had indeed been through Latin, the name would keep the same accent of the genitive plural-greek-mechanon, becoming one of those Italian names is quite common in Abruzzo and Calabria in southern Italy in general, like " Trip "(from the greek tripitos the hole) and then we had a name similar to" sion hill me. "

Assumptions are, of course, but sisxsostengono with each other too with the fact that the isolated location of the place has the same isolatp a marked influence, at least in place names, of the "greek-Pelasgian." As further dimonstrazione of what the 'absence, Thu noticed, of the name "Peligna".

The only question that may persist and that of any other meaning of the word grind-Mechanica. Both in greek and in fact the Latin word meaning to our range from the mill for the grain to maccinario maccina usually up to war (see gr. Machen).

We talked about the location and isolated as de Colledimacine predominant mo just so dominate and control function of the valley below, was surely coveted, was in fact a position to defend: perhaps with maccine war in the mills of today are the remains .

Even for the meaning of maccinario not miss an explanation for certain types of building structures Pelasgian requesting or setting up mammoth men or men with normal ch helped macinari designed to use!

How to achieve today "Colledimacine, other than the" Hill of grinders "noted elsewhere +, CISI not surprising that much

Apart from the fact Dublicating possible outcome in Italian of the Latin genitive plural, as "correct"-the-mill will be merged in the certificate-of-mill through the dialect pronunciation, we roprodurre ch as "hill dij 'mmacine" Simplify then in writing with the current "Colledimacine.

. . . . . You so young shepherd,

go whistling

pelfiore Gaille

happy in love

that you live in the heart

and that will live forever.

(Maximum Rocovic)

Certainly Renting activities of our ancestors was the sheep, the main source of their existence.

This activity follows the course of the season took place in two phases, which took place in spring and autumn, consisting of the "transhumance of the herds. With the return of summer, the shepherds from the plains of the "TABLE" menavano the flocks toward the heights of the mountains of Abruzzo, the first along a stretch of Adriatic coast, then continuing along the Val di Sangro, reached the Aventine and then cracked the pens on our fertile pastures ruled by countless small streams. Happening at the approach of autumn the demotic.

You can still see the remains of Juvanum near the ruins of the palace of the powerful VECTIGALIS of pastoralism as already mentioned, where he paid tribute to the customs of transhumance of the herds.

Certainly that of raising, activities that our ancestors held on a large scale, it was very profitable for our ancient mountain people.

The result was, among other things, that the frequent contacts with those of DAUNI, formed an intermingling of traditions and customs that became common to them, not only, but many families in an area were determined in the other and vice versa.

SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE NINE

Under the Emperor Augustus, the land is divided into itlaico REGIONS.

Populations of the Abruzzese i Peligna, the Frentani, Marsi, Marrucini, and SAMNITES were included in Region IV.

Hadrian, in 199 of our era, mute the previous political order trasformand Italy into 17 regions, each of which the government proposed a console or a concealer or a Dean.

Innovation fro create some confusion among the people as well as the geography of time. Units: administrative cases before demoinate HALL and Cologne will remain lifted and nullified all the prerogatives of which they enjoyed previously. In our city is only entitled to scgliersi the "settlers" who formed the senatorial order.

Another change was made by Emperor Constatnino id which divided many dioceses in the Italian territory by creating the praetorian prefect of Italy, of the East, Illyria and Gaul.

At the praetorian prefect of Italy, who resided in Milan, dependent on the Vicars of Rome and Italy together with the consuls. the road network of Rome lived in Rome.

Under the Vicar of Rome, Constantine put his SANNIO in Abruzzo Province Presidial chiamevasi and was part of Sanna and therefore is SUBURIBICARIA said.

And as narrated by historians, the fall of the Roman Empire was due mainly to changing internal and external conditions to affievolirse the pride of the ancient Romans.

