Many of the subcategories group these languages into geographic culture areas.
Languages that are within the same culture area are not necessarily related genetically (e.g. Chiricahua Apache is a language of the Southwest but it is not related to Hopi, another language of the Southwest. However, Chiricahua is related to Dena’ina, a language of the Subarctic spoken in Alaska).
For South America, the subcategories follow Terrence Kaufman's "geolinguistic regions":
For Central America, are mostly
Cultural areas of North America at time of European contact.
The culture areas for North America follow the general received consensus:
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