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Finance is life blood of the business. The financial management is the study about the process of procuring and judicious use of financial resources is a view to maximize the value of the firm. There by the value of the owners i.e. the example of equity share holders in a company is maximized. The traditional view of financial management looks into the following function that a finance manager of a business firm will perform. A financial ratio (or accounting ratio) is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Financial analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies. If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios. Ratios can be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually more than 1, such as P/E ratio; these latter are also called multiples. Given any ratio, one can take its reciprocal; if the ratio was above 1, the reciprocal will be below 1, and conversely. The reciprocal expresses the same information, but may be more understandable: for instance, the earnings yield can be compared with bond yields, while the P/E ratio cannot be: for example, a P/E ratio of 20 corresponds to an earnings yield of 5%.
DIFINATION:-
Financial Management has been defined differently by different scholars.
Howard and Upton:- “Financial Management is the application of the planning and control function to the finance functions”
Bringham:- “Financial Management is an area of financial decision making harmonizing, individual motives and enterprise goals”
Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows or (sometimes) the statement of retained earnings. These comprise the firm's "accounting statements" or financial statements. The statements' data is based on the accounting method and accounting standards used by the organization.
Financial ratios quantify many aspects of a business and are an integral part of the financial statement analysis. Financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures. Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.Activity ratios measure how quickly a firm converts non-cash assets to cash assets. Debt ratios measure the firm's ability to repay long-term debt.Profitability ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return. Market ratios measure investor response to owning a company's stock and also the cost of issuing stock. These are concerned with the return on investment for shareholders, and with the relationship between return and the value of an investment in company’s shares.
OBJECTIVES OF RATIO ANALYSIS:-
The study of financial statement of any corporate will help in knowing its present and future earning capacity.
The study of financial resources can help in knowing whether a company can pay its long-term or short-term liabilities.
It’s very use full to know how much working capital is employed in business and same effectively used.
It’s use full to measure earning capacity and its comparison to other competitive units.
Help full to known marginal efficiency.
Use full to future planning.
Financial ratios allow for comparisons
Ratios generally are not useful unless they are benchmarked against something else, like past performance or another company. Thus, the ratios of firms in different industries, which face different risks, capital requirements, and competition are usually hard to compare.
Profitability ratios measure the company's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return
Gross margin, Gross profit margin or Gross Profit Rate
OR
Operating margin, Operating Income Margin, Operating profit margin or Return on sales (ROS)
Note: Operating income is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, but it is also sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. This is true if the firm has no non-operating income. (Earnings before interest and taxes / Sales)
Profit margin, net margin or net profit margin
Return on equity (ROE)
Return on investment (ROI ratio or Du Pont Ratio)
Return on assets (ROA)
Return on assets Du Pont (ROA Du Pont)
Return on Equity Du Pont (ROE Du Pont)
Return on net assets (RONA)
Return on capital (ROC)
Risk adjusted return on capital (RAROC)
OR
Return on capital employed (ROCE)
Note: this is somewhat similar to (ROI), which calculates Net Income per Owner's Equity
Cash flow return on investment (CFROI)
Efficiency ratio
Net gearing
Basic Earnings Power Ratio
Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.
Current ratio (Working Capital Ratio)
Acid-test ratio (Quick ratio)
Cash ratio
Operation cash flow ratio
Activity ratios measure the effectiveness of the firms use of resources.
Average collection period
Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL)
DSO Ratio.
Average payment period
Asset turnover
Stock turnover ratio
Receivables Turnover Ratio
Inventory conversion ratio
Inventory conversion period (essentially same thing as above)
Receivables conversion period
Payables conversion period
Cash Conversion Cycle
Debt ratios quantify the firm's ability to repay long-term debt. Debt ratios measure financial leverage.
Debt ratio
Debt to equity ratio
Long-term Debt to equity (LT Debt to Equity)
Times interest-earned ratio / Interest Coverage Ratio
OR
Debt service coverage ratio
Earnings per share (EPS)
Payout ratio
OR
Dividend cover (the inverse of Payout Ratio)
P/E ratio
Dividend yield
Cash flow ratio or Price/cash flow ratio
Price to book value ratio (P/B or PBV)
Price/sales ratio
PEG ratio
Other Market Ratios
EV/EBITDA
EV/Sales