Was also a major cause of the diversity of peoples subject to the domination of Rome to the unbridled luxury, of wealth all'ingordigià and entertainment, vices that penetrated into the government, administration and the army came to destroy the ancient virtues of the fathers, faded the proud feeling of Romania and increased external dangers: Demolition worm that lowers the majestic and magnificent ancient building in Rome:

Splitting that came later, soon took advantage of the barbarians, and first of ESI, the Heruli, of Germanic origin led by Odoacer and then the Goths of Alaric, which even our desolated lands of Abruzzo, when the last King of the Goths, TEIA, moved with his hordes from Piceno, to help Cumae, in Campania, where Totila penultimate king of the Goths, had been besieged by the army NARS, gereral of the Eastern Empire.

To bring relief to Cuma, Teia follow the route described by some historians:

"... Teja, king of the Goths, the warlike man will, being in Piceno, and intending Cuma besieged, and the treasure in danger, decides to help her et viewing not to pass the Apennine Mountains to the paso of Isernia, for it to Venafro et Cassino, because they were watched by the people of Narse, via dei Marsi et made the Peligni, et accampossi step in Puglia and in Lucera (552-553).

And what was the way to the Marsi and the Peligni? Not sure why the Adriatic quela reporter would have mentioned the Marrucini Frentani and, before entering in Puglia. The reporter Christopher said in his book that the centers of the valley Aventina therefore Colledimachine, including assumed and also the ancient Juvanum, in the vain of Madonna Torricel-try the cases and the time of destruction, were ruined by Goths. ^

The violent waves followed one another barbaric piling up Roine ruins. Among these, the most violent was the invasion of the Lombards in the year 568.

^ So far, it is believed that the city according to the Madonna "and for changing scomparasa detino of all things earthly." From Juvanum Elio Moschetta E.P.P.T. Chieti

The invasion of the Lombards

In front of this infernal cyclone, the Dizantini few in number, took refuge inside the walls of the coastal cities, both ifendersi better but also to receive assistance from Constantinople through the Mediterranean.

Italy touched by this terrible disaster, unless you regard the coastal part of the peninsula, namely the Veneto coast, the Dsarcato of Ravenna, the Roman duchy, the Duchy of Naples, Apulia and Calabria and part of Sardinia, as the Lombards did not have ships? All the remaining territory of the peninsula fell under the barbarism in all its brutality.

Led by Alboino invaded with entire families and livestock across the country almost to the river Sangro. This increase in fortification works on the part of town that already were equipped and exile for others. Which way out took the approach of our poplazioni so terrible scourge? Of course our distant ancestors fled to the heights of the Maiella. Precisely so; in contra "Melete" to over 1770 meters of altitude, the De Nino has tracked remote tracks to flush human remains as shards of pottery and other primitive tools.

To get an idea of the barbarity of the Lombards, just the gesture from their first king Alboino, which required his wife Rosamund, the daughter of Cunimondo, King of Gepids, drinking in the skulls of his father, the cruel king had used as a cup . After the murder of this human beast, the work of Rosamund, the Lombard Dukes Autari elected king, who took to wife the daughters of the king of the Bavarians, Teodolinda, who was Catholic.

St. Benedict of Nursia, through Teodolinda, induced the Lombards to be Catholics to embrace a religion that preached meekness and humility, they had to help with inventing the less savage than it had been until then.

The Lombard hordes under the leadership of Faroaldo, had already occupied much of central and therefore also the Abruzzo.

Going along the main valleys of Pescara, Sulmona reached the valley, radiating on the heights, other hordes, bypassing the Majella, occupied the Aventine Chietino and penetrating into the valley, they reached our communities.

E 'unnecessary search for sources to ascertain their presence in the Valley Aventina, as they are quite eloquent place names of some places where they took up residence, as the nearby FARA SAN MARTINO, BLADE DIE PEILIGNI Filiorum PETRI FARA and, along the valley of the Forum , (1) what that strain will also include further upstream and not to exclude Colle, Palena, Lama and Taranta.

Another consideration and thus constitutes the many churches dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel ch became their protector. There was one in the territory of Palena hill that rose above the mountains Pizzi, opposite the Shrine of Our Lady of the Altar, where are still visible ruins of the ancient church of San Michele Arcangelo.

The Lombards suddivisero Abruzzo in seven Gastaldi, Marsi, Valva, Amiterno, Pitchfork, Aprutium (Teramo), Fins and Teate.

