(a) Identify the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney.
(b) state the role of blood in transport and defence:
(i) red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen transport
(ii) white blood cells – phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection.
(iii) platelets –fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads, causing clotting
(iv) plasma – transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins.
(c) List the different ABO blood groups and all possible combinations for the donor and recipient in blood transfusions.
(d) Relate the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries to their functions.
(e) Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid.
(f) Describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of the valves.
(g) Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole. (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required.)
(h) Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures.