1st Theory of Causation --- (Classical, Neo-Classical, Rational choice, Deterrence)
2nd Theory of Causation --- Routine Activities Theory
Deterministic Theories
3rd Theory of Causation --- Theological (deomonolgy)
4th Theory of Causation --- Biological (Phrenology and Somatotypes)--
5th Theory of Causation --- Psychological (Behaviorism and learning Theory)
Sociological Theories
a) 6th Theory of Causation: Anomie Theory -- Durkheim
b) 7th Theory of Causation: Strain Theory -- Merton
c) 8th Theory of Causation: Drift Theory -- Sykes and Matza
d) 9th Theory: Social Disorganization Theory -- Shaw and McKay
e) 10th Theory: Differential Association Theory -- Edwin Sutherland
Differential Association Theory A combination of Psychology and Sociology
The adult CJ process
0. Legislative Phase -- rule of law / legislature passes criminal laws
1. Crime Scene phase -- mens rea - actus reus (crime) / investigation / probable cause / arrest
2. Pretrial phase -- sufficient evidence / bail / preliminary hearing / charge / plea
3. Trial Phase -- court hearing for determination of guilt
4. Sentencing hearing -- PSI written by probation officer / sentenced by judge
5. Sentence served -- probation or incarceration / parole
Adult “Justice process” Juvenile “Justice process”
1. Criminal act
2. Probable cause / arrest
3. Arraignment (pretrial, grand jury)
4. Indictment
5. Trial
6. Sentencing hearing
7. Corrections (serving sentence)
Three considerations the officer takes into account during interrogation
Two alternative measures (prior to the petition being filed) that avoid official contact with juvenile system
Implications of alternative measures Stationhouse adjustment / Preliminary conference) regarding constitutional rights / Two requirements
If not satisfied -- power to take further action
The action that is available to him or her,
Steps taken to avoid the appearance of coercion
Prior to detaining a juvenile who is about to be petitioned -- Necessity of a warrant
Requirements of the detention hearing
Categories (cases) of a petition
The person who may file the petition
What the petition must state --
The filing of a petition follows a police action, or the action of a social service agency dealing with minors.
Qualifications necessary to bring the need to file a petition to police or social service agency
Taking a juvenile into custody prior to filing a petition