The "Gastaldo" was the chief administrative justice and a constable. Glia inhabitants of Gastaldato Teatino "like those of other stage director, having sworn allegiance to Charlemagne, retaining Lombard laws and customs" in Aprutii servatur jus; longobardum et illud expedit "(2) so that only the laws Lombard Hero the only ones that were observed . Each court according to those, described the causes, and in the same adjusting the contratui the sucessioni, wills, punizinoni of the crimes, confiscation and all "secundum legem Longobardum" were very hasty and without appeal. (3)

(1) The Making Lombard were groups of families who lived in the employ of a monastery where the abbot, in addition to their religious leader, was also the civilian head of the small community.

(2) TEIA: Jus Kingdoms Long., Lib. IV.

(3) Among the articles of the Edict of ROTARI here are a few:

- If someone has thought about or plotting against the person of the king, will be sentenced to death and his property confiscated.

- If someone along with the King will have plotted the death of another that has killed a man in control of him, will not be at all guilty.

- If someone has killed his master, he will be killed.

- If someone will have prevented the way for unao free woman or a fanciullaossia has made some of the injury, will give a composition of money 90.

- When at night a "man liero" will be found in the courtyard (house) of another, and has presented his hands to be tied, if not killed will be sought after by his relatives, and if he has submitted his hands to be tied and has been, give money to redeem 30.

- If someone has another wounded in the head so as to break his bones, a bone to make money 12. If they were two, make money 24.

- If someone has dropped another one or more maxillary teeth, a tooth to give a composition of money 19.

- If a servant will dare to join in marriage if a woman or girl free, shall incur the death penalty. And what was the servant consenting relatives have the power to kill and do whatever they want things to her.

- If someone has found in your lawn one or more Force to dig ditches, they kill only one and is not sought.

Also in this autonomous practice we witness a few hundred meters from the town of Colledimacine. Here there is a natural cliff due to the slow settling of the earth. Today, this cliff is the name of Curth-old old-alias Court.

From the story is not written but handed down from generations, and seen that the court which is spoken "secundum legem Longobardorum" strain of Lombard, was composed of old make up the court, which in turn would gather in a place they used, for Hill was just was chosen Curte vetch. Today we would call the Palaz Accio, courthouse. . . etc. etc. however, the function apart from the name was that of administering the law.

From this ruling it issued in a senile meeting and its immediate implementation. So the condemned to death if viera, blindfolded, was carried weight on top and pushed them to imitate Daedalus from the East, which offers a free fall for a hundred feet and landing on a steep and sharp rocks.

No one is back!

at least there and easy to find news in this regard. Li was the cadvere miserably left to itself the prey of predatory carnivores.

Today, what remains?

Certainly not eat the bones and worn by time. It remains the story and his testimony Curth old.

The thorns that surround it are to indicate that this practice and unused, and belongs to the past, and this place of pain and immediate justice, hosted by a few decades natural quiet "residence" and indeed the summer at the top to the foxes, and to the bottom in boars.

The lands Chieti, after the fall of the Lombard Kingdom, found detached from the Duchy of Benevento. In fact, the reporter said that Erchenperto when Grimoaldo, lord of Benevento, in the SOI monster enemy of the Franks, Charles Spider, who was then in Rome, not getting an act of submission, send against him, Pippin, his son, which, moving from Rome to the Marsi, and the Peligni, Duss with the army to the lands that were watching from Chieti and laid siege to Benevento Chieti, defended vigorously by the Lombard Roschini, but after a vigorous fight Pepin the deal danola on fire (4).

At that time, there was already Acolla one of the first Christian church: Sancta Maria de TOMB founded by the Benedictine monks of San Vincenzo al Volturno.

Similarly, these monks founded in Palena another Christian church "Sancta Maria de PALIN" and this is also confirmed by Charlemagne in 774. (5)

As far as known by the Lombards and the way they organize the people politically, we get the belief that they were a people, let's say a race, which prevailed in the sense of life and how to organize human effort in terms of production.

