Overall (Cumulative) Formation Constants

Reference: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 9th Edition, Harris

The overall (cumulative) formation constant, ß_n, is for the reaction M + nL ⇌ ML_n where ß_n = [ML_n]/([M][L]ⁿ)

ß_n is related to the stepwise formation constants (K_i) by ß_n = K₁K₂...K_n