Study Guide Q4 --  Fall 2025  Corrections   CRJU 3311  Understanding Crime P2

Violent Crimes (4): 

Property Crimes  (4+):

Sixteen Part II offenses --  Simple assault, forgery and Counterfeiting, Fraud, Embezzlement, Stolen Property, Vandalism, Weapons, Prostitution, Sex Offenses (Adultery, fornication, Sodomy), Drug Abuse Violations, Gambling, Offenses Against the Family and Children (Nonviolent cruelty, Desertion, abandonment), Driving Under the Influence, Liquor Laws, Drunkenness, and Disorderly Conduct.

Criminogenic factors --  Biological Sex and Age

        Strongest predictor of criminality

        2nd Strongest predictor of criminality

Age at which Violent crime peaks

Age at which property crime peaks

13 to 18-year-olds  

Chivalry

The chivalry hypothesis

Criminogenic factors --  Race and Socio-Economic Status (SES)

Three crime facts regarding African-Americans / Latinos

Three demographic factors in which most offenders mirror most victims

One exception

Official law-enforcement data reveals the relationship between income and crime

Self Report data reveals the relationship between income and crime

The weapon of choice for murder

Weapons used in violent crimes

Increasing technology and methods is increasing the efficiency of the Criminal Justice System 

Increasing technology is affecting probation and parole

Trial by ordeal:   Defendants had to prove their innocence by experiencing some test that, without divine intervention, was almost impossible to pass.

Trial by Inquisition:  An  independent judge hears suspects and witnesses and orders searches and subpoenas for other investigations; the judge’s goal is not the prosecution of a certain alleged offender, but the finding of truth.

Adversarial Trial:  Opposing teams compete in court in an attempt to determine the facts of a case

                                Trial by ordeal         Inquisition (civil)                Adversarial (Criminal)

Presumption of guilt:  Beyond all doubt   guilt outweighs doubt          beyond reasonable doubt

                                                            Guilty -- proven innocent     Innocent -- proven guilty

Burden of proof:          God provides Defendant provides              Plaintiff provides

Standard of evidence: Total evidence  Preponderance                      Clear and convincing