It seems clear that the example they gave great importance to agriculture, activities in which the beginnings of human civilization, the girder and the authentic way to secure their existence. The inclination towards agriculture is to dimonstrare a particular propensity of the people to turn to natural resources, the most careful attentions, however, require resources that gift a special dedication, a particular and persistent way of believing in the possibility of man combined to rationally what nature can give, but can not rigalrci alone. In fact all that today and incoloto at that time was not. Que and I am due to the fact that other countries were numerous in the area such as: PLAIN PALACE, LACE TOP, BOTTOM LACE, Castro JOHANNIS ALBERICI (Castelletta), Casarini, places the grave.

(4) "Nam et tellures teatensium urbes domain Beneventorum subtractae tunc sunt usque in presens. Mon. January Hist. Long., 326 n. (5) Chronicum Volturno. Vol II, p.. 139.

To raise the miseries of them escaped the avalanche barbaric, was the great work of the Benedictine monks who illuminated by the light of Christianity infused love and hope to the sad people led to the rebirth. In 703, after Montecassino rise on the banks of the Volturno and other monasteries all over the monastery of San Vincenzo al VAOLTURNO, Gisulfo by the Count of Benevento, which Provided for Benedictine equip a vast expanse of land.

Obtained by this donation, the Benedictines began the hard struggle of redemption that explodes in all its force with the admonition characteristic "ORA ET LABORA" addressed to the vassals of the monastery to give loroun ideal of life.

The Benedictines pushed immediately to the high mountains of the plateau where he first founded a monastery on the ruins of a temple dedicated to Diana, calling it Sancta Maria de QUINQUEILIA and from there reached the valley between the Aventine founded other churches which Sancta Maria de Palena and SACTA MARIA DE LA GRAVE.

Siam in 774 and from this historical record, Colledimacine (his name was to be Macinarum Collis) in those distant times certainly had its own importance, in terms of its position that offered plenty of pasture, water and stones.

This work of material and moral reconstruction in '820 was almost erased from the incursions of the Saracens who sow terror and destruction everywhere. To be targeted were monasteries and churches, these mountains were new drought or extreme but safe rifugion the devastating fury of the new barbarians. A magnet this is added another in 847: the infamous earthquake of Sannio in Abruzzo and destroyed all the villages and not sparing any building. He speaks, among other Luca Ostiense. (1)

1) "Cum ab Incarnatione annus Domini octigesimus quatragesimus volvueratur Septimus, tam terremotus for universam Beneventi Fuit regionem, ut Isernia beasts closed in fundamentis corrueret, multusque ibi populus ipse cum eis et eorum Pontifex interiret. Monasterium quoque apud S. Vincenti teerenotus idem plurimasdomos evertit .

Despite there were no special laws to protect civil and reconstruction, Abruzzo with the tenacity that distinguishes it lifted 'into silence by their own efforts the fate of these lands.

Arise monastic estates called "Villa" or "HOUSES" dedicated to a saint or abbot as S. Sylvester the territory of Fallascoso know, the villa Cahstra JOHANNA tree called vulgarly "Castelletto" superius and Piczo Piczo Inferius; SANTA MARIA DE LA GRAVE. . . and every one of these villages had one or more churches, according to a bull of Pope Clement III (1080-1100) preserved in the bishop of Sulmona. The inhabitants were vincoiati to their church or monastery by a set of rules established by the abbots and lords of the place. It carried only a few choices of the most important or curious.

- Each of the settlers, and having to go and prune the fields of the Church, and have plenty of food. For each service in the harvest, each must have been established and as of the loaves.

- If you have a donkey and made them available for carry grain to the Church. Those who did not ass, must provide the bags.

- The farmer when mowing the grass and the grain must receive food in the morning and afternoon. In the season of harvest, the family members and relatives have to bring water to the farmers who reap the grain in the cmap. Even the women must have an appropriate reward.

- In each mill there is a cup to measure the ground wheat, the cup must have the capacity of a "Giumelli" wheat.

- No one can go hunting without permission of the rector of the Church. Just in case the monks are a hunter who took a fox skin belongs to the church. If someone will take a hare that will belong to the whole, (the church). Who will take a goat will have to hand over to the Church of the front quarter.

- No one can go fishing without the permission of the Church. . .

Over the previous invasions Abruzzo also suffers Franca, in which bards steward longo replace COUNTIES. Under the Franks that the Committee had Reatino Majel the three sides, the Pescara and the sea, and southward apparently, there was the river tripno.

The Committee offense, that of Mars and forms the southern Valva the extreme edge of the empire of Charlemagne and the Kingdom of Italy.

In 1035, however, arrived in southern Italy, the Normans led by William said "Popeye." William Norman died militias under the command of Ro9berto pass that Guiscard releasing the Puglia and Sicily from the Byzantines by the Saracens by Roger I. Consolidated their power in the south of the Normans are trying to extend his hands on Abruzzo and begin with how to conduct strategic military operations in 1061. Spread throughout the lands of the Val Pescara ch were under the jurisdiction of the Monastery of Saint Clement in CASAURIA later in the year 1064 the conquest was continued with greater violence by the son of Godfrey, said "Loretello," and ordered the monks Casauriense cdi declare his vassals.

Ia conquest of the entire Narco Teatina was then carried out with unprecedented violence by Hugh Malmozzetto, personaggion very cruel, who fixed his headquarters in Lancaster. It was precisely in this period of occupation by the Normans and they reached the Valley Aventina atraverso Penna Domo, Livanum, Montenero dome, Collis Macinarum, Picizi, Palena, Porrara until the plateau of Mount Majella.

The other column instead, under the command of Richard D'Altavilla, moved from along the ridge to conquer the lands of Abruzzo appennicico Marsicana and down towards the valley of Sulmona, and then through the pass of Forca Palena, is linked conglomerate tanks that were originated by the Adriatic road.

It was roughly a pincer movement to aggiarare the Majella massif and its foothills.

The Abruzzo region conquered was divided by natural boundaries of the Gran Sasso and Majella two Ducati, as revealed by the "Catalogue of the Barons."

These constant changes caused by wars more or less bloody and merciless cartterizzati sacceggi shook the region from Chieti, that had to endure the harsh impositions of the victors, and the destruction of castles and towns, especially those who had opposed most-favored-risistenza from their dominant position : among them those of Colledimacine, Pizzi Palena, Palena fork, so that our people were harassed and let in the most degrading poverty and neglect. Recalling dallaemeta invasions of the tenth century it must be remembered that Charlemagne had to pick up riders for its wars; nel'impossibilita to pay them in money, had been forced to pay them with land and rights over them, so the landed property was subtract As capital of the Empire all'ingente domain.

This is how they came to form the elements of the feuds: the beneficium the IMMUMNITAS and Fidelitas who created the figure of VASSALLO.

The landed property therefore becomes a precious wealth, half of awe because it allows the powerful Duke of warriors get, rewarding them with the investiture of a feud.

The Norman conquest upset the whole order and barbaric as APRUTION hitherto limited to the province of Teramo, spread to all antique committees Abruzzo. The feud is almost always a cluster of one or more castles, villages, hamlets and scattered houses for her friends, the dominant land, hence the word IN DOMO, some of which are owned by the Lord as capital, as Palena IN DOMO, DOMO MONTENERO, PENS DOMO, valuable strategic location, which Colledimacine. Other lands are accessible by the Lord in BENEFICUM, and their time in whole or in part, by him in thrall subconcesse minor "VALVASSINI", and therefore almost all self-sufficient, that is independent from the economic point of view.

There were so ridden earth and LAND TAX MASSERICIE or divided into small farms, given to farmers free or libellari. It created the Mansi MASERICIA whence the word. (1)

Acresciuta ownership and the power of the feudal lord, to the detriment of the monasteries, they were creating more courts within the same property which belonged to the main by Palatium.

Considering the meaning of some names of the high valley of the Aventine, which LISCIAPALAZZO, area between Colledimacine and Pizzoferrato, SANTA MARIA DELA Palace, an ancient Benedictine monastery, built on the ruins of the "Capitolium" ancient Juvanum, and we easily deduce that the Palatium was none other than the primary residence of the Baron's Court, nestled on a dominant position to offer good security defense.

The feudal system that the Normans brought upon their settlement in life kept much of the administrative systems and financial records of the Byzantines, Lombards and Arabs, but stifle any sign of Liberat in large and small towns.

The State and the feudal lords had the right to all land assets, such as those known as "civic uses." The feudal lords often made it "defense" to restrict the "jus Pascendi. The characteristic note is that the Norman conquest, and therefore the feudal and feudal importance and the most interesting document that remains of the Norman domination the "Catalogue of Southern Feudi" preserved in the "Journal Angionini" of the State of Naples vol.242 Borrello and given to the press by the 1653, 1787, from Fimiani and Del Re 1845.

(1) Mangus in vulgari Italicorum dicitus quantitas terrae que sufficit duobus bobus in years to laborandum. "E'chiamato MANSO in Italian vernacular, a quantity of land that covers the possibility that two oxen are working in a year."

The Borrelli she thought it was compiled at the time of William the Good for the Crusade in the Holy Land, but according to some modern writers, are of different notebooks, complete before the 1161 and renewed in 1168 for the two expeditions against the Byzantine Empire and the other against Paleogi Barbarossa.

In these catalogs is added:

The "Catalogus PARONUM," or the "Catalogue of the Barons" which was nothing more than the register of feudal service in the Neapolitan provinces during the mid-century. XIIX was compiled by the "Magna Curia" during the reign of Roger the Norman, which stipulates in its Constitution, legal works highly of its time, the powers of the sovereign on all estates in southern Italy.

In this "Catalogue" lists all the feuds with next to their feudal lords, they have also listed the economic value of their feud, according to the complaint of the same owner. Follows immediately after, the number of knights and squires required, with the increase of military servizion.

The feudal lords were divided into two classifications: those that take IN CAPITA IN DEMANIUM or a feud, and those who have obtained only servitium.

Those who take "in demanium" peronalmente possess or directly by the king (A DOMINO Rege) the feud, the latter, have for sublicensing.

In summary, the estate consisted of a qualunoue property granted by the king as a vassal, upon oath of fidelity at the cost of military service, plus a number of riders in the event of war.

The Augment, ie the increase, there is no further in the next period of domination, the Swabians, as the Swabians halved the amount of military service of the 'Augment. "

Charles I of Anjou transforming the obligation of military dserizion money through taxation (ADOHAMENTUM), when the feudal lord could not serve in person.

Subsequently abolished the feudal militia, the ADOHA was like any financial contribution of 25.5% of the value of the estate.

Each baron of the kingdom which has 20 ounces of gold feudal revenue, accounted for ducati (1) 120 cash, was required to contribute a MILE, that is, a knight belonging to the order of the feudal nobility, the value of the fand Cavalier himself, equipped with weapons and horse (armis et equis), followed by two squires, also equipped with weapons and horses.

The breakdown of costs was very basic, so divided, if we follow are within the United sufflitto expenses for the maintenance of the knight was borne by the landowner, if inve3ce, the military operation took place outside the Kingdom, the cost of maintenance the knight was borne by the Magna Curia. "

Those feudal barons who instead had revenue of less than 120 ducats, you unmivano each other to reach, adding, 120 ducats.

So everyone contributes in proportion to the maintenance of a knight with two squires.

It is clear the hill was in the County of Palena with Lama, Taranta, Forca Palena, Rock of pizza, and other castles (for a total of eleven estates) is available with the increase of twenty-five horsemen and fifty squires: a large group of 75 bold and valiant knights of the Majella East war enterprises participating in the centuries past. It seems that the region accounts peligna furnon Borrelli, descendants of the accounts that seem vavensi source "francorum", according to law.

The strategioa unsata these aucaci, spreguidicati and cunning lords, from the eleventh century was to become rich and powerful at the expense of property of the Benedictine monks, obtaining the land, or with fine or scams robbing facendosele yield level.

(1) The Duchy equivalent to L. 4? 25 of the time.

This is reflected also in the Masons, his colossal work "Annals OF ITALY.

"Or studying hours to peel smoothly now with violence the churches with an annual fee to promise, and could donate some land ownership in places sacred to them to induce the Bishops and Abbots nice and simple with this advantage in these